composite Units: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:45, 4 November 2013

Using a rather ingenious system based on an experimental CO and an experimental BE, it is possible to create all the composite units without needing to create fu'ivla.

pi'ai KE unit multiplication

te'ai BE unit exponentiation

For te'ai, we wanted something like XI, but that could only apply to selbri, which would unfortunately result in creating a new selma'o, which we should try to avoid, no? te'ai expects a sumti having for referent a number that is the exponent of the attached unit.

As for pi'ai, it functions quite like regular KE..KEhE brackets, with the only difference being that all the selbri inside a pi'ai..ke'e are multiplied. Everything inside the pi'ai..ke'e brackets forms a new selbri of the form x1 measures x2 composite unit

Newton: pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai li ni'u ke'e te'ai li re

Acceleration: pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai li ni'ure

Velocity: pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai li ni'u

Pascal: pi'ai ki'ogra mitre te'ai li ni'u snidu te'ai li ni'ure

Molar mass (assuming g/mol): pi'ai grake molro te'ai li ni'u

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-The lerfu shifts (BY1) consist of these cmavo: '''ga'e''', '''ge'o''', '''je'o''', '''jo'o''', '''lo'a''', '''na'a''', '''ru'o''', '''se'e''', '''to'a'''.
+Using a rather ingenious system based on an experimental CO and an experimental BE, it is possible to create all the composite units without needing to create fu'ivla.
-==  Usage observations ==
+pi'ai KE unit multiplication
-For past usage, I am searching through the corpus I have collected of 900 kilobytes of pure-Lojban text. The corpus includes all texts published at lojban.org/files/texts, many large texts from the Wiki, IRC logs, and texts from the CVS server such as Alice.
+te'ai BE unit exponentiation
-===  ga'e, to'a (case shifts) ===
+For te'ai, we wanted something like XI, but that could only apply to selbri, which would unfortunately result in creating a new selma'o, which we should try to avoid, no? te'ai expects a sumti having for referent a number that is the exponent of the attached unit.
-''ga'e'' is only used correctly in [http://www.lojban.org/files/texts/a algebra], to mark variables named with capital letters. The author assumed that the shift would apply across multiple lerfu strings.
+As for pi'ai, it functions quite like regular KE..KEhE brackets, with the only difference being that all the selbri inside a pi'ai..ke'e are multiplied. Everything inside the pi'ai..ke'e brackets forms a new selbri of the form ''x1 measures x2 '''composite unit'''''
-''to'a'' is never used correctly.
+Newton: pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai li ni'u ke'e te'ai li re
-''lapoi pelxu ku'o trajynobli'' contains the sentence ".itu'e ga'e ca cpedu fi do to'a". ''ga'e'' and ''to'a'' here both act as pro-sumti, which was probably not intended. Here, ''ga'e'' and ''to'a'' were probably intended to "capitalize" (emphasize) the words between them, but as lerfu modifiers they cannot modify the emphasis of words.
+Acceleration: pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai li ni'ure
-===  ge'o, je'o, jo'o, lo'a, ru'o (alphabet shifts) ===
+Velocity: pi'ai mitre snidu te'ai li ni'u
-None of these are used anywhere in the corpus, except that the utterance "zo ru'o" appeared on IRC in response to a line of Russian text.<br />
+Pascal: pi'ai ki'ogra mitre te'ai li ni'u snidu te'ai li ni'ure
-(update 2010 some usage, mostly bad/joking/quoted; examples follow)<br />
+Molar mass (assuming g/mol): pi'ai grake molro te'ai li ni'u
-Jan 2009 16:18:50 <papermachine> li vei ma'o ge'o ly. boi vei xy. zy. ve'o xy. ve'o cu se cmene la ky.<br />
-Feb 2010 10:54:46 <kribacr> .i je'o je'a mo je'i mo je'u je'e<br />
-Oct 2006 02:29:01 <cizra> jo'o<br />
-Mar 2005 17:17:43 <rlpowell> lo'a<br />
-"30 Aug 2009 12:24:46 <bancus> ru'o ty bu".<br />
-<br />
-'''zai''' has not been assigned to this section, but it has a similar function to the above cmavo. It is also not used anywhere in the corpus.<br />
-(update: usage exists, but all as zo quotes or typos for za'i)
-===  na'a (cancel shifts) ===
-This word is not used in the corpus, though ''nau'' was used in the algebra text where ''na'a'' was probably intended.<br />
-(update: usage follows)<br />
-''ni'o na'a la djozis ze'a pei na pei jundi''<br />
-Josie hasn't paid attention for a while, don't you think?<br />
-===  se'e (character code) ===
-''23 Jul 2010 06:02:14 <Broca> se'e pa vai xa vo gai''<br />
-U+1F64C (🙌)
-==  Proposed definitions ==
-;ga'e: Converts future letterals to uppercase. The change applies until it is shifted back with ''to'a'' or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-;na'a: Cancels all shifts (font, case, etc.) currently applied to letterals. Any shifts that occur earlier in the text do not affect letterals from this point on.
-;se'e: Convert the next sequence of digits to a character code in ASCII, Unicode, or some other agreed-upon character set. The code includes all digits until the next non-digit, the end of the letteral sequence, or ''na'a''.
-;to'a: Converts future letterals to lowercase.  The change applies until it is shifted back with ''ga'e'' or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-;ge'o: Converts future letterals to the Greek alphabet.  The change applies until it is shifted by ''je'o'', ''jo'o'', ''lo'a'', or ''ru'o'', or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-;je'o: Converts future letterals to the Hebrew alphabet.  The change applies until it is shifted by ''ge'o'', ''jo'o'', ''lo'a'', or ''ru'o'', or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-;jo'o: Converts future letterals to the Arabic alphabet.  The change applies until it is shifted by ''je'o'', ''ge'o'', ''lo'a'', or ''ru'o'', or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-;lo'a: Converts future letterals to the Lojban (Roman) alphabet.  The change applies until it is shifted by ''je'o'', ''jo'o'', ''ge'o'', or ''ru'o'', or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-;ru'o: Converts future letterals to the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet.  The change applies until it is shifted by ''je'o'', ''jo'o'', ''lo'a'', or ''ge'o'', or cancelled with ''na'a''.
-==  Proposed keywords ==
-ga'e: uppercase shift
-na'a: cancel shifts
-se'e: character code
-to'a: lowercase shift
-ge'o: Greek shift
-je'o: Hebrew shift
-jo'o: Arabic shift
-lo'a: Lojban shift, Roman shift
-ru'o: Russian shift, Cyrillic shift
-==  Changes ==
-===  Clarification of scope ===
-The scope of a letteral shift needs to be defined. I will elaborate on Arnt's specification in [[BPFK Section: lerfu Forming cmavo]], also following the "Microsoft Word model" specified at [[jbocre: Interpretive conventions for lerfu formatting cmavo|Interpretive conventions for lerfu formatting cmavo]].
-A letteral shift lasts until another shift of the same type replaces it, or it is cancelled by ''na'a''.
-(The sole usage of ''ga'e'' assumed that it would not end at the end of a lerfu string.)
-It is not so far specified where a ''se'e'' construct should end; I propose that it should be able to be terminated with ''na'a'', because ''na'a'' terminates other sorts of shifts.
-One possible interpretive convention for these cmavo (apparently intended by the founders), is that a parenthetical shift or font-and-face change that is not followed by lerfu would be taken as applying to whole words - sort of like a mark-up language. For example: "to'i ga'e toi mi to'i to'a toi klama" would be "MI klama".
-===  Omission of unused cmavo ===
-Given that Lojban does not seem to be intended for holding multilingual spelling bees, and that a dictionary containing many unused cmavo with bizarre functions could confuse learners of the language, the BPFK does not recommend to include the alphabet shifts (ge'o, je'o, jo'o, lo'a, ru'o) in learning materials intended even for advanced learners. The cmavo should not be reassigned to have other meanings, however.
-===  Issues ===
-* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/49fd9a7a8f079c68 artial shifts.]
-==  Impact ==
-The clarifications made to the scope of lerfu shifts give a consistent model of how shifts should be applied, and do not invalidate any known usage.
-I believe that my scope clarifications are consistent with those in [[BPFK Section: lerfu Forming cmavo]], even though that page says otherwise.
-Given the lack of usage of alphabet shifts, omitting the unused alphabet shifts from learning materials should not have any significant impact on the language.

composite Units: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:45, 4 November 2013

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