pronunciation guide in English: Difference between revisions
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==Tags== | |||
Examples are tagged with an [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects|English dialect]]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA). | |||
Tags currently used: | |||
* (AuE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English_phonology Australian English] | |||
* (ScE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English Scottish English] | |||
* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English] | |||
== Phonology for all dialects == | |||
u | === Vowels (preferred) === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA | |||
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names | |||
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples | |||
|- | |||
! a | |||
| [a] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|Open front unrounded vowel]] | |||
|''a'' in ''h''<u>at</u> (WaE) | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| [ɛ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel] | |||
|''e'' in ''b''<u>ed</u>, dr<u>e</u>ss (GA) | |||
|- | |||
!i | |||
|[i] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Close_front_unrounded_vowel|Close front unrounded vowel]] | |||
|''ee'' in ''fr''<u>ee</u>, b<u>ea</u>m (GA) | |||
|- | |||
!o | |||
|[o] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel] | |||
|''aw'' in y<u>aw</u>n (AuE), ''o'' in ''g''<u>o</u> (ScE) | |||
|- | |||
!u | |||
|[u] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Close_back_rounded_vowel|Close back rounded vowel]] | |||
|''oo'' in ''b''<u>oo</u>''t'', tr<u>ue</u> (GA) | |||
|- | |||
!y | |||
|[ə] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Mid-central_vowel|Mid-central vowel]] | |||
|''a'' in <u>a</u>''bove'' | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels (allowed) === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA | |||
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names | |||
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples | |||
! scope="col" width="200px" |Notes | |||
|- | |||
!a | |||
|[ɑ] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Open_back_unrounded_vowel|Open back unrounded vowel]] | |||
|''a'' in f<u>a</u>ther (GA) | |||
|- | |||
!e | |||
|[e] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|Close-mid front unrounded vowel]] | |||
|''ay'' in pl<u>ay</u> (ScE, not GA) | |||
| Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong '''ei'''! | |||
|- | |||
!o | |||
| [ɔ] | |||
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|Open-mid back rounded vowel]] | |||
|''o'' in n<u>o</u>t (AuE, not GA) | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Diphthongs=== | |||
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable. | |||
au | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
!lojban | |||
!IPA | |||
!Examples | |||
|- | |||
!ai | |||
|[aj] | |||
|h<u>igh</u>, T<u>ai</u>pei, pr<u>i</u>ze (GA) | |||
|- | |||
!ei | |||
| [ɛj] | |||
|w<u>eigh</u>, Taip<u>ei</u> | |||
|- | |||
!oi | |||
|[oj] | |||
|b<u>oy</u> | |||
|- | |||
!au | |||
|[aw] | |||
|c<u>ow</u> | |||
|- | |||
!ia | |||
|[ja] | |||
|<u>ya</u>rd | |||
|- | |||
!ie | |||
|[jɛ] | |||
|<u>ye</u>ll | |||
|- | |||
!ii | |||
|[ji] | |||
|<u>ye</u> | |||
|- | |||
!io | |||
|[jo] | |||
| <u>yo</u>gurt | |||
|- | |||
!iu | |||
|[ju] | |||
|b<u>eau</u>ty | |||
|- | |||
!ua | |||
|[wa] | |||
| | |||
<u>wa</u>nder | |||
|- | |||
!ue | |||
|[wɛ] | |||
|<u>we</u>ll | |||
|- | |||
!ui | |||
|[wi] | |||
|<u>we</u>ak | |||
|- | |||
!uo | |||
|[wo] | |||
| <u>woe</u> | |||
|- | |||
!uu | |||
|[wu] | |||
|<u>woo</u> | |||
|- | |||
!iy | |||
|[jə] | |||
| mill<u>io</u>n | |||
|- | |||
!uy | |||
|[wə] | |||
|<u>wa</u>s (unstressed) | |||
|} | |||
===Sibilants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA | |||
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names | |||
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples | |||
|- | |||
!c | |||
|[ʃ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant] | |||
|sh in <u>sh</u>ape | |||
|- | |||
!j | |||
|[ʒ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant] | |||
|s in mea<u>s</u>ure, j in dé<u>j</u>à vu | |||
|- | |||
!s | |||
|[s] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant] | |||
|s in <u>s</u>oon | |||
|- | |||
!z | |||
|[z] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant] | |||
|z in <u>z</u>inc | |||
|} | |||
===Fricatives=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA | |||
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names | |||
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples | |||
|- | |||
!f | |||
|[f] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative] | |||
|f in <u>f</u>all | |||
|- | |||
!v | |||
|[v] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative] | |||
|v in <u>v</u>oice | |||
|- | |||
!x | |||
|[x] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative] | |||
|ch in lo<u>ch</u> (ScE) | |||
|- | |||
!<nowiki>'</nowiki> | |||
|[h] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative] | |||
|h in <u>h</u>ose | |||
|} | |||
===Affricates=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban | |||
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA | |||
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names | |||
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples | |||
|- | |||
!dj | |||
|[dʒ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate] | |||
|j in <u>j</u>oke | |||
|- | |||
!tc | |||
|[tʃ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate] | |||
|ch in <u>ch</u>at | |||
|- | |||
!dz | |||
|[ʣ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate] | |||
|ds in pa<u>ds</u> | |||
|- | |||
! ts | |||
|[ʦ] | |||
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate] | |||
|ts in ca<u>ts</u> | |||
|} | |||
===Rhotics=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!lojban | |||
!IPA | |||
!Examples | |||
|- | |||
!r | |||
|[r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩] | |||
|<u>r</u>ock | |||
|} | |||
===Nasals=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!lojban | |||
!IPA | |||
! Examples | |||
|- | |||
!n | |||
|[n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩] | |||
|<u>n</u>ose | |||
|- | |||
!m | |||
|[m], [m̩] | |||
|<u>m</u>ove | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Approximants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!lojban | |||
!IPA | |||
!Examples | |||
|- | |||
!l | |||
|[l], [l̩] | |||
|''l'' in <u>l</u>ake | |||
|} | |||
===Stops=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!lojban | |||
! IPA | |||
! Examples | |||
|- | |||
!b | |||
| [b] | |||
|<u>b</u>ottle | |||
|- | |||
!d | |||
|[d] | |||
| | |||
<u>d</u>ance | |||
|- | |||
!g | |||
|[g] | |||
|<u>g</u>oose | |||
|- | |||
!k | |||
|[k] | |||
|<u>k</u>een | |||
|- | |||
!p | |||
|[p] | |||
|<u>p</u>owder | |||
|- | |||
!t | |||
|[t] | |||
|<u>t</u>ime | |||
|} | |||
==Phonology for GA speakers== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!lojban | |||
!IPA | |||
! Examples | |||
|- | |||
!' | |||
|[h] | |||
|''h'' in <u>h</u>am | |||
|- | |||
!. | |||
|[ʔ] | |||
|the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel. | |||
In some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of “t” : “bottle” [boʔl̩]. | |||
The English interjection “uh-oh!” almost always has it between the syllables. | |||
|- | |||
!a | |||
|[ɑ] | |||
|''a'' in f<u>a</u>ther | |||
|- | |||
!b | |||
|[b] | |||
|''b'' in <u>b</u>ottle | |||
|- | |||
!c | |||
|[ʃ] | |||
|''sh'' in <u>sh</u>ape | |||
|- | |||
!d | |||
|[d] | |||
|''d'' in <u>d</u>ance | |||
|- | |||
!e | |||
|[ɛ] | |||
|''e'' in dr<u>e</u>ss | |||
|- | |||
!f | |||
|[f] | |||
|''f'' in <u>f</u>all | |||
|- | |||
!g | |||
|[g] | |||
|''g'' in <u>g</u>oose | |||
|- | |||
!i | |||
|[i] | |||
|''ea'' in b<u>ea</u>m | |||
|- | |||
!j | |||
|[ʒ] | |||
|s in mea<u>s</u>ure, j in dé<u>j</u>à vu | |||
|- | |||
!k | |||
|[k] | |||
|''k'' in <u>k</u>een | |||
|- | |||
!l | |||
|[l] | |||
|''l'' in <u>l</u>ake | |||
|- | |||
!m | |||
|[m] | |||
|''m'' in <u>m</u>ove | |||
|- | |||
!n | |||
|[n] | |||
|''n'' in <u>n</u>ose | |||
|- | |||
!o | |||
|[o] | |||
|''au'' as in the French « haute » or ''o'' in the Spanish “c<u>o</u>mo”. No exact GA equivalent | |||
|- | |||
!p | |||
|[p] | |||
|''p'' in <u>p</u>owder | |||
|- | |||
!r | |||
|[ɹ], [r̩] | |||
|''r'' in <u>r</u>ight, ''r'' in bi<u>r</u>d | |||
|- | |||
!s | |||
|[s] | |||
|''s'' in <u>s</u>oon | |||
|- | |||
!t | |||
|[t] | |||
|''t'' in <u>t</u>ime | |||
|- | |||
!u | |||
|[u] | |||
|''ou'' as in the French « b<u>ou</u>le » or <u>u</u> in the German „St<u>u</u>hl“. No exact GA equivalent | |||
|- | |||
!v | |||
|[v] | |||
|''v'' in <u>v</u>oice | |||
|- | |||
!x | |||
|[x] | |||
|''ch'' in the German „A<u>ch</u>-Laut“ | |||
|- | |||
!y | |||
|[ə] | |||
|totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth | |||
|- | |||
!z | |||
|[z] | |||
|''z'' in <u>z</u>oo | |||
|} | |||
=== Diphthongs === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!lojban | |||
!IPA | |||
!Examples | |||
|- | |||
!ai | |||
|[aj] | |||
|''i'' in br<u>i</u>de | |||
|- | |||
!ei | |||
| [ɛj] | |||
|''ay'' in st<u>ay</u> | |||
|- | |||
!oi | |||
|[ɔj] | |||
|''oy'' in b<u>oy</u> | |||
|- | |||
!au | |||
|[aw] | |||
|''ow'' in n<u>ow</u> | |||
|- | |||
!ia | |||
|[jɑ] | |||
|''ya'' in <u>ya</u>rd | |||
|- | |||
!ie | |||
|[jɛ] | |||
|''ye'' in <u>ye</u>s | |||
|- | |||
!ii | |||
|[ji] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!io | |||
|[jo] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!iu | |||
|[ju] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!ua | |||
|[wa] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!ue | |||
|[wɛ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!ui | |||
|[wi] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!uo | |||
|[wo] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!uu | |||
|[wu] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!iy | |||
|[jə] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!uy | |||
|[wə] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
==External Links== | |||
*[http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.] | |||
*[http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet] | |||
*[http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology English phonology] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:59, 29 March 2021
Tags
Examples are tagged with an English dialect. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).
Tags currently used:
- (AuE) = Australian English
- (ScE) = Scottish English
- (WaE) = Welsh English
Phonology for all dialects
Vowels (preferred)
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
a | [a] | Open front unrounded vowel | a in hat (WaE) |
e | [ɛ] | Open-mid front unrounded vowel | e in bed, dress (GA) |
i | [i] | Close front unrounded vowel | ee in free, beam (GA) |
o | [o] | Close-mid back rounded vowel | aw in yawn (AuE), o in go (ScE) |
u | [u] | Close back rounded vowel | oo in boot, true (GA) |
y | [ə] | Mid-central vowel | a in above |
Vowels (allowed)
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | [ɑ] | Open back unrounded vowel | a in father (GA) | |
e | [e] | Close-mid front unrounded vowel | ay in play (ScE, not GA) | Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong ei! |
o | [ɔ] | Open-mid back rounded vowel | o in not (AuE, not GA) |
Diphthongs
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a glide. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
ai | [aj] | high, Taipei, prize (GA) |
ei | [ɛj] | weigh, Taipei |
oi | [oj] | boy |
au | [aw] | cow |
ia | [ja] | yard |
ie | [jɛ] | yell |
ii | [ji] | ye |
io | [jo] | yogurt |
iu | [ju] | beauty |
ua | [wa] |
wander |
ue | [wɛ] | well |
ui | [wi] | weak |
uo | [wo] | woe |
uu | [wu] | woo |
iy | [jə] | million |
uy | [wə] | was (unstressed) |
Sibilants
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
c | [ʃ] | Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant | sh in shape |
j | [ʒ] | Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant | s in measure, j in déjà vu |
s | [s] | Voiceless alveolar sibilant | s in soon |
z | [z] | Voiced alveolar sibilant | z in zinc |
Fricatives
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
f | [f] | Voiceless labiodental fricative | f in fall |
v | [v] | Voiced labiodental fricative | v in voice |
x | [x] | Voiceless velar fricative | ch in loch (ScE) |
' | [h] | Voiceless glottal fricative | h in hose |
Affricates
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
dj | [dʒ] | Voiced palato-alveolar affricate | j in joke |
tc | [tʃ] | Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate | ch in chat |
dz | [ʣ] | Voiced alveolar affricate | ds in pads |
ts | [ʦ] | Voiceless alveolar affricate | ts in cats |
Rhotics
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
r | [r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩] | rock |
Nasals
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
n | [n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩] | nose |
m | [m], [m̩] | move |
Approximants
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
l | [l], [l̩] | l in lake |
Stops
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
b | [b] | bottle |
d | [d] |
dance |
g | [g] | goose |
k | [k] | keen |
p | [p] | powder |
t | [t] | time |
Phonology for GA speakers
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
' | [h] | h in ham |
. | [ʔ] | the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel.
In some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of “t” : “bottle” [boʔl̩]. The English interjection “uh-oh!” almost always has it between the syllables. |
a | [ɑ] | a in father |
b | [b] | b in bottle |
c | [ʃ] | sh in shape |
d | [d] | d in dance |
e | [ɛ] | e in dress |
f | [f] | f in fall |
g | [g] | g in goose |
i | [i] | ea in beam |
j | [ʒ] | s in measure, j in déjà vu |
k | [k] | k in keen |
l | [l] | l in lake |
m | [m] | m in move |
n | [n] | n in nose |
o | [o] | au as in the French « haute » or o in the Spanish “como”. No exact GA equivalent |
p | [p] | p in powder |
r | [ɹ], [r̩] | r in right, r in bird |
s | [s] | s in soon |
t | [t] | t in time |
u | [u] | ou as in the French « boule » or u in the German „Stuhl“. No exact GA equivalent |
v | [v] | v in voice |
x | [x] | ch in the German „Ach-Laut“ |
y | [ə] | totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth |
z | [z] | z in zoo |
Diphthongs
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
ai | [aj] | i in bride |
ei | [ɛj] | ay in stay |
oi | [ɔj] | oy in boy |
au | [aw] | ow in now |
ia | [jɑ] | ya in yard |
ie | [jɛ] | ye in yes |
ii | [ji] | |
io | [jo] | |
iu | [ju] | |
ua | [wa] | |
ue | [wɛ] | |
ui | [wi] | |
uo | [wo] | |
uu | [wu] | |
iy | [jə] | |
uy | [wə] |