pronunciation guide in English: Difference between revisions

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([a], not [ɑ], is preferred.)
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=Tags=
==Tags==


Examples are either tagged with a [http://loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php language code] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects English dialect]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).
Examples are tagged with an [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects|English dialect]]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).


Tags currently used:
Tags currently used:
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* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English]
* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English]


 
== Vowels (preferred) ==
=Tables=
 
<u>Vowels (preferred)</u>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
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! a
! a
| [a]
| [a]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel Open front unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|Open front unrounded vowel]]
| ''a'' in ''hat'' (WaE)
|''a'' in ''h''<u>at</u> (WaE)
|-
|-
! e
! e
| [ɛ]
| [ɛ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel]
| ''e'' in ''bed''
|''e'' in ''b''<u>ed</u>
|-
|-
! i
! i
| [i]
| [i]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel Close front unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Close_front_unrounded_vowel|Close front unrounded vowel]]
| ''ee'' in ''free''
|''ee'' in ''fr''<u>ee</u>
|-
|-
! o
! o
| [o]
| [o]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel]
| ''aw'' in y''aw''n (AuE), ''o'' in ''go'' (ScE)
|''aw'' in y<u>aw</u>n (AuE), ''o'' in ''g''<u>o</u> (ScE)
|-
|-
! u
! u
| [u]
| [u]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel Close back rounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Close_back_rounded_vowel|Close back rounded vowel]]
| ''oo'' in ''boot''
|''oo'' in ''b''<u>oo</u>''t''
|-
|-
! y
! y
| [ə]
| [ə]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowel Mid-central vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Mid-central_vowel|Mid-central vowel]]
| ''a'' in ''above''
|''a'' in <u>a</u>''bove''
|}
|}


<u>Vowels (allowed)</u>
== Vowels (allowed) ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
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! a
! a
| [ɑ]
| [ɑ]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel Open back unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Open_back_unrounded_vowel|Open back unrounded vowel]]
| a in father
| ''a'' in f<u>a</u>ther
|-
|-
! e
! e
| [e]
| [e]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Close-mid front unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|Close-mid front unrounded vowel]]
| ''ay'' in pl''ay'' (ScE, not GA)
|''ay'' in pl<u>ay</u> (ScE, not GA)
| Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong {ei}!
| Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong '''ei'''!
|-
|-
! o
! o
| [ɔ]
| [ɔ]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel Open-mid back rounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|Open-mid back rounded vowel]]
| ''o'' in n''o''t (AuE, not GA)
|''o'' in n<u>o</u>t (AuE, not GA)
|}
|}


<u>Diphthongs</u>
== Diphthongs ==
 
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.


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! ii
! ii
| [ji]
| [ji]
| hear <u>ye</u>
|<u>ye</u>
|-
|-
! io
! io
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! iy
! iy
| [jə]
| [jə]
|mill<u>io</u>n
|-
|-
! uy
! uy
| [wə]
| [wə]
| <u>wa</u>s
| <u>wa</u>s (unstressed)
|}
|}


<u>Sibilants</u>
== Sibilants ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
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! c
! c
| [ʃ]
| [ʃ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]
| sh in shape
| sh in <u>sh</u>ape
|-
|-
! j
! j
| [ʒ]
| [ʒ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]
| s in measure, j in déjà vu
| s in mea<u>s</u>ure, j in dé<u>j</u>à vu
|-
|-
! s
! s
| [s]
| [s]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant]
| s in soon
| s in <u>s</u>oon
|-
|-
! z
! z
| [z]
| [z]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant]
| z in zinc
| z in <u>z</u>inc
|}
|}


<u>Fricatives</u>
== Fricatives ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
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! f
! f
| [f]
| [f]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative]
| f in fall
| f in <u>f</u>all
|-
|-
! v
! v
| [v]
| [v]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative]
| v in voice
| v in <u>v</u>oice
|-
|-
! x
! x
| [x]
| [x]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative]
| ch in loch (ScE)
| ch in lo<u>ch</u> (ScE)
|-
|-
! <nowiki>'</nowiki>
!<nowiki>'</nowiki>
| [h]
| [h]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative]
| h in hose
| h in <u>h</u>ose
|}
|}


<u>Affricates</u>
== Affricates ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
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! dj
! dj
| [dʒ]
| [dʒ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate]
| j in joke
| j in <u>j</u>oke
|-
|-
! tc
! tc
| [tʃ]
| [tʃ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]
| ch in chat
| ch in <u>ch</u>at
|-
|-
! dz
! dz
| [ʣ]
| [ʣ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate]
| ds in pads
| ds in pa<u>ds</u>
|-
|-
! ts
! ts
| [ʦ]
| [ʦ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate]
| ts in cats
| ts in ca<u>ts</u>
|}
|}


<u>Rhotic</u>
== Rhotics ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! lojban
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|}
|}


<u>Nasals</u>
== Nasals ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! lojban
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|}
|}


<u>Approximant</u>
== Approximants ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! lojban
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|}
|}


<u>Stops</u>
== Stops ==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
! lojban
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|}
|}


=External Links=
==External Links==


* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs]

Revision as of 16:10, 28 March 2021

Tags

Examples are tagged with an English dialect. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).

Tags currently used:

Vowels (preferred)

lojban IPA Names Examples
a [a] Open front unrounded vowel a in hat (WaE)
e [ɛ] Open-mid front unrounded vowel e in bed
i [i] Close front unrounded vowel ee in free
o [o] Close-mid back rounded vowel aw in yawn (AuE), o in go (ScE)
u [u] Close back rounded vowel oo in boot
y [ə] Mid-central vowel a in above

Vowels (allowed)

lojban IPA Names Examples Notes
a [ɑ] Open back unrounded vowel a in father
e [e] Close-mid front unrounded vowel ay in play (ScE, not GA) Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong ei!
o [ɔ] Open-mid back rounded vowel o in not (AuE, not GA)

Diphthongs

A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a glide. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.

lojban IPA Examples
ai [aj] high, Taipei
ei [ɛj] weigh, Taipei
oi [oj] boy
au [aw] cow
ia [ja] yard
ie [jɛ] yell
ii [ji] ye
io [jo] yogurt
iu [ju] beauty
ua [wa] wander
ue [wɛ] well
ui [wi] weak
uo [wo] woe
uu [wu] woo
iy [jə] million
uy [wə] was (unstressed)

Sibilants

lojban IPA Names Examples
c [ʃ] Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant sh in shape
j [ʒ] Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant s in measure, j in déjà vu
s [s] Voiceless alveolar sibilant s in soon
z [z] Voiced alveolar sibilant z in zinc

Fricatives

lojban IPA Names Examples
f [f] Voiceless labiodental fricative f in fall
v [v] Voiced labiodental fricative v in voice
x [x] Voiceless velar fricative ch in loch (ScE)
' [h] Voiceless glottal fricative h in hose

Affricates

lojban IPA Names Examples
dj [dʒ] Voiced palato-alveolar affricate j in joke
tc [tʃ] Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate ch in chat
dz [ʣ] Voiced alveolar affricate ds in pads
ts [ʦ] Voiceless alveolar affricate ts in cats

Rhotics

lojban IPA Examples
r [r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩] rock

Nasals

lojban IPA Examples
n [n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩] nose
m [m], [m̩] move

Approximants

lojban IPA Examples
l [l], [l̩] l in lake

Stops

lojban IPA Examples
b [b] bottle
d [d] dance
g [g] goose
k [k] keen
p [p] powder
t [t] time

External Links

Retrieved from "https://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=pronunciation_guide_in_English&oldid=124344"