User:Gleki/Particle ⟨le⟩ for anaphora, cataphora, exophora: Difference between revisions
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{{notci|'''le broda''' | {{notci|'''le broda''' checks the last [[sumti]] starting from x1 of '''no'a xi ro''' (in other words from the first sumti of the main predicate of the current sentence), then sequentially checks other sumti of '''no'a xi ro''', then goes back to '''di'u''' (previous sentences) and earlier. When a sumti is found such that '''SUMTI ca'a broda''' then it automatically refers to that SUMTI, and the check process stops. '''broda''' may be wrapped into a sumti or may represent a bare selbri. Context are unspoken words and can contain unspoken '''broda''' too, thus context is considered a part of the current discourse.}} | ||
==Examples. '''broda''' wrapped into a sumti== | ==Examples. '''broda''' wrapped into a sumti== | ||
{{mu|la .alis. cu viska lo ninmu .e lo nakla i le fetsi cu melbi}} | {{mu|la .alis. cu viska lo ninmu .e lo nakla i le fetsi cu melbi}} | ||
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{{mu|la djan cu cusku zo coi la meris .i le bacru cu gleki}} | {{mu|la djan cu cusku zo coi la meris .i le bacru cu gleki}} | ||
Would '''bacru''' refer to '''cusku'''? Clearly, this is an edge case since the most common usage of '''le''' would be '''le fetsi''' for ''she'' and similar. | Would '''bacru''' refer to '''cusku'''? Clearly, this is an edge case since the most common usage of '''le''' would be '''le fetsi''' for ''she'' and similar. | ||
==Example. The Reality is a text.== | ==Example. "The Reality is a text" concept.== | ||
When a cat enters a room the Reality "says" | When a cat enters a room the Reality "says": | ||
{{mu|ni'o lo mlatu cu nerkla lo kumfa|New paragraph: a cat entered a room.}} | |||
Then a Lojbanist can comment on this situation by starting to use '''le''' immediately: | |||
{{mu|le mlatu ca zvati ti|<u>The</u> cat is here.}} | {{mu|le mlatu ca zvati ti|<u>The</u> cat is here.}} | ||
The Reality can be represented as a text in a special way: | The Reality can be represented as a text in a special way: | ||
Revision as of 15:00, 18 October 2014
Initially proposed by la gleki:
Proposal:
le broda checks the last sumti starting from x1 of no'a xi ro (in other words from the first sumti of the main predicate of the current sentence), then sequentially checks other sumti of no'a xi ro, then goes back to di'u (previous sentences) and earlier. When a sumti is found such that SUMTI ca'a broda then it automatically refers to that SUMTI, and the check process stops. broda may be wrapped into a sumti or may represent a bare selbri. Context are unspoken words and can contain unspoken broda too, thus context is considered a part of the current discourse.
Examples. broda wrapped into a sumti
| la .alis. cu viska lo ninmu .e lo nakla i le fetsi cu melbi |
Here le fetsi refers to lo ninmu since it was the last sumti such that lo ninmu ca'a fetsi
| la .alis. cu viska lo nakla i le fetsi cu melbi |
Here le fetsi refers to la .alis. if the context (other parts of text) show that la .alis. ca'a fetsi
Examples. broda as a bare selbri
| la djan cu cusku zo coi la meris .i le cusku cu gleki |
le cusku refers to la djan since the last selbri cusku has been used for describing him.
| la djan cu cusku zo coi la meris .i le bacru cu gleki |
Would bacru refer to cusku? Clearly, this is an edge case since the most common usage of le would be le fetsi for she and similar.
Example. "The Reality is a text" concept.
When a cat enters a room the Reality "says":
| ni'o lo mlatu cu nerkla lo kumfa New paragraph: a cat entered a room. |
Then a Lojbanist can comment on this situation by starting to use le immediately:
| le mlatu ca zvati ti The cat is here. |
The Reality can be represented as a text in a special way:
- ca, bu'u and fau correspond to no'a xi ro or dei in text form.
- pu corresponds to di'u or go'i in text form.
Details
- This proposal is more in line with the actual past usage of le.
- It relies purely on discourse which is easy to track and parse.
- Note that le works not only anaphorically but also cataphorically due to "starting from x1 of no'a xi ro" part of the definition
- In the current version exophorics is not thought out.
Common usage
- le fetsi = she
- le nakni = he
- le za'umei = they
- le prenu = ze/'ey
- le dacti = it
Similar constructs
- bi'unai deals with already given information but doesn't count sumti back
- ri does count sumti back but not semantically.
- di'u doesn't deal with sumti