number subgrammar

Lesson 3

Commands, Requests and Questions

So far we've looked at simple propositions, sentences that say that

something is true. You can, in theory, say anything you want with

propositions, but it's pretty inconvenient. For example, if I want you

to run, I could say just that:

"I want you to run"

but I'd probably just say:

"Run!"

How do we do this in Lojban? We can't copy English grammar and just say

bajra, since, as we've seen, this means "Someone/something

runs". Instead we say

ko bajra

ko means you, the person I'm talking to, but only in commands

(in normal sentences it's do). Normally it comes in the first

place of the bridi, since normally you're asking people to do

something or be something, not to have something done to them. However,

you can put it elsewhere, e.g.

nelci ko

This means something like "Act so that someone unspecified likes you",

and sounds pretty odd in English, but you could use it in the sense of

"Try to make a good impression." Another example is:

mi dunda le cifnu ko

or "Act so that I give the baby to you," with the possible meaning "Get

up and put your cigarette out~--~I'm going to pass you the baby."

You can even have ko in two places in a bridi, for example,

ko kurji ko

Act so that you take care of you

or in other words, "Take care of yourself." In fact, since we can put

the selbri anywhere other than the beginning of the sentence

(since this would imply "someone/something" for the first place), we can

(and do) say

ko ko kurji

Exercise 1

Imagine that someone says these things to you. What is it that they want you to do?

1. ko klama mi

1. ko dunda le cukta mi

1. la .izaBEL. nelci ko

1. ko sutra

1. ko ko nelci

So far we've looked at simple commands. However, outside the army, we

don't normally use these very much~--~normally we ask people politely.

Foreigners in England often make the mistake of thinking that putting

"Please" in front of a command makes it into a polite request, which it

doesn't (in English we usually have to make it into a question e.g.

"Could you open the window?"). Fortunately, in Lojban, "please" really

is the magic word. Putting the attitudinal .e'o before a

sentence with ko changes it into a request e.g.

.e'o ko dunda le cukta mi

is literally "Please give me the book," but is actually more like "Could

you give me the book, please?"

Questions

In English, we make a yes/no question by changing the

order of the words (e.g. "You are ..." -> "Are you ...") or putting some

form of "do" at the beginning (e.g. "Does she smoke?"). This seems

perfectly natural to someone whose native language is English (or

German, or whatever) but is actually unnecessarily complicated (as any

speaker of Chinese or Turkish will tell you). In Lojban we can turn any

proposition into a yes/no question by simply putting xu at the

beginning. Some examples:

xu do nelci la bil.

Do you like Bill?

xu mi klama

Am I coming?

xu crino

Is it green?

There are two ways to answer these questions. Lojban, like some other

languages, does not have words that mean "yes" or "no". One way to

answer "yes" is to repeat the selbri e.g.

• xu do nelci la bil.
• nelci

We can also use go'i, which repeats the last bridi. In this case,

though, it doesn't mean do nelci la bil. but mi nelci la bil.~--~it is

the meaning, rather than the words of the bridi which are repeated. In

other words, in an answer to a yes/no question, it means "yes".

What about negative answers? Any bridi can be made negative by

using na. This negates the whole of the bridi, so you can put

it anywhere you want~--~most people either put it right at the beginning,

or before the selbri (I prefer the beginning, since then it is

clearer that I'm negating the whole thing). So na mi nelci la bil. means "It is not true that I like Bill," or in other words, "I don't like Bill."

As an answer to a question, we do the same thing, so we just say na nelci or na go'i.

Logical note: Negatives are a lot more complicated than they look, in

both English and Lojban. Strictly speaking, na mi nelci la bil. is

true even if I've never heard of Bill (since it's pretty hard to like

someone you know nothing about). We'll look at some other negatives

later, but for the time being na will do fine. Just as in

English, if you ask someone if they like Bill, and they reply "No"

because they haven't met him, they're being amazingly unhelpful.

English also has a number of "wh-" questions~--~"who", "what" etc. In

Lojban we use one word for all of these: ma. This is like an

instruction to fill in the missing place. For example:

do klama ma la london.

"Where are you going?" "London"

ma klama la london. la klaudias.

"Who's going to London?" "Claudia."

mi dunda ma do le cukta

"I give what to you?" (probably meaning "What was it I was supposed to be giving you?") "The book."

Finally we have mo. This is like ma, but questions a

selbri, not a sumti~--~it's like English "What does X

do?" or "What is X?" (remember being and doing are the same!). More

logically, we can see mo as asking someone to describe the

relationship between the sumti in the question. For example:

do mo la klaudias.

"You ??? Claudia"

The answer depends on the context. Possible answers to this question

are:

nelci

"I like her."

pendo

"I am her friend"

prami

"I adore/am in love with her."

xebni

"I hate her."

fengu

"I'm angry with her."

cinba

"I kissed her."

Note that the time is not important here: just as cinba can

mean "kiss", "kissed", "will kiss" and so on, mo does not ask a

question about any particular time. There are ways to specify

time in Lojban, but it's not necessary to use them (just to satisfy your

curiosity though, "I kissed Claudia" is mi pu cinba la klaudias.).

We've said that mo can also be a "What is

..." type of question. The simplest example is ti mo~--~"What

is this?". You could also ask la meilis. mo, which could mean

"Who is Mei Li?", "What is Mei Li?", "What is Mei Li doing?" and so on.

Again, the answer depends on the context. For example:

ninmu

"She's a woman."

jungo

"She's Chinese."

pulji

"She's a policewoman."

sanga

"She's a singer" or "She's singing."

melbi

"She's beautiful." (possibly a pun, since this is what "meili" means in Chinese!)

There are ways to be more specific, but these normally involve a

ma question; for example la meilis. gasnu ma ("Mei Li

does what?").

There are more question words in Lojban, but

xu, ma and mo are enough for most of what you

might want to ask. Three other important questions, xo ("How

many?") ca ma ("When?) and pei ("How do you feel about

it?") will come in the lessons on numbers, time and attitudes.

Exercise 2: Lojban general knowledge quiz

Answer the following questions (in Lojban, of course). Most of the

answers are very easy; the trick is to understand the question!

1. la brutus. mo la .iulius.

1. ma prami la djuliet.

1. xu la paris. nenri la .iunaityd.steits.

1. ma ciska la .anas.kaREninas.

1. xu la porc. sutra

1. la .ozuald. catra ma

1. xu la djorj.eliot. ninmu

1. la sakiamunis. mo

1. la cekspir. ciska ma

1. la dolorez.kleiborn. mo

1. xu la xardis. fengu la lorel.

Answers to Exercises

Exercise 1

1. Come to me.

1. Give me the book.

1. Act so that Isabel likes you (or "Butter up Isabel" perhaps)

1. Be fast ("Hurry up!")

1. Like yourself. (note that changing the word order doesn't change the meaning here)

Exercise 2

1. catra (assuming it's Julius Caesar we're talkin about)

1. la romios. (assuming it's that Juliet)

1. na nenri or na go'i, unless we're talking about Paris, Texas.

1. la tolstois.

1. Trick question. la can name a specific Porsche, not Porsches in general, so it might go fast or not (e.g. it could have just broken down and not go at all).

1. la KEnydis.

1. ninmu or go'i (Despite the pen-name, George Eliot was a woman)

1. Not much we can say with the vocabulary we have at the moment other than prenu (maybe emphasising that Sakyamuni~--~the Buddha~--~was a person, not a God or somesuch). Other possible answers would be xindo~--~Indian, or pavbudjo~--~first Buddhist.

1. Anything Shakespeare wrote, e.g. la xamlyt., la .otelos. ...

1. cukta (it's a novel by Stephen King)

1. fengu or go'i~--~we're talking about Laurel and Hardy here.