Láadan Lessons For Beginners: Difference between revisions

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== Láadan Grammar Facts ==
== Láadan Grammar Facts ==
# When you're quoting somebody else's words, you don't have to put a Speech Act word at the beginning of the quoted words unless it's different from the one at the beginning of your own sentence.
# When you're quoting somebody else's words, you don't have to put a Speech Act word at the beginning of the quoted words unless it's different from the one at the beginning of your own sentence.
 
#*That is, when you start with "Bíi" and quote somebody else, you don't have to repeat "Bíi"at the beginning of ''their ''words.
That is, when you start with "Bíi" and quote somebody else, you don't have to repeat "Bíi"at the beginning of ''their ''words.
#*However, if you start with "Bíi" and then quote somebody else's words that start with some''other ''Speech Act word, it has to be there.
 
#*For example: "Bíi eril di Athid wa, 'Báa ril sháad Thad buzhedi?'" is how you would say that Athid asked whether Thad is going to the con.
However, if you start with "Bíi" and then quote somebody else's words that start with some''other ''Speech Act word, it has to be there.
 
For example: "Bíi eril di Athid wa, 'Báa ril sháad Thad buzhedi?'" is how you would say that Athid asked whether Thad is going to the con.


== Pattern Practice ==
== Pattern Practice ==

Revision as of 14:51, 4 February 2015

Have you always wanted to learn Láadan, but been intimidated by the technical talk in the hard-copy lesson book? Well, this set of lessons is just for you. Written to be easily understood, with a step-by-step format, these lessons will introduce you to Láadan painlessly.

A copy of the course published on http://www.laadanlanguage.org/

Lesson One - Things You Need To Know For Learning Láadan

The Sounds of Láadan

<tab class=wikitable> a as in fAther and cAlm e as in bEll and bEst i as in bIt and bIg o as in hOme and hOpe u as in sOOn and mOOn th as in THink and THree, two letters, but just one sound zh as in pleaSure and garaGe, two letters, but just one sound sh as in SHine and SHare, two letters, but just one sound b, d, h, l, m, n, r, w, y for speakers of English, these sounds (and /th/, /zh/, /sh/) are pronounced as in English. lh a sound English doesn't have, made by pressing your tongue against the roof of your mouth, drawing back the corners of your mouth the way you would for a smile, and then saying "sh." </tab>

Tone

An accent mark over a vowel (or, when your keyboard doesn't offer accents, a vowel that's a capital letter) means that the vowel has high tone.

For English speakers, this means that you should give the high-toned vowel slightly higher pitch and a bit more emphasis. The word "wáa" has a sound-pattern like English "UH-oh!" The word "waá" has a sound-pattern like English "AhA!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. Láadan has two kinds of words: content words, and function words.
    • Content words are words like "house" and "cat" and "eat" and "run."
    • Function words are words like "of" and "and."
  2. Most Láadan content words can be used as both verbs and nouns.
    • This is like the way any English verb ("swim," for example) can be used as a noun if you add the "-ing" morpheme to it, as in "Swimming is fun."
    • Notice that in Láadan you don't have to add anything to the word to make it a noun or a verb.
    • Definition: A morpheme is any part of a word that has a meaning of its own and cannot be divided into smaller parts. For example, the English word "walking" has two morphemes: the morpheme "walk," which can be used all by itself, and the morpheme "-ing," which cannot stand alone.
  3. Láadan doesn't have any words like English "a, an, the."
  4. In Láadan, verbs and adjectives are the same class of words, and they are only one class, the way conjunctions or pronouns are only one class of words in English.
    • The word for "red" can mean the name of the color red, or it can mean "to be red." Which means that in Láadan you don't need "is/are" or any other form of "be" in sentences like "Roses are red" and "Jane is a linguist" and "This is the bus stop."
  5. Láadan has a group of function words called Speech Act words.
    • For example, the word "Bíi" means "I say to you as a statement," while the word "Báa" means "I say to you as a question."
    • English can do the same thing; we can say "I ask you" and "I promise you" and "I warn you," and so on. The difference between the two languages is that in Láadan the Speech Act words are required, while in English they're optional.
    • A Speech Act word will always be the first word in a Láadan sentence.
    • Note: We'll be discussing Speech Act words in more detail as we go along.
  6. Láadan has a group of function words called "evidentials" that English doesn't have; many other languages do have them.
    • An evidential tells you why the speaker feels justified in claiming that the words being said are true.
    • For example, "wa" means "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is that I have perceived it myself" and "wi" means "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because it's self-evident; everybody can perceive that it's true, or everybody is in agreement that it's true."
    • The evidential will always be the last word in a Láadan sentence, and -- unlike the situation in English -- it's required to be there.
    • Note: We'll be discussing evidentials in more detail as we go along.

Lesson Two - Athid, Sha, Thad And The Dragon Are Going To The Con

Vocabulary

Athid Person's name
Sha Person's name
Thad Person's name
óowamid dragon
hi this
sháad go; come
buzh convention; "con"
bil fun
bíi I say to you, as a statement
wa The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is that I have perceived it myself
ril a word used to indicate present time
aril a word used to indicate future time
-hóo a morpheme that is used to indicate special importance, or to give a word or phrase extra emphasis
-di a morpheme that means "to," as in "I walked to the house."

Sentences

1.

Bíi hi Athid wa.
This is Athid.
  • NOTE: All we need in this sentence is the Speech Act word at the beginning of the sentence, the evidential at the end, and "THIS/ATHID" in between. We don't need a word for "is" and we don't need one for "a."

2.

Bíi hi Sha wa.
This is Sha.

3.

Bíi hi Thad wa.
This is Thad.

4.

Bíi hi óowamid wa.
This is a dragon.

5.

Bíi ril sháad Athid buzhedi wa.
Athid is going to the con.

6.

Bíi ril sháad Sha buzhedi wa.
Sha is going to the con.

7.

Bíi ril sháad Thad buzhedi wa.
Thad is going to the con.

8.

Bíi ril sháad óowamid buzhedi wa.
The dragon is going to the con.

9.

Bíi aril bilehóo buzh wa!
The convention will be fun!

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. Láadan doesn't allow "consonant clusters." That is, it doesn't let any two consonant sounds follow one right after the other (except for a very few words in which B is followed by R).
    • To keep sequences of two consonant sounds from happening, you put an "e" between them.
    • So, when you add "-di" [the ending meaning "to"] to "buzh" [the word for "convention" or "con"], you have to put an "e" between those two pieces to separate the consonant sound/zh/ from the consonant sound /d/.
    • That's why "to the con" is "buzhedi" instead of just "buzhdi." "Buzhdi" could not be a Láadan word.
    • By contrast, the Láadan word for "desert" is "shée". Since "shée" ends in a vowel sound, "to the desert" is just "shéedi," without any need for an inserted "e."
  2. In the same way, Láadan doesn't allow "vowel clusters" -- two vowels in a row -- and it inserts an "h" to keep that sequence from happening.
    • So, if you add the plural morpheme "me-" at the beginning of the word "eb" [which means to buy or sell] the result has to be "meheb." The "h" is added to separate the first vowel/e/ from the second one.
    • Note: Two vowels together are allowed if one of them has high tone. So "áa" and "aá" are both allowed, without any need for an inserted "h".

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril sháad óowamid buzhedi wa.

"The dragon is going to the con."


1. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the cave; cave -- bethud]

2. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the forest; forest -- olin]

3. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the town; town -- miwith]

4. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the spaceship; spaceship -- yo]

Lesson Three - For The Con, You Need A Suitcase

Vocabulary

imedim suitcase
thi have
boó three
be he, she, it
-th a morpheme that means "This is the direct object in this sentence."

Sentences

1. Bíi ril thi Athid imedimeth wa.

"Athid has a suitcase."


2. Bíi ril thi Sha imedimeth wa.

"Sha has a suitcase."


3. Bíi ril thi óowamid imedimeth boó wa.

"The dragon has three suitcases."


4. Bíi ril thi be imedimeth wa.

"She [or he, or it] has a suitcase."


5. Bíi ril thi be imedimeth boó wa.

"It [or she, or he] has three suitcases."

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. Direct objects are the items in a sentence that things happen to; they answer "what" and "who" and "which" questions. In "Thad bought a book in the dealer's room," for example, buying is what happened and it was a book that the buying happened to. And "a book" is the answer to the question "What did Thad buy in the dealer's room?"
    • In Láadan, you have to put the morpheme "-th" at the end of direct objects.
    • And (because "-th" is a consonant) if the last sound in the word or phrase for the direct object is a consonant, you have to put an "e" between the word and the "-th." So, when you mark "imedim" as a direct object by adding "-th," the result will be "imedimeth."
  2. If you need to specify exactly how many there are of something, you can do that in Láadan by putting a number right after the word for that something.
    • So "imedim boó" means "three suitcases." "óowamid boó" would mean "three dragons."

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril thi Athid imedimeth wa.

"Athid has a suitcase."

1. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a book; book -- áabe]

2. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a cup; cup -- ni]

3. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a bed; bed -- dahan]

4. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a beer; beer -- webe]

Lesson Four - Asking Questions

Vocabulary

em yes
ra no; not
ne you
Báa I say to you as a question; I ask you

Sentences

1. Question: Báa ril sháad Athid buzhedi? Answer: Em.

"Is Athid going to the con?" "Yes."


2. Báa ril sháad Sha buzhedi? Em.

"Is Sha going to the con?" "Yes."


3. Báa ril sháad óowamid buzhedi? Em.

"Is the dragon going to the con?" "Yes."


4. Báa ril thi Athid imedimeth? Em.

"Does Athid have a suitcase?" "Yes."


5. Báa ril thi Sha imedimeth? Em.

"Does Sha have a suitcase?" "Yes."


6. Báa ril thi óowamid imedimeth? Ra -- imedimeth boó wa!

"Does the dragon have a suitcase?" "No -- three suitcases!"


7. Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi? Em.

"Are you going to the con?" "Yes."


8. Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi? Ra.

"Are you going to the con?" "No."


9. Báa ril thi ne imedimeth? Em. [Or Ra.]

"Do you have a suitcase?" "Yes." [Or "No."]

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. The reason there's no evidential at the end of the questions above is because questions don't offer information and claim that it's true; questions ask for information.
  2. In an ordinary conversation you wouldn't have to keep constantly repeating your Speech Act words and time words and evidentials; you'd only need to include them in your sentences if things changed and you needed a different one, or if it was important to you to include them. This is why it's okay to just say "Em" or "Ra" as the answer to a yes/no question.
    • However, if for some reason you wanted to make it clear that you were saying "yes" or "no" based on your own perceptions, you would say "Em wa" or "Ra wa."

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi?

"Are you going to the con?"

1. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the hotel; hotel -- both]

2. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the moon; moon -- óol]

3. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the ocean; ocean -- mela]

4. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the room; room -- shod]

Lesson Five - Getting To The Con

Vocabulary

le I
yuloma wing
mazh car; automobile
shin two
-nan a morpheme meaning "by means of"; it indicates what is used to do something
-wáan a morpheme meaning "the reason for which something is done"
wi an evidential meaning "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because it's self-evident; everybody can see that it's true, or everybody is in agreement that it's true."

Sentences

1. Sha: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa."

"I'm going to the con by car."


2. Athid: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa."

"I'm going to the con by car."


3. Thad: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa."

"I'm going to the con by car."


4. Óowamid: "Bíi ril sháad ra le buzhedi mazhenan wa. Ril sháad le buzhedi yulomanan wa."

"I'm not going to the con by car. I'm going by wing."

Note: When you have sentences like this one right after the other from the same speaker, the Speech Act word doesn't have to be repeated in every sentence. It would always be correct to repeat the Speech Act word, which means that if you're not sure what to do it's safe to include it; but it doesn't have to be there.

5. Sha: "Báa bebáawáan?"

"Why?" That is: "For what reason?"


6. Óowamid: "Bíi ril thi ra Sha yulomath wi. Thad ril thi ra yulomath wi. Athid ril thi ra yulomath wi. Ril thi le yulomath shin wi!"

"Sha doesn't have a wing. Thad doesn't have a wing. Athid doesn't have a wing. I have two wings!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. To make a sentence negative, put "ra" right after the verb.

For example: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi wa" means "I'm going to the con"; "Bíi rilsháad ra le buzhedi wa" means "I'm not going to the con."

  1. The word for "why" -- "bebáawáan" -- has three parts.
    1. It starts with the pronoun "be" for "it," which refers to the reason why.
    2. Next comes "-báa-," which marks it as a question word.
    3. It ends with a morpheme [called a "case marker"] that makes its role in the sentence clear. It ends with "-wáan," which means "the reason for which something is done.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi mazhenan wa.

"He's going to the con by car." [Or "She's going," or "It's going."]

1. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi _________ wa. [by boat; boat -- esh]

2. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi _________ wa. [by train; train -- memazh]

3. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi _________ wa. [by plane; plane -- zhazh]

Lesson Six - Talking About Going To The Con

Vocabulary

di say; speak; talk
eril a word used to indicate past time
i and

Sentences

1. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Ril sháad le buzhedi wa!"

Athid said, "I'm going to the con!"


2. Bíi eril di Sha wa, "Ril sháad le buzhedi wa!"

Sha said, "I'm going to the con!"


3. Bíi eril di Thad wa, "Ril sháad le buzhedi wa!"

Thad said, "I'm going to the con!"


4. Bíi eril di óowamid wa, "I ril sháad lehóo buzhedi wa!"

The dragon said, "And I'm going to the con!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. When you're quoting somebody else's words, you don't have to put a Speech Act word at the beginning of the quoted words unless it's different from the one at the beginning of your own sentence.
    • That is, when you start with "Bíi" and quote somebody else, you don't have to repeat "Bíi"at the beginning of their words.
    • However, if you start with "Bíi" and then quote somebody else's words that start with someother Speech Act word, it has to be there.
    • For example: "Bíi eril di Athid wa, 'Báa ril sháad Thad buzhedi?'" is how you would say that Athid asked whether Thad is going to the con.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:


Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi?"

Athid said, "Are you going to the con?"


1. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the beach; beach --sheshihoth]

2. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the road; road -- weth]

3. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the dance; dance --amedara]

4. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the forest, to the woods; forest, woods -- olin]

Lesson Seven - At The Hotel

Vocabulary

wida carry
yide hungry
hihath now; right now
both hotel
me- plural morpheme used at the beginning of verbs and words that correspond to English adjectives
-ha morpheme used to indicate where something or someone is located

Sentences

1. Bíi ril Athid botheha wa.

"Athid is at the hotel."


2. Bíi ril Sha botheha wa.

"Sha is at the hotel."


3. Bíi ril Thad botheha wa.

"Thad is at the hotel."


4. Bíi ril óowamid botheha wa.

"The dragon is at the hotel."


5. Bíi eril mewida Athid i Sha i Thad imedimeth wa.

"Athid and Sha and Thad carried a suitcase."


6. Bíi eril wida óowamid imedimeth boó wa.

"The dragon carried three suitcases."


7. Bíi ril meyide hihath Athid, Sha, Thad i óowamid wa.

"Now Athid, Sha, Thad, and the dragon are hungry."

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. To make a verb plural -- that is, to indicate that more than one subject is involved -- just put"me-" at the very beginning of the verb.

The rule is the same if the word you're using would be an adjective in English. So, for example, the Láadan word for "blue" is "leyi"; and the way to say "The suitcases are blue" in Láadan is "Bíi ril meleyi imedim wa."

Notice that you don't have to make any change in the word "suitcase" -- only in the word "blue."

  1. When the evidential "wa" is used at the end of a sentence that is about someone's internal state -- like being hungry or thirsty or sleepy or bored, for example -- it means that the speaker has actually heard that person say something like "I'm hungry" or "I'm thirsty," or has seen the person do something that unambiguously carries that meaning.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril wida Athid webeth wa.

"Athid is carrying a beer."

1. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [a book; book -- áabe]

2. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [a camera: camera -- ridadem]

3. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [a cat; cat -- rul]

4. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [an apple; apple -- doyu]

Lesson Eight - Athid, Sha, Thad And The Dragon Are In The Bar

Vocabulary

yod eat
rilin drink
rilinehoth bar
ana food
lalom sing
lom song
bezh they [2 to 5]
webe beer
wáa an evidential, meaning "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because I trust the source for my information."

Sentences

1. Bíi ril Athid i Sha i Thad rilinehotheha wáa.

"Athid and Sha and Thad are in the bar."


2. Bíi ril óowamid rilinehotheha wáa.

"The dragon is in the bar."


3. Bíi ril merilin bezh webeth wáa.

"They are drinking beer."


4. Bíi ril meyod bezh anath wáa.

"They are eating food."


5. Bíi ril melalom bezh lometh wáa.

"They are singing songs."

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. The pronoun "be" ("he, she, it") refers to just one individual or item. To make it plural, you add either "-zh," for two to five, or "-n," for more than five.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril merilin bezh webeth wáa.

"They are drinking beer."

1. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [juice; juice -- éeb]

2. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [lal; milk -- lal]

3. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [tea; tea -- zhu]

4. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [water; water -- ili]

Lesson Nine - Sha Has A Panel At The Con

Vocabulary

alehala to make art
bama angry [for a reason, but not something that can be blamed on anybody and not something that it's possible to do anything about]
dihomedal panel
eth to be about [as in "a book about birds"]
Dóo "Well...."
néde to want
íi also; too

Sentences

1. Bíi ril thi Sha dihomedaleth wa.

"Sha has a panel."


2. Bíi aril eth dihomedal alehala wa.

"The panel will be about making art."


3. Bíi ril thi ra óowamid dihomedaleth wa.

"The dragon doesn't have a panel."


4. Bíi ril bama óowamid wa.

"The dragon is angry."


5. Bíi ril di óowamid, "Dóo, ril néde lehóo dihomedaleth íi wa!"

"The dragon says, 'Well, I want a panel too!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. In Láadan, emotions (like joy and sadness and anger) have a number of different forms. We will be discussing the forms one at a time as we learn them.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril néde le dihomedaleth wa.

"I want a panel."

1. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a cape; cape -- rimáayo]

2. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a comb; comb -- don]

3. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a guitar; guitar -- lalen]

4. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a rocking chair; rocking chair -- lolin]

Lesson Ten - The Dragon Has A Sales Table At The Con

Vocabulary

áabe book
dínídin toy
eb sell; buy
losh money
menedebe many, a lot
dalehebewan sales table
lezh we (five or fewer)
id and-then

Sentences

1. Bíi ril thi óowamid dalahebewaneth buzheha wa.

"The dragon has a sales table at the con."


2. Bíi aril eb óowamid áabeth menedebe wa.

"The dragon will sell many books."


3. Bíi aril eb be dínídineth menedebe wa.

"It will sell many toys."


4. Bíi id aril thi óowamid losheth menedebe wa!"

"And then the dragon will have a lot of money!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. For the Pattern Practice section below, remember that you only have to make the verbplural. You don't need to make any change in the form of the nouns that list the items "we" will be selling.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi aril meheb lezh doyuth menedebe wa.

"We will sell a lot of apples."

1. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [boats; boat -- esh]

2. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [cradles; cradle -- lulin]

3. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [computers; computer --shinehal]

4. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [games; game -- shida]

Pattern Practice Answers

Lesson 1:

No practice pattern.

Lesson 2:

1. Bíi ril sháad óowamid bethudedi wa.

2. Bíi ril sháad óowamid olinedi wa.

3. Bíi ril sháad óowamid miwithedi wa.

4. Bíi ril sháad óowamid yodi wa.

Lesson 3:

1. Bíi ril thi Athid áabeth wa.

2. Bíi ril thi Athid nith wa.

3. Bíi ril thi Athid dahaneth wa.

4. Bíi ril thi Athid webeth wa.

Lesson 4:

1. Báa ril sháad ne bothedi?

2. Báa ril sháad ne óoledi?

3. Báa ril sháad ne meladi?

4. Báa ril sháad ne shodedi?

Lesson 5:

1. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi eshenan wa.

2. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi memazhenan wa.

3. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi zhazhenan wa.

Lesson 6:

1. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne sheshihothedi?"

2. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne wethedi?"

3. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne amedaradi?"

4. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne olinedi?"

Lesson 7:

1. Bíi ril wida Athid áabeth wa.

2. Bíi ril wida Athid ridademeth wa.

3. Bíi ril wida Athid ruleth wa.

4. Bíi ril wida Athid doyuth wa.

Lesson 8:

1. Bíi ril merilin bezh éebeth wáa.

2. Bíi ril merilin bezh laleth wáa.

3. Bíi ril merilin bezh zhuth wáa.

4. Bíi ril merilin bezh ilith wáa.

Lesson 9:

1. Bíi ril néde le rimáayoth wa.

2. Bíi ril néde le doneth wa.

3. Bíi ril néde le laleneth wa.

4. Bíi ril néde le lolineth wa.

Lesson 10:

1. Bíi aril meheb lezh esheth menedebe wa.

2. Bíi aril meheb lezh lulineth menedebe wa.

3. Bíi aril meheb lezh shinehaleth menedebe wa.

4. Bíi aril meheb lezh shidath menedebe wa.

English to Láadan Dictionary

(Updated: 10/29/2009)

This dictionary is a work in progress. We absolutely guarantee there are errors in it. The good news is that the errors are mostly in the new words. The words from the "A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan" (2nd Edition) have been, for the most part, verified with Suzette and corrected as necessary. If you find errors or have questions, let Jackie know.

"English Word" is an approximation of the Láadan definition, used to put this list in alphabetical order. There may be multiple English words for one Láadan word, and multiple Láadan words for one English word.

Core Words

  • C = Core Words (First words Suzette created)
  • CS = Core Suppliment Words (Next batch of words Suzette created)
  • D = Dictionary Words (Words that first appeared in the "A First Dictionary and Grammar of Láadan" (2nd Ed))
  • U= Updates (Words from various grammar updates published by Suzette)
  • (blank) = Not a core word, or Jackie hasn't gotten that far in updating the dictionary info

Creator

  • (blank) = Suzette, or Jackie hasn't gotten that far in updating the dictionary info
  • AB = Amberwind Barnhart
  • AH = Anne Hatzakis
  • BG = Baer Gewanter
  • CF = Carole Fontaine
  • CH = Catriona Harrison
  • DK = ?
  • EB = ?
  • JLP = Jackie Powers
  • JP = Juila Penelope (with her associates and students)
  • MLM = M. Lynne Murphy
  • PJ = ?
  • RB = Rae Beno
  • SH = Sharla Hardy
  • TB = Tina Black
  • YML = Yahoo Mailing Loop (If you claim ownership of any of these, let Jackie know)

List

English Word Láadan Word English Definition Core Word Creator
a nonede a, the final one, the last one [no-=prefix implies completion + nede=one, 1] D
able thad to be able D
abortion wírabanenath abortion, to abort, have an abortion [wí+raban+ena+th] CF
about eth to be about (as in "a book about birds")
above rayil above, to be above [ra=non- + yil=under] C
absence mar absence, to be absent SH
abundant ume to be full, abundant D
accountant lamithá accountant [lamith=to count + -á=doer] U SH
accursed rahéeda accursed, unholy, to be accursed, to be unholy [ra=non- + héeda=to be sacred] D
accuse ibádi to accuse [ib =crime + -á =doer + di =speak] AB
acoustics ezho acoustics [e-=prefix for science of + zho=sound]
across mesh across, to be across D
act wilomina to perform, act [wil=let/may + oba=body + mina=move] SH
adjective marker wo- changes a verb to an adjective, must be put on both verb and noun, after plural marker (beautiful woman = woháya wowith) Láadan has a form that is much like an English "adjective + noun" sequence, as in "green tree" or "small child". You can take any sequence of verb and subject (remembering that "adjectives" are only ordinary verbs in Láadan) and but the marker "wo-" at the beginning of each one. "Beautiful woman" is thus "woháya wowith". This is very useful, but it is a bit different from English, because it can only be used if you have just one verb. You cannot use this pattern to translate an English sequence like "little red brick wall". To make your descriptive phrase plural, you would put the plural marker "me-" at the beginning of the verb, as always. "Busy dragons" would be "mewoshOod wohOowamid."
administration eyon administration [e-=prefix for science of + yon=government] D
adult with person, woman, adult ; to specify a male person, add the masculine suffix '-id' C
adult (honored) shawith elder, honored adult [sha=harmony + with=person] JLP
aeronautics ezhazh aeronautics [e-=prefix for science of + zhazh=airplanes]
afraid héeya fear, to fear, to be afraid C
after ihée after (in space), behind [ihé=before] C
after aril later, after (in time) C
afternoon udathihée afternoon [udath=noon + ihée=after] D
against ib against D
against -rada against (to lean against something) U SH
agar analel agar (a seaweed) [ana=food + lel=seaweed] SH
agent suffix for doer, agent; morpheme used to mark someone as the "do-er" of an action; like English "-er" in "baker" or "dancer"
aggressor rashonelhá attacker, aggressor [rashonelh=war + -á=suffix for doer] D
agree zhelith agree, to think the same [zhe=alike + lith=think] (see also: zhedi, zheshub, zheláad, zhethob) AB
agree zhedi agree, to agree verbally [zhe=alike + di=speak] (see also:zhelith, zheshub, zheláad, zhethob) AB
agreement zhethob agreement, written agreement [zhe=alike + thob=write] (see also:zhelith, zhedi, zheshub, zheláad) AB
agriculture eróo agriculture [e-=prefix for science of + róo=harvest] D
agriculture ehábed science of farming; agriculture [e-=science of + (h)ábed=farm]
air shum air CS
airplane zhazh airplane D
airport hozhazh airport [zhazh=airplane] D
alcoholic ranahálh alcoholic [ranahá=drinker + lh=negative connotation] D
ale wéebe ale [webe=beer] D
algae lelith algae SH
alien née to be alien D
alien néehá alien [née=to be alien + -á=suffix for doer] D
alive wíi to be alive, living [wi=life] C
all woho all, every (don't change form or add case marker) D
all abesh to be all things, all-that-is (woho=all, every) D
all-power hohathad all-power, omnipotence (without the feature 'male') D
alone doólelasholan alone at last after tiresome experience or people [doól+ela+sholan]
alone búsholan alone "in the bosom of your family"
alone sholalan alone in a crowd of people U
alone elasholan alone and glad of it U
alone sholan to be alone D
alone héeyasholan alone with terror [héeya+shalon] U
alone óosholan alone with grief
along óobe along 2
aloud zhonal aloud [zho=sound + -nal=suffix for manner] D
also íi also
altar obeham altar U SH
although íizha although D
always hadihad always D
amaze míi amazement, to be amazed D
amazement míi amazement, to be amazed D
amber dathimithede amber (the gem) [dathimi=pine + thede=jewel] AB
ambulance duthamazh ambulance [dutha=to heal + mazh=car] D
Amen Othe Amen, Selah, end of prayer phrase D
among menedebenil among (many) [menedebe=many + nil=inside] AB
among nedebenil among (few/several) [nedebe=few/several + nil=inside] AB
analysis yan analysis, to analyze D
anarchy ralod anarchy [ra=non- + lod=household] D
anatomy ehoba anatomy [e-=prefix for science of + oba=body] D
ancestor wohothul foremother, ancestor [woho=all + thul=parent] D
and i and C
and then id and then CS
anesthesia duthawish anesthesia [dutha+wish] D
angel dáanoline word angel [dáan=word + noline=angel] CF
angel noline angel D
angel anahelilith feminist-angel U CF
angel-science enoline angel-science [e-=prefix for science of + noline=angel] D
anger bara anger with reason, with someone to blame, which is futile (bala, bama, bana, bina=anger) D
anger bana anger with reason, with no one to blame, which is futile (bara, bala, bama, bina=anger) D
anger bama anger with reason, but with no one to blame, which is not futile (bala, bana, bara, bina=anger) D
anger bina anger with no reason, with no one to blame, which is not futile [bara, bala, bama, bana=anger] D
anger bala anger with reason, with someone to blame, which is not futile (bara, bana, bama, bina=anger) D
animal mid creature, any animal C
animal romid wild animal [ro- =wild + mid=creature] D
animal shamid domestic animal [sha=harmony + mid=creature] D
animal (baby) ámid baby animal, very young creature [á-=baby + mid=animal] (see háamid, yáamid)
animal (teenage) yáamid teenage animal, older but not full-grown creature [yáa-=teenage + mid=animal] (see ámid, háamid)
animal (young) háamid young animal, child creature, general term for offspring [háa-=child + mid=animal] (see ámid, yáamid)
animal husbandry ewomil animal husbandry [e-=prefix for science of + womil=livestock]
anorexia rayide anorexia, to be anorexic [ra=non- + yide=hunger] D
anorexic rayide anorexia, to be anorexic [ra=non- + yide=hunger] D
ant halezhub ant [hal=work + (e)zhub=insect] YML
anthropologist ewithá anthropologist [e-=prefix for science of + with=person + -á=suffix for doer]
anthropology ewith anthropology [e-=prefix for science of + with=person] D
antler onethud horn; antler (noun) [on=head + (e)thud=bone] AB
any waha any AB
anything dal waha anything [dal=thing + waha=any] AB
anytime hath waha anytime [hath=time + waha=any] AB
anywhere hoth waha anywhere [hoth=place + waha=any] AB
ape omamid ape [oma=hand + mid-creature] D
apiarist thuhá beekeeper, apiarist [thu=honey + -(h)á=doer]
apology hóoda apology, excuse me, phrase to indicate that you need to leave a particular location (see hoda) D
apology hoda apology, pardon me, phrase to indicate that you regret whatever it is that you find yourself obliged to do -- like interrupting someone (see hóoda) D
apple doyu apple [do=strong + yu=fruit] D
apricot thuyu apricot [thu=honey + yu=fruit] D
April Athil April (vine month) [A-=month prefix + thil=vine] D
arc thamewud arc [tham=circle + (e)wud=part] SH
architect emathá architect [emath=architecture + -á-=doer] YML
architecture emath architecture [e-=science of + math=building] YML
argue rashon argument, quarrel, to argue, to quarrel, not used of an 'argument' in a theory or an equation or a proposition [ra-non- + shon=peace] D
argument halith proposition, argument D
argument rashon argument, quarrel, to argue, to quarrel, not used of an 'argument' in a theory or an equation or a proposition [ra-non- + shon=peace] D
Arkansas Arahanesha Arkansas (loanword) D
Arkansas Aranesha Arkansas "pet" name, short form D
arm oda arm (the body part) D
around o around C
arrival nosháad arrival, to arrive [no-=prefix implies completion + sháad=to come, go] D
arrive nosháad arrival, to arrive [no-=prefix implies completion + sháad=to come, go] D
art alehala art, to "art", to make art U
as zhe to be like, as, similar C
ashamed loláad lhohoth to be ashamed, to perceive one's shame [loláad=to perceive internally + lhoho=shame + -th =suffix for object] D
ask mime to ask C
assemble lolin to gather, assemble, gathering, assembly (said of people) D
assembly lolin to gather, assemble, gathering, assembly (said of people) D
assistant dená assistant, helper
asteroid thamehaledal asteroid [thamehal=globe + dal=thing] D
astronomy ehash astronomy [e-=prefix for science of + ash=star] D
at last doól at last, finally D
attacker rashonelhá attacker, aggressor [rashonelh=war + -á=suffix for doer] D
attend hil attention, to pay attention to, to attend D
attention hil attention, to pay attention to, to attend D
attention il to see, to watch, to look at, to pay attention to, to observe. Active seeing, which includes looking, watching, observing, and paying active attention to something visually. "I am watching you." (see lAad oyinan, passive seeing) D
auction loshehalid auction
audiology ehoyu audiology [e-=prefix for science of + oyu=ear] D
August Adaletham August (berry month) [A-=month prefix + daletham=berry] D
aunt berídan aunt D
automobile mazh car, automobile D
autum wemon autumn D
aware loláad óoyanan to sense, be aware of U
baby áwith baby, infant, very young person [á-=baby + with=person] (see háawith, yáawith) D
baby á- prefix to signify infant, baby, very young creature (see háa-, yáa-)
baby áwithid male baby, male infant [áwith=baby + -id=suffix for male] D
baby nurse háwithá baby nurse, nanny [áwith=baby + -á=suffix for doer] D
back wan back (body part) D
bad rathal to be bad [ra=non- + thal=to be good] D
bad & good yéshile to be bad and good D
bag dimod bag, sack, purse [dim=container + od=cloth] D
baker balá baker [bal=bread + -á=suffix for doer] D
baker ebalá baker [science of bread doer]
baking dish yam baking dish D
balm ub balm, soothing substance D
bandage duthahod bandage, to bandage [dutha=to heal + od=cloth] D
bank loshebelid bank (financial) [losh=money + belid=house] D
banker loshá banker [losh=money + -á=suffix for doer] D
bankruptcy ralosh bankruptcy [ra=non- + losh=money] D
bar rilinehoth bar [rilin=drink + (e)hoth=place]
bark boshoya bark of tree [bosh=wood + oya=skin] SH
barn róomath barn [róo=harvest + math=building] D
barren rawóobaná barren one, to be barren [ra-non- + wóobaná=birth giver] D
basket boóbidim basket SH
bath obahéthewod bath, to take a bath, bathe [oba=body + (h)éthe=clean + wod=sit] (see obahéthe, obahéthethib) JLP
bath (ritual) shunobahéthe ritual bath, to ritually bathe [shun=ceremony,ritual + obahéthe=bath] JLP
bathe obahéthewod bath, to take a bath, bathe [oba=body + (h)éthe=clean + wod=sit] (see obahéthe, obahéthethib) JLP
beach sheshihoth beach [sheshi=sand + hoth=place] D
bean edeni bean SH
beautiful áya to be beautiful CS
beautiful hóya to be beautiful (said of place) [áya=to be beautiful] D
beautiful háya to be beautiful (said of time) [áya=to be beautiful] D
beaver eduthemid beaver [eduth=engineering + mid=creature] SH
because bróo because C
become nahin to become [na=to start to + in=exist] U SH
bed dahan bed (short form)
bed dalehanawan bed [dale=object + áana=sleep + -wan=suffix for purpose, in order to] D
bedding miméne coverings, bedding D
bedding úuzh sheets, sheet bedding D
bee zhozhub bee [zho=sound + zhub=insect] YML
bee zhomid bee [zho=sound + mid=creature] D
beekeeper thuhá beekeeper, apiarist [thu=honey + -(h)á=doer]
beer webe beer (wéebe=ale) D
beetle yum beetle CS
before eril earlier, before (in time) C
before ihé before (in space), in front of [ihée=after] C
behind ihée after (in space), behind [ihé=before] C
beholden dinime to be beholden D
believe edeláad to believe, believe in [láad=to perceive] D
believer edeláada believer
bell limlim bell [onomatopoeia] D
belonging lol a feeling of: community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; a group of people gathered with the intention of creating togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, community, cohesiveness; different from a city or a general gathering of people because "lol" implies an intention to create a feeling of cohesiveness within the group. (see lolh) JLP
belonging (oppressive) lolh an oppressive "lol"; a negative sense of community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; you "belong" but to your severe detriment, for instance being forced to give up valued aspects of yourself to be accepted by the community. (see lol) JLP
below yil to be under, below C
benison ath benison, spoken blessing, to to give a spoken blessing D
berry dalatham berry [dala=plant + tham=circle] D
betray ulhad to betray [lh gives negative connotation] D
between shinenil between [shin+nil] U
beverage rana drink, beverage (rilin=to drink) C
big rahíya to be big, large [ra=non- + híya=to be small] D
billion merod billion (1,000,000,000) [me-=plural marker + rod=million (1,000,000)] D
biology emid biology [e-=prefix for science of + mid=creature) D
birch meláanin birch tree [mel=paper + yáanin=tree] SH
bird babí bird C
birth wóoban to give birth, to bear C
birth woban birth (noun) (origin, beginning) D
birth wóbáan to bring to birth (the activity of a midwife or other person helping with the delivery of an infant)
birth wobaneya birth (time) 'at birth' (at the time she was born) [woban=birth + -(e)ya=suffix for case marker time]
birth théwóoban on the point of giving birth [thé-=about to any minute + wóoban=to give birth]
birth théewóoban soon to give birth [thée-=about to + wóoban=to give birth]
birth thówóoban to have just given birth [thó-=to have just + wóoban=to give birth]
birth giver wóobaná birth-giver [wóoban=to give birth + -á=suffix for doer] D
birthday thade birthday D
bite dashobe bite, to bite [dash=tooth + obe=through] SH
bitter rúsho to be bitter (to taste) D
bittersweet rúshomeénan bittersweet [rúsho=bitter+ meénan=sweet]
black loyo to be black D
blackberry loyodalatham blackberry [loyo=black + dala=plant + tham=circle]
blame ninálh the one to blame [niná=the one responsible + lh=negative connotation] D
bland ralaheb something utterly spiceless, bland, "like warm spit", repulsively bland and blah [ra=non- + laheb=spice] D
blanket owahúuzh blanket [owa=to be warm + úuzh=sheet bedding] D
blessed othel to be blessed, holy D
blessing nayadi blessing, general term (ath=benison) U
blessing ath benison, spoken blessing, to to give a spoken blessing D
blood óolewil menstrual blood [óol=moon + wili=river] SH
blood luhili blood U SH
blood luwili birth-blood SH
blood vessel iluli blood vessel SH
blow olob blow, strike, hit, trauma D
blue leyi to be blue D
blueberry leyidalatham blueberry [leyi=blue + dala=plant + tham=circle]
boat esh boat CS
body oba body CS
body language dáan i oyi body language [dáan=word, i=and, oyi=eye] D
bone thud bone D
book áabe book D
bookstore áabewehe bookstore [áabe=book + wehe=store] U SH
boss hu ruler, boss D
botany edala botany [science of plants]
bowels hodáath bowels [hod=stomach + áath=door], intestines D
bowl bin bowl D
boy háawithid boy child [háawith=child + -id= suffix for male] D
braid boóbin braid, to braid [boó=three] D
brain uth brain D
bramble nab bramble D
branch odayáaninetha branch [oda=arm + yáanin=tree + -tha=suffix for possession by reason of birth] D
bread bal bread C
breadbox baledim breadbox [bal=bread + (e)dim=container] JLP
break then to break D
breakfast anadal meal (general term) (breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc) [ana=food + dal=thing] D
breast thol breast D
breath wíyuleth breath
breathe wíyul to breathe [wí=life + yul=wind] SH
brewer webehá brewer [webe=beer + -á=suffix for doer] D
brick donilihud brick, thing you make walls out of, to brick [donili=mud + ud=stone] JLP
bridge oódóo bridge D
broom wush broom D
brown leyan to be brown D
brush enid brush (not for hair) D
brush idon brush (for hair) D
buddha buda buddha (loan word); should have a capital B when it refers to "the" Buddha YML
building math building D
bundle of sticks menedebosh bundle of sticks, faggot (noun) [me- =plural + nedebosh=stick] AB
burden dosh burden D
bureaucracy rashenidal bureaucracy [ra=non- + shenidal=network] D
burnout iboshara burnout [ibo+shara] DK
bury rumadoni to bury [rumad=to hide + doni=dirt] SH
bush hemen bush
business ehohel business (the science)
busy shóod busy, to be busy D
but izh but C
butcher dehenihá butcher (of meat) [deheni=meat + -(h)á=suffix for doer]
butter hob butter D
butterfly áalaá butterfly D
buy eb to buy, to sell D
buyer nathá buyer (professional)
buyer ebá buyer or seller
cake thuzh cake
calculator shinishin calculator [shin=2 + i=and + shin=2] D
callous ramúna callousness for bad reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra=non- + múna=compassion for bad reasons] D
callous ramína callousness for no reason, disregard, to be callous [ra-non- + mína=compassion for no reason] D
callous raména callousness for good reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra= non- + ména=compassion for good reasons] D
callous ramóna callousness for foolish reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra=non- + móna=compassion for foolish reasons] D
callousness ramína callousness for no reason, disregard, to be callous [ra-non- + mína=compassion for no reason] D
callousness ramóna callousness for foolish reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra=non- + móna=compassion for foolish reasons] D
callousness ramúna callousness for bad reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra=non- + múna=compassion for bad reasons] D
callousness raména callousness for good reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra= non- + ména=compassion for good reasons] D
calm wam to be placid, still, calm (as of water, wind) D
camcorder ridadem camera, VCR, camcorder [ri=to record + dadem=picture] D
camel hibomid camel [hibo=hill; mid=creature] D
camera ridadem camera, VCR, camcorder [ri=to record + dadem=picture] D
candy thuhal candy D
cape rimáayo cloak, cape [rim=shoulder + áayo=skirt] D
car mazh car, automobile D
carapace udoya shell, carapace, hull [ud=stone + oya=skin] SH
career (beginning) didehal beginning career, early career, the first career you take after college [dide=early + hal=work] (see ruhobeha, shawithehall) JLP
career (middle) ruhobehal middle career, deep career, the career you take after your mid-life crisis [ruhob=deep + hal=work] (see didehal, shawithehal) JLP
career (retired) shawithehal retired career, elder career, the work you do after you’ve officially retired [shawith=elder + (e)hal=work] (see didehal, ruhobehal) JLP
care-giver nayahá care-giver, caretaker of people [naya=to take care of + -á=suffix for doer] D
caress lámála to caress, stroke D
caress odámála to caress with the lips, kiss [odama=lips + lámála=caress] SH
caress odithámála to caress with the tongue [odith=tangue + lámála=caress] U SH
caretaker nayahá care-giver, caretaker of people [naya=to take care of + -á=suffix for doer] D
carpenter belidá carpenter [belid=house + -á=suffix for doer] D
carpet ren rug, carpet D
carrot medalayun carrot [meda=vegetable + layun=orange] D
carry wida to carry C
cartography eluben cartography [science of maps]
carve lámáhel to sculpt, carve [lámá+el] U
case marker -ya Case Marker: suffix for Time
case marker -daá Case Marker: suffix for beneficiary- accidentally
case marker -dá Case Marker: suffix for beneficiary- by force, against X's will
case marker -mu a morpheme meaning "path"; In English, the PATH case is most often marked by the prepositions "through," "across," "along," or "over."; Case Marker: suffix for path
case marker -dan Case Marker: suffix for Associate - with pleasure (see also '-den')
case marker -nan a morpheme meaning "by means of"; it indicates what is used to do something; "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa." ("I'm going to the con by car."); Case Marker: suffix for instrument
case marker -wáan a morpheme meaning "the reason for which something is done"; Case Marker: suffix for cause - reason, due to, because of (see also '-wan')
case marker -dáa Case Marker: suffix for beneficiary- obligatorily, as by duty
case marker -den Case Marker: suffix for Associate - neutral form (see also '-dan')
case marker -de Case Marker: suffix for source
case marker -sha Case Marker: suffix for place (see also '-ha')
case marker -tha Case Marker: suffix for possession - by reason of birth (see also '-thi', '-the', '-thu', '-tho')
case marker -thu Case Marker: suffix for possession - partitive (false possessive) (see also '-thi', '-the', '-thu', '-tha')
case marker -th a morpheme that means "This is the direct object in this sentence."; Bíi ril thi Athid imedimeth wa. ("Athid has a suitcase."); Case Marker: suffix for object
case marker -thi Case Marker: suffix for possession - by reason of chance (see also '-tha', '-the', '-thu', '-tho')
case marker -nal Case Marker: suffix for manner
case marker -da morpheme used to identify the _beneficiary_ of an action -- the person [or other entity] for whom or for which an action is done; Case Marker: suffix for beneficiary- voluntarily
case marker -ha morpheme used to indicate where something or someone is located; Bíi ril Athid botheha wa. ("Athid is at the hotel.); Case Marker: suffix for place (see also '-sha')
case marker -wan Case Marker: suffix for cause - for the purpose of, in order to (see also '-wáan')
case marker -the Case Marker: suffix for possession - for unknown or unacknowledged reasons (see also '-tha', '-thi', '-thu', '-tho')
case marker -dim a morpheme that means "to," as in "I walked to the house.": Case Marker: Suffix for goal (see also '-di') used in cases when '-di' (goal) ending is hard to distinguish from the '-de' (source) ending
case marker -di a morpheme that means "to," as in "I walked to the house.": Bíi ril sháad Athid buzhedi wa. ("Athid is going to the con."); Case Marker: suffix for goal (see also '-dim')
case marker -tho Case Marker: suffix for possession - other (purchase, gift, law, custom, etc.) (see also '-tha', '-the', '-thi', '-thu')
cat rul cat C
cause nin to cause, causal C
cause obed cause, reason D
cause dó- cause-to-VERB prefix D
cave bethud cave [beth=home + ud=stone]
celebration elahela celebration [alehale=to make music] D
celibacy rashim celibacy [ra=non- + shim=to sexual act] D
celibate ralath to be celibate not by choice D
celibate lath to be celibate by choice D
celibate rashimá a celibate [rashim=celibacy + -á=suffix for doer] D
center hatham center [tham=circle] D
ceramics ebod ceramics [e-=prefix for science of + bod=dish] D
ceramist ebodá ceramist, potter
ceremony shun ceremony, ritual D
chair dalewodewan chair [dale=object + wod=to sit + -wan-suffix for purpose, in order to] D
change sheb change, to change CS
character uzh symbol (of notation or alphabet), character D
charisma thuhul charm, charisma
charm thuhul charm, charisma
chatter ishidi to chatter [ishish+di] U SH
cheese ódon cheese D
chef anadalá cook, chef [anadal=meal + -á=suffix for doer] D
chemistry eshishid chemistry
chest rawan chest (body part) D
chew dashobin to chew SH
chick álub chick [á=very young + lub= chicken]
chicken lub poultry, fowl (chicken, duck, goose) CS
child háa- prefix to signify child, youth, young creature, general prefix for offspring (see á-, yáa-)
child háawith child, youth, child person, general term for offspring [háa-=child + with=person] (see áwith, yáawith) D
child (male) háawithid boy child [háawith=child + -id= suffix for male] D
child-science eháawith child-science
chocolate ahana chocolate [a=love + (h)ana=food] CH
chronography ehath chronography [e-=prefix for science of + hath=time] D
church áatham church [áath=door + tham=circle] D
circle tham circle D
city miwith town, city [with=person] D
city dweller miwithá city-dweller [miwith=city + -á=suffix for doer] D
class bediholowod class [bedi=learn + (h)olowod=group] YML
classroom bedishod classroom [bedi=learn + shod=room] YML
claw bath nail, fingernail, toenail, claw (body part) D
clean obahéthe a clean body, to clean ones body [oba=body + (h)éthe =clean] (see obahéthewod, obahéthethib) JLP
clean huhéthe boss-clean, probably the highest level of cleaning you would need [hu=boss + (h)éthe] (See also: éthe, háawithéthe, mudahéthe, onidahéthe, thóohéthe) CH
clean háawithéthe child-clean, the level of cleanliness at which a child considers her room "clean" [háawith=child + éthe=clean] (See also: éthe, huhéthe, mudahéthe, onidahéthe, thóohéthe) AB
clean onidahéthe family-clean, the usual state of affairs [onida=family + (h)éthe=clean] (See also: éthe, háawithéthe, huhéthe, mudahéthe, thóohéthe) CH
clean thóohéthe guest-clean, the level of cleaning you need to do for guests [thóo=guest + (h)éthe=clean] (See also: éthe, háawithéthe, huhéthe, mudahéthe, onidahéthe) CH
clean mudahéthe pig-clean, the state of your teenager's room, to be used when teenager says "it's clean, mom!", and mom responds "well, yeah, pig-clean!" (with apologies to poor slandered pigs, who we know are very clean animals) [muda=pig + (h)éthe=clean] (See also: éthe, háawithéthe, huhéthe, onidahéthe, thóohéthe) JLP
clean éthe clean, to be clean, to make clean (See also: háawithéthe, huhéthe, mudahéthe, onidahéthe, thóohéthe) C
clear wedeth to be clear D
clergy wíitham clergy [wíi=living + tham=circle] D
clitoris abathede clitoris [aba=fragrant + thede= jewel] U RB, BG, PJ
clitoris nemeháalish clitoris [nem+háalish] U RB/BG
cloak rimáayo cloak, cape [rim=shoulder + áayo=skirt] D
closed rahu to be closed [ra=non- + u=to be open] D
cloth od cloth D
clothing budeshun ceremonial clothing [bud=clothing + (e)shun=ceremony]
clothing bud clothing (general term) D
cloth-of-gold odobeyal cloth-of-gold [od =cloth + obeyal=gold] AB
cloud boshum cloud [bo=mountain + shum=air] D
cloud (fleecy) bol fleecy-clouded (of skies) D
clover boómi clover, oxalis [boó=three + mi=leaf] SH
clown emeth to clown;loan word based on Emmet Kelly's name AH
clown emethá clown [emeth+á] AH
coat habo coat D
cocoa ahanamezh cocoa [ahana=chocolate + mezh=powder] CH
coffee yob coffee CS
cohesiveness lol a feeling of: community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; a group of people gathered with the intention of creating togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, community, cohesiveness; different from a city or a general gathering of people because "lol" implies an intention to create a feeling of cohesiveness within the group. (see lolh) JLP
cohesiveness (oppressive) lolh an oppressive "lol"; a negative sense of community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; you "belong" but to your severe detriment, for instance being forced to give up valued aspects of yourself to be accepted by the community. (see lol) JLP
cold rahowa to be cold [ra=non- + owa=to be warm] D
color liri to be colored, to have color C
color science eliri color science
colored liri to be colored, to have color C
comb don comb D
come sháad to come, to go (differentiated by the 'source' or 'goal' marker on the following noun) C
comfort she to comfort D
comforter shehá comforter [she=to comfort + -á=suffix for doer] D
comical dóhada be funny; be comical YML
command room ráatham command room (for war) D
common sense bash common sense D
community lol a feeling of: community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; a group of people gathered with the intention of creating togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, community, cohesiveness; different from a city or a general gathering of people because "lol" implies an intention to create a feeling of cohesiveness within the group. (see lolh) JLP
community (oppressive) lolh an oppressive "lol"; a negative sense of community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; you "belong" but to your severe detriment, for instance being forced to give up valued aspects of yourself to be accepted by the community. (see lol) JLP
compassion móna compassion for foolish reasons [méhéna, ména, mína, múna=compassion] D
compassion mína compassion for no reason [ména, méhéna, móna, múna=compassion] D
compassion méhéna compassion despite negative circumstances [ména, mína, móna, múna=compassion] D
compassion ména compassion for good reasons [méhéna, mína, móna, múna=compassion] D
compassion múna compassion for bad reasons [méhéna, ména, mína, móna=compassion] D
competition halid competition D
computer shinehal computer [shin=two + hal=to work] D
computer printer raneran printer, computer printer [ran=typewriter] D
computer science eshinehal computer science [e-=prefix for science of + shinehal=computer]
comset óozh comset D
comset technician óozhá comset technician [óozh=comset + -(h)á=suffix for doer]
con buzh convention, "con", conference
condom obom condom YML
conference buzh convention, "con", conference
confess ibáyóodi to confess (literally: to accuse oneself) [ib=crime + -á=doer + -yóo- =reflexive(-self) + di=speak] AB
conifer dathimi conifer, pine tree [dathi=needle + mi=leaf] SH
connection shasho connection D
consense zheláad consensus, to consense [zhe=alike + láad=perceive] (see also:zhelith, zhedi, zheshub, zhethob) AB
consensus zheláad consensus, to consense [zhe=alike + láad=perceive] (see also:zhelith, zhedi, zheshub, zhethob) AB
container dim container C
contentment nona contentment for foolish reasons [nehena, nena, nina, nuna=contentment] D
contentment nina contentment for no reason [nehena, nena, nona, nuna=contentment] D
contentment nuna contentment for bad reasons [nehena, nena, nina, nona=contentment] D
contentment nena contentment for good reasons [nehena, nina, nona, nuna=contentment] D
contentment nehena contentment despite negative circumstances [nena, nina, nona, nuna=contentment] D
contract bédim contract, deal, to make a deal, to make a contract SH
convention buzh convention, "con", conference
cook anadalá cook, chef [anadal=meal + -á=suffix for doer] D
cooking emahin cooking (the science)
cooking pot mahin cooking pot D
cooperate zheshub cooperation, to cooperate [zhe=alike + shub=do] (see also:zhelith, zhedi, zheláad, zhethob) AB
cooperation zheshub cooperation, to cooperate [zhe=alike + shub=do] (see also:zhelith, zhedi, zheláad, zhethob) AB
copier rimel copier (like Xerox) [ri=to record + mel=paper] D
copulater shimá one who performs a sexual act, copulater (cannot mean lover) [shim=to "sexual act" + -á=suffix for doer] D
copulation shim to "sexual act", engage in sex, copulation (abstract and completely neutral term) C
cordial yurana cordial (the beverage) [yu=fruit + rana=drink] D
correct dóon to be correct D
correctly dóonenal correctly
costume dedidebud costume [dedide=story + bud=clothing]
count lamith to count U SH
counter behal work counter, surface D
couple shinishidi couple [shin=two + i=and + shidi=together] U SH
courtesy shal manners, courtesy D
cousin edin cousin D
coven óoletham coven, worship circle [óol=moon + tham=circle] CF
cover rumad to hide, cover, put away U SH
coverings miméne coverings, bedding D
cow dithemid cow [dith=voice + mid=creature] D
cradle lulin cradle [lul=vagina] [lul+lin] D
cream onelal cream [on=head + lal=milk] D
create dóhin to create, enact [dó-=cause to + (h)in=exist] YML
creative shinóoya to be fertile, creative [shin=two + óoya=heart] SH
creative mahela creative urge SH
creator elá creator, maker
creature mid creature, any animal C
credit losh money, credit D
creek wili river, creek [ili=water] CS
crime ib crime D
criminal ibálh criminal [ib=crime + -á=suffix for doer + lh =negative connotation] D
criminology ehib criminology
crowd méwith crowd [me-=plural marker + with=person] D
cry wée cry, to cry (of babies) [onomatopoeia] D
cry delishe to weep, cry (not said of babies) D
cuddle lemadama to cuddle [lema=gentle + dama=touch] U AH
cup ni cup D
cupboard dimidim cupboard, dresser [dim=container + i=and + dim=container] D
curl aále curl, ruffle (noun) SH
curtain demeren curtain [dem=window + ren=rug, carpet] D
curve boósh curve, to be curved AB
cut humesh to cut [hum=knife + mesh=across] SH
daffodil léeli jonquil, daffodil, narcissus D
dance amedara dance, to dance D
dandruff adelith dandruff JP
danger rayom danger [ra=non- + yom=safe] D
dark colored loyu to be dark-colored AH
darkness rahith darkness [ra=non- + ith=light] D
dawn nasháal dawn, sunrise [na=to start to + sháal=day] SH
day sháal day D
dead rawíi to be dead [ra=non- + wíi=to be alive] D
deal bédim contract, deal, to make a deal, to make a contract SH
death shebasheb death [sheb=change] D
debt lud debt D
debt lhud debt, with pejorative overtones [lh=negative connotation + lud=debt] D
debtor ludá debtor, person in debt
December Adol December (root month) [A-=month prefix + dol=root] D
decrease náheb to decrease [ná+heb] EB
deep ruhob to be deep D
deer lemamid deer [lema=gentle + mid=creature] U
deer (male) lemamidid stag, male deer [lema=gentle + mid=creature + -id=male]
Degree Marker -hil Degree Marker: to a minor degree, rather (see also '-hel', '-hal', '-hul', '-háalish')
Degree Marker -háalish Degree Marker: to an extraordinary degree (see also '-hil', '-hal', '-hul', '-hel')
Degree Marker -hul Degree Marker: to an extreme degree, extremely (see also '-hel', '-hal', '-hil', '-háalish')
Degree Marker -hel Degree Marker: to a trivial degree, slightly (see also '-hil', '-hal', '-hul', '-háalish')
Degree Marker -hal Degree Marker: to an unusual degree, very (see also '-hil', '-hel', '-hul', '-háalish')
Degree Marker -hule to an intolerable degree: Degree Marker: specifically negative in meaning -- never used in a positive sense
Degree Marker -hele to a troublesome degree: Degree Marker: specifically negative in meaning -- never used in a positive sense
Degree Marker -hile to a severe degree: Degree Marker: specifically negative in meaning -- never used in a positive sense
deity ebahóol deity (male) [spouse of the moon eba+óol] CF
dentist edashá dentist [e-=prefix for science of + dash=tooth + -á=suffix for doer
dentistry edash dentistry [e-=prefix for science of + dash=tooth]
depression dutheshara depression as a side effect of medication DK
depression uhudeshara depression as result of small event DK
depression olobeshara depression as result of major trauma [olob=trauma + (e)shara=grief] DK
depression deshara depression as a side effect of medication DK
deprivation (tactile) ralámálha tactile deprivation [ra=non- + lámála=to caress + lh=negative connotation] D
desert shée desert D
desire maha desire (sexual) D
desire mahanal desiringly, lustfully (NOT a negative term) [maha=desire (sexual) + -nal=suffix for manner] D
desire (absence) ramaha absence of sexual desire [ra=non- + maha=desire (sexual)] D
desk dalebediwan desk [dale=object + bedi=learning + -wan=suffix for purpose, in order to] D
despair rathona despair for foolish reasons [ra=non- + thona=joy for foolish reasons] D
despair rathena despair for good reasons [ra=non- + thena=joy for good reasons] D
despair rathuna despair for bad reasons [ra=non- + thuna=joy for bad reasons] D
despair rathina despair for no reason [ra=non- + thina=joy for no reason] D
dessert homana dessert, nectar food [hom=nectar + ana=food] D
diaper áwod diaper U SH
diety Lushede deity, goddess (informal address) D
diety Lahila Holy-One, Deity D
difficult radezh difficult
digit ishid digit (fingers, toes) D
diner yodá diner, one who eats [yod=to eat] D
dinner anadal meal (general term) (breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc) [ana=food + dal=thing] D
diplomat eshoná diplomat [eshon=peace-science + -á=doer] YML
direction wethene direction SH
dirt doni ground, dirt, earth, soil CS
dirty rahéthe to be dirty [ra=non- + éthe=to be clean] D
discord rasha discord (not discord in the home) [ra=non- + sha=harmony] D
discord lhed discord in the home [lh=negative connotation] D
disease éeya sickness, disease, illness C
disgust ílhi disgust [lh=negative connotation] D
disgust ílhilh disgust with pejorative overtones, disgust and disapproval [lh=negative connotation] D
dish bod dish D
dish rin plate (dish) D
disregard ramína callousness for no reason, disregard, to be callous [ra-non- + mína=compassion for no reason] D
disregard ramúna callousness for bad reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra=non- + múna=compassion for bad reasons] D
disregard ramóna callousness for foolish reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra=non- + móna=compassion for foolish reasons] D
disregard raména callousness for good reasons, disregard, to be callous [ra= non- + ména=compassion for good reasons] D
do shub to do C
doctor eduthahá doctor, physician, healer [edutha=medicine + -á=suffix for doer] D
doer suffix for doer, agent; morpheme used to mark someone as the "do-er" of an action; like English "-er" in "baker" or "dancer"
dog lanemid dog [lan=friend + mid=creature] D
dominate dólhorado to dominate with evil intent [dórado=to dominate + lh=negative connotation] D
dominate dórado to dominate D
door áath door D
down heb down, the direction C
downy shane to be downy, furry D
dowry heth dowry D
dragon óowamid dragon [óowa=fire + mid=creature]
dream ozh dream, to dreav D
dress owe dress, gown D
dresser dimidim cupboard, dresser [dim=container + i=and + dim=container] D
drink rana drink, beverage (rilin=to drink) C
drink rilin to drink (rana=drink, noun) D
drink (sacred) héedarana sacred drink, to drink sacred drink [héeda = sacred + rana = drink] JLP
drinker ranahá drinker [rana=drink + -á=suffix for doer] D
drop héda to drop, spill, let fall [héedá=to pick up, lift up] D
drought ralali drought [ra=non- + lali=rain] D
drug desh drug D
dry ralili to be dry [ra=not + lili=wet] YML
duck yazh duck CH
dulcimer shelalen dulcimer D
Duration Marker ná- Duration Marker: prefix for 'to continue to' Verb (see also 'na-'. 'no-', 'ne-', 'nó-')
Duration Marker no- Duration Marker: prefix for 'to finish', completion (see also 'na-'. 'ná-', 'ne-', 'nó-')
Duration Marker nó- Duration Marker: prefix for 'to cease to' VERB (see also 'na-'. 'ná-', 'ne-', 'no-')
Duration Marker ne- Duration Marker: prefix for 'to repeat' (see also 'na-'. 'ná-', 'no-', 'nó-')
Duration Marker na- Duration Marker: prefix for 'to start to' Verb (see also 'no-'. 'ná-', 'ne-', 'nó-')
during obée during (I work during the night. -> Bíi hal le náaleya obée wa.) C
ear oyu ear D
earlier eril earlier, before (in time) C
early dide to be early D
Earth Doni Earth (the planet)
Earth thera Earth, Terra [loanword] D
earth doni ground, dirt, earth, soil CS
earthquake donithen earthquake [doni=earth + then=to break] D
earthworm shéeba earthworm D
east hene east D
eat yod to eat C
echo zhorumi echo [zho=sound + rumi=shadow] U SH
economics elosh economics [e-=prefix for science of + losh=money, credit] D
economist eloshá economist [e-=prefix for science of + losh=money, credit + -á=suffix for doer] D
edge hubod edge (sharp) [hum=knife + bod=line] SH
edge nodal edge (non-sharp) SH
education ehom education [e-=prefix for science of + om=to teach] D
egg máa egg CS
eighteen nibethab eighteen (18) [nib=8 + thab=l0] D
eighty thabenib eighty (80) D
eigth nib eight (8) D
ejaculate aáláthon ejaculate [aálá=spray + thon=seed] YML
elder shawith elder, honored adult [sha=harmony + with=person] JLP
elephant domid elephant [dom=remember + mid=creature] D
eleven nedethab eleven (11) [nede=l + thab=l0] D
Embedding Marker -háa Embedding Marker: to embed a relative clause (like English "I know the womah who is tired") attached to the last element in the embedded clause (see also '-hé', '-hée')
Embedding Marker -hée Embedding Marker: to embed a question (like English "I wonder whether/if she left") attached to the last element in the embedded clause (see also '-hé', '-háa')
Embedding Marker -hé morpheme used to embed one statement inside another statement; Embedding Marker: to embed a sentential complement (like English "I know that she left") attached to the last element in the embedded clause (see also '-háa', '-hée')

When we want to put one English statement inside another one -- a process called "embedding" -- we can use the word "that" to mark the statement that is embedded. For example, "I know that science fiction conventions are fun," embeds the statement "science fiction conventions are fun" inside "I know [some other statement]," by putting "that" at the beginning of the embedded statement. LAadan embeds one statement in another by putting the morpheme "-hE" on the last word of the embedded statement. So, in sentence #7, the statement "radezhehul thod Aabeth" -- "writing a book is very hard," is marked as an embedded statement by adding "-hE" to "Aabeth." [Note: An embedding morpheme is the _only_ morpheme that can follow a case-marking morpheme.]

embroider dademadal embroidery, to embroider [dadem=picture + adal=sew] CH
emotion loláad to perceive internally, to feel a mental state or emotion, perceive with the heart (metaphorically). Passive internal feeling. "I feel sad." (see náril, active internal feeling) D
emotion wihi emotion C
emotionlessness rawihi emotionlessness (NOT a complimentary term) [ra=non- + wihi=emotion] D
empathy lowitheláad to feel, as if directly, another's feelings (pain/joy/ anger/grief/surprise/ etc.); to be empathetic, without the separation implied in empathy [lo + with=person + láad=to perceive] D
empathy (total) wohosheni a word meaning the opposite of alienation; to feel joined to, part of someone or something without reservations or barriers [woho=all; sheni=intersection] D
enable shóoban to enable, to help make happen, remove barriers & provide encourage (SH) [shóo+ban] U
enable dóthad to enable, to make possible or easy [dó=cause-to + thad=to be able]
enable dóthadelh to enable another to persist in self-destructive behavior (for instance substance abuse) by providing excuses or by helping that individual avoid the consequences of such behavior [dó-=cause-to + thad=to be able + -(e)lh=pejorative]
enabler dóthadá enabler, one who enables, makes things possible or easy [dó=cause-to + thad=to be able + á=suffix for doer]
enabler dóthadelhá enabler, one who enables another to persist in self-destructive behavior (for instance substance abuse) by providing excuses or by helping that individual avoid the consequences of such behavior [dó-=cause-to + thad=to be able + -(e)lh-=pejorative + -á=suffix for doer]
enact dóhin to create, enact [dó-=cause to + (h)in=exist] YML
enchantment yahanesh magic, enchantment D
encourage nayadithal encouragement, to encourage U
encouragement nayadithal encouragement, to encourage U
enemy leb enemy D
enemy lheb enemy, with pejorative overtones [leb=enemy + lh=negative overtones] D
engineer eduthá engineer [eduth=engineering + -á=suffix for doer] D
engineering eduth engineering [e=prefix for science of + duth=to use] D
enigma zhab enigma, puzzle D
et cetera minidibi et cetera U SH
evening háanáal evening [háa=young + náal=night] SH
every woho all, every (don't change form or add case marker) D
evidence meloth evidence [me-=plural marker + loth=information] D
evidence morpheme waálh assumed false by speaker because source is not trusted and evil intent by source is assumed, assumed false by X because X distrusts source and X suspects source of acting with evil intent (evidence morpheme) D
evidence morpheme waá assumed false by X because X distrusts source (evidence morpheme) D
evidence morpheme wi an evidential meaning "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because it's self-evident; everybody can see that it's true, or everybody is in agreement that it's true."; known to X because self-evident (evidence morpheme) D
evidence morpheme wóo speaker has total lack of knowledge as to the validity, indicates that X states a total lack of know ledge as to the validity of the matter (evidence morpheme) D
evidence morpheme wa known to X because perceived by X (externally or internally) (evidence morpheme): "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is that I have perceived it myself" D
evidence morpheme wo imagined or invented by speaker, hypothetical, imagined or invented by X, hypothetical (evidence morpheme) D
evidence morpheme wáa assumed true by X because X trusts source (evidence morpheme) D
evidence morpheme we perceived by speaker in a dream, perceived by X in a dream (evidence morpheme) D
evil ramíili evil (theological) [ra=non- + míili=radiance] D
evil ramíilide from evil (theological) [ra=non- + míili=radiance + -de=source case marker] D
exceed hesho to surpass [used in comparatives], exceed
excuse me hóoda apology, excuse me, phrase to indicate that you need to leave a particular location (see hoda) D
exhaust ibolh to exhaust with negative connotation, exhaustion D
exhaust ibo to exhaust oneself, exhaustion D
exhaustion ibolh to exhaust with negative connotation, exhaustion D
exhaustion ibo to exhaust oneself, exhaustion D
exile rahabelhid to exile [ra=non- + habelid=to live, inhabit + lh=negative connotation] D
exile rahabelhidá an exile, outcast [rahabelhid=to exile + -á=suffix for doer] D
exist in to exist D
extremely -hul Degree Marker: to an extreme degree, extremely (see also '-hel', '-hal', '-hil', '-háalish')
eye oyi eye D
face ona face (the body part) CS
fact nedeloth fact [nede=l + loth=information] D
faggot menedebosh bundle of sticks, faggot (noun) [me- =plural + nedebosh=stick] AB
fall háda to fall U
fall héda to drop, spill, let fall [héedá=to pick up, lift up] D
family onida family C
famine rahana famine [ra=non- + ana=food] D
far thed far, to be far D
far future aríli far future, long ahead (time auxiliary) (aril=later) D
far past eríli far past, long ago (Time Auxiliary) [eri=history] D
farewell Aril good-bye, leavetaking, farewell (aril=later) D
farm ábed farm, to farm D
farmer ábedá farmer [ábed=farm + -á=suffix for doer] D
farming ehábed science of farming; agriculture [e-=science of + (h)ábed=farm]
fast ralóolo to be fast [ra=non- + lóolo=to be slow ] D
fast dod to fast (not eat), fast D
fat zhebom fat, grease [zhe=like + bom=oil] SH
fawn háalemamid fawn [háa-=young + lemamid=deer] YML
fear héeya fear, to fear, to be afraid C
feather yulish feather [yul=wind + ishid=finger] SH
feather hosh feather D
February ayáanin February (tree month) [A-=month prefix + yáanin=tree] D
feel dama to touch, to feel with the skin. Active touching, feeling. "I am feeling the texture of the yarn." (see láad oyanan, passive touch) D
feel náril to feel internally, to fix your internal attention actively upon something, to-continue-to-present-time. Active internal feeling. "I am feeling angry." (see loláad, passive internal feeling)
feel láad oyanan to perceive with the skin, to feel something on your skin, touch. Passive feeling. "The silk feels good to me." (see dama, active touch) U
feel loláad to perceive internally, to feel a mental state or emotion, perceive with the heart (metaphorically). Passive internal feeling. "I feel sad." (see náril, active internal feeling) D
feeling loláad to perceive internally, to feel a mental state or emotion, perceive with the heart (metaphorically). Passive internal feeling. "I feel sad." (see náril, active internal feeling) D
feeling náril to feel internally, to fix your internal attention actively upon something, to-continue-to-present-time. Active internal feeling. "I am feeling angry." (see loláad, passive internal feeling)
fellowship lol a feeling of: community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; a group of people gathered with the intention of creating togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, community, cohesiveness; different from a city or a general gathering of people because "lol" implies an intention to create a feeling of cohesiveness within the group. (see lolh) JLP
fellowship (oppressive) lolh an oppressive "lol"; a negative sense of community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; you "belong" but to your severe detriment, for instance being forced to give up valued aspects of yourself to be accepted by the community. (see lol) JLP
female ludihá female (noun) SH
female ludi to be female [lu+di] SH
fertile shinóoya to be fertile, creative [shin=two + óoya=heart] SH
few nedebe to be few, to be several [but not many] (never change form or add case marker) C
fidget ishish to fidget U SH
field ábedun field of a farm (noun) [ábed=farm + dun=meadow] U SH
field dun meadow, field D
field trip bedihim school field trip [bedi=learn + (h)im=travel] JLP
fifteen shanethab fifteen (15) [shan=5 + thab=l0] D
fifty thabeshan fifty (50) D
fill lob to fill, fill up D
final nonede a, the final one, the last one [no-=prefix implies completion + nede=one, 1] D
final rush to be last, final D
finally doól at last, finally D
find redeb to find D
fine thal to be good, fine, satisfactory C
fingernail bath nail, fingernail, toenail, claw (body part) D
fingers ishid digit (fingers, toes) D
fire óowa fire C
firm radazh to be hard, firm D
fish thili fish C
fist thahoma fist, to fist SH
five shan five (5) D
flesh oya skin, flesh D
floor rabobosh floor [ra=non- + bo=mountain + bosh=wood] D
flour edemezh flour, to flour [ede=grain + mezh=powder] CH
flower mahina flower D
fluid (thick) behili fluid (thick)
flute déethel flute D
fly shumáad to fly U SH
focus marker -hóo a morpheme that is used to indicate special importance, or to give a word or phrase extra emphasis: Bíi aril bilehóo buzh wa! ("The convention will be _fun_!"): focus marker D
fog úushili fog U SH
fold dóhibeyóo to fold U SH
follow doth to follow D
food ana food C
food store anawehe grocery store, food store, to grocery shop [ana=food + wehe=store] YML
fool's gold rahobeyal fool's gold [ra=non- + obeyal=gold] D
foot óoma foot (the body part) D
for sure hulehul for sure (an emphatic, strong positive) [-hul=suffix denoting to an extreme degree] D
foremother wohothul foremother, ancestor [woho=all + thul=parent] D
forest olin forest, woods D
foretell diharil predict; foretell [di=speak + aril=future]
forever hathehath forever, time everlasting [hath=time + (e)hath=time] D
forevermore ril i aril irilrili forevermore
forgive baneban forgiveness, to forgive D
fork batha fork D
formalism eéden formalism, scientific notation D
forty thabebim forty (40) D
four bim four (4) D
fourteen bimethab fourteen (14) [bim=4 + thab=l0] D
fowl lub poultry, fowl (chicken, duck, goose) CS
fox dumidal fox [mid=creature] D
fraction -yi- fraction marker SH
fragrant aba fragrance, to be fragrant D
Friday Rayilesháal Friday (Above Day) [rayil=above + sháal=day] D
friend lan friend D
friendliness dona friendliness for foolish reasons, to be friendly (dehena, dena, dina, duna=friendliness) D
friendliness dehena friendliness, despite negative circumstances, to be friendly (dena, dina, dona, duna=friendliness) D
friendliness duna friendliness for bad reasons, to be friendly (dehena, dena, dina, dona= friendliness) D
friendliness dena friendliness for good reason, to be friendly (dehena, dina, dona, duna= friendliness) D
friendliness dina friendliness for no reason, to be friendly (dehena, dena,dona, duna=friendliness) D
friendly dona friendliness for foolish reasons, to be friendly (dehena, dena, dina, duna=friendliness) D
friendly duna friendliness for bad reasons, to be friendly (dehena, dena, dina, dona= friendliness) D
friendly dina friendliness for no reason, to be friendly (dehena, dena,dona, duna=friendliness) D
friendly dena friendliness for good reason, to be friendly (dehena, dina, dona, duna= friendliness) D
friendly dehena friendliness, despite negative circumstances, to be friendly (dena, dina, dona, duna=friendliness) D
frog ríibib frog JP
front ihé before (in space), in front of [ihée=after] C
frost nith frost D
fruit yu fruit C
frustrated dala frustration with reason, with someone to blame, which is not futile, to be frustrated (dama, dana, dara, dina= frustration)
frustrated dara frustration with reason, with someone to blame, which is futile, to be frustrated (dala, dama, dana, dina= frustration)
frustrated dina frustration without reason, without someone to blame, which is not futile, to be frustrated (dala, dama, dana, dara = frustration)
frustrated dama frustration with reason, without someone to blame, which is futile, to be frustrated (dala, dana, dara, dina= frustration)
frustrated dana frustration with reason, without someone to blame, which is not futile, to be frustrated (dala, dama, dara, dina= frustration)
frustration dama frustration with reason, without someone to blame, which is futile, to be frustrated (dala, dana, dara, dina= frustration)
frustration dara frustration with reason, with someone to blame, which is futile, to be frustrated (dala, dama, dana, dina= frustration)
frustration dana frustration with reason, without someone to blame, which is not futile, to be frustrated (dala, dama, dara, dina= frustration)
frustration dala frustration with reason, with someone to blame, which is not futile, to be frustrated (dama, dana, dara, dina= frustration)
frustration dina frustration without reason, without someone to blame, which is not futile, to be frustrated (dala, dama, dana, dara = frustration)
full ume to be full, abundant D
full nolob to become full [no-=prefix implies completion + lob=to fill up, to fill] D
fun bil fun
funny dóhada be funny; be comical YML
furniture mo furniture U
furry shane to be downy, furry D
future aril future (time auxiliary) (aril=later) D
gadget rahed gadget, useless non-tool [ra=non- + ed=tool] D
game shida game [shi=to please] D
gap maradal hole, gap [mar=absence + radal=nothing] SH
garden déela garden D SH
gas wish gas (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) D
gate urahu gate [u=to be open + rahu=to be not open] D
gather buth to gather (not used with people) D
gather lolin to gather, assemble, gathering, assembly (said of people) D
gatherer róohá harvester, gatherer [róo=harvest + -á=suffix for doer] D
gathering lolin to gather, assemble, gathering, assembly (said of people) D
genitalia wodama genitalia (female, outer) [wo+dama] SH
genitalia wohóol genitalia (female, all) all female genitalia & reproductive oragans [wo+óol] SH
gentle lema to be gentle D
geography ehoth geography [e-=prefix for science of + hoth=place] D
geometry etham geometry [e-=prefix for science of + tham=circle] D
geshalt wésha geshalt D
get thel to get, obtain D
get by thaáhel to get by D
gift rabinilh gift with strings attached [ra=non- + bini=gift + lh=negative connotation] D
gift bini gift D
give ban to give C
give & take banibel give and take, to give and take [ban=give + i=and + bel=take] SH
glass hed glass (for drinking) D
globe thamehal globe, sphere, planet [tham=circle + -(e)hal=unusual degree] D
glory hohama glory
gloves ishida gloves, mittens, socks, stockings [ishid=digit (finger, toe) ishid+a] D
glutton yodálh glutton [yodá=diner + lh=negative connotation] D
go sháad to come, to go (differentiated by the 'source' or 'goal' marker on the following noun) C
goat éezh goat D
goddess Lushede deity, goddess (informal address) D
gold obeyal gold D
good hathal to be good (said of time) [hath+thal] D
good thal to be good, fine, satisfactory C
good hothal to be good (said of place) D
goodbye Aril good-bye, leavetaking, farewell (aril=later) D
goose yáazh goose CH
gospel thaledan gospel [thal=good + (e)dan=language] D
government yon government D
gown owe dress, gown D
grain ede grain CS
granddaughter hoówith granddaughter [with=person] D
grandmother hothul grandmother [thul=parent] D
grandson hoówithid grandson [with=person + -id=suffix for male] D
granery edemath grainery [ede=grain + math=building] D
grape éelen grape D
grapevine éelenethil grapevine [éelen=grape + (e)thil=vine]
grass hesh grass CS
grateful wíná gratitude for no reason, to be grateful (see: wéhená, wéná, wóná, wúná) D
grateful wúná gratitude for bad reasons, to be grateful (see: wúná, wéhená, wéná, wíná, wóná) D
grateful wéhená gratitude despite negative circumstances, to be grateful (see: wéná, wíná, wóná, wúná) D
grateful wóná gratitude for foolish reasons, to be grateful (see: wéhená, wéná, wíná, wúná) D
grateful wéná gratitude for good reasons, to be grateful (see: wéhená, wíná, wóná, wúná) D
gratitude wóná gratitude for foolish reasons, to be grateful (see: wéhená, wéná, wíná, wúná) D
gratitude wéná gratitude for good reasons, to be grateful (see: wéhená, wíná, wóná, wúná) D
gratitude wíná gratitude for no reason, to be grateful (see: wéhená, wéná, wóná, wúná) D
gratitude wúná gratitude for bad reasons, to be grateful (see: wúná, wéhená, wéná, wíná, wóná) D
gratitude wéhená gratitude despite negative circumstances, to be grateful (see: wéná, wíná, wóná, wúná) D
gray líithin to be gray D
grease zhebom fat, grease [zhe=like + bom=oil] SH
great granddaughter shinehóowith great granddaughter [shin=two + hóowith=granddaughter] D
great grandmother shinehothul great grandmother [shin=two + hothul=grandmother] D
great-aunt hoberídan great-aunt [berídan=aunt] D
greatniece hosherídan great niece [sherídan=niece] D
green liyen to be green D
greet dibithim to greet [di=say + bithim=to meet] CH
greeting Wil sha greeting, (hello) "Let there be harmony" [wil=let there be + sha=harmony] D
grief shina grief without reason or blame, not futile (see: shala, shama, shana, shara) D
grief shana grief with reason, but with no blame and not futile (see: shala, shama, shara, shina) D
grief shala grief with reason, with blame, and not futile (see: shama, shana, shara, shina) D
grief shama grief with reason, but with no blame, and futile (see: shala, shana, shara, shina) D
grief shara grief with reason, with blame, and futile (see: shala, shama, shana, shina) D
grind mezhel to grind [mezh=powder + el=to create] CH
grocery shop anawehe grocery store, food store, to grocery shop [ana=food + wehe=store] YML
grocery store anawehe grocery store, food store, to grocery shop [ana=food + wehe=store] YML
ground doni ground, dirt, earth, soil CS
group olowod group D
grow náwí grow, growth [ná- =continue to + wí=life] AB
growth sháadehul growth through transcendence, either of a person, a non-human, or thing (for example, an organization, or a city, or a sect) [sháad=to come, go + -hul=suffix denoting to an extreme degree] D
growth náwí grow, growth [ná- =continue to + wí=life] AB
guardian lúul guardian D
guest nithedimethóo refrigerator guest, a guest who shows up unannounced, comes on in & helps herself to whatever's in the 'fridge -- and that's a good thing [nithedim=refrigerator + (e)thóo=guest] (See also: thóo, áathethóo, shineshidethóo, widadithethóo) AB
guest thóo guest (See also: áathethóo, nithedimethóo, shineshidethóo, widadithethóo) D
guest shineshidethóo invited guest [shineshid=invited + (e)thóo=guest] (See also: thóo, áathethóo, nithedimethóo, widadithethóo) CH
guest widadithethóo phone guest, a guest who calls before they come [widadith=telephone + (e)thóo=guest] (See also: thóo, áathethóo, nithedimethóo, shineshidethóo) CH
guest áathethóo door guest, a guest who just shows up at your door [áath=door + (e)thóo=guest] (See also: thóo, nithedimethóo, shineshidethóo, widadithethóo) CH
guinea pig humazhomid guinea pig [humazho=whistle + mid=creature] SH
guitar lalen guitar D
hail hishud hail [hish=snow + ud=stone] D
hair delith hair D
ham radio hidel ham radio [híya=small + del=radio] D
hand oma hand C
handicap won handicap D
happen shóo to come to pass, to happen D
happy thena happines, joy: for good reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thina, thona, thuna=joy) D
harbor réele harbor D
hard radazh to be hard, firm D
harmony led harmony in the home YML
harmony sha harmony, to be in harmony C
harmony-science esha "science of harmony"; equivalent to "peacemaking" or "peacekeeping" or "mediation" or "conflict resolution." [e-=science + sha=harmony]
harvest róo harvest D
harvester róohá harvester, gatherer [róo=harvest + -á=suffix for doer] D
hat yen hat D
hatred lhebe hatred U MLM
have thi to have C
have to dush to have to, to be obliged to
he bi she/it/he: pronoun: 3rd person: singular: honored
he behid he [be=she/it + -id=male gender marker]
he lhebe she/it/he: pronoun, 3rd person, singular, despised
he ba she/it/he, beloved: pronoun: 3rd person: singular
head on head (body part) D
heal dutha to heal D
heal (not) radutha to not-heal, medicine or treatment which does not heal [ra=not + dutha=heal] SH
healer eduthahá doctor, physician, healer [edutha=medicine + -á=suffix for doer] D
healer duthahá healer [dutha=to heal + -á=suffix for doer] D
healer (evil) raduthahálh non-healer with evil intent SH
healer (not) raduthahá not-healer SH
health lam health, to be healthy D
hear ma to hear, to listen, to listen to, to hear. Active hearing. "I am listening for the buzzer." (see láad oyunan, passive hear) D
hear láad oyunan to perceive with the ears, to hear. Passive hearing. "The band sounds good to me." (see ma, active listen) U
heart óoya heart D
heartbeat óoyaáláan pulse, heartbeat [óoya=heart + aáláan=wave] SH
heaven olim paradise, heaven D
heaven olimeha in heaven [olim=heaven + -(e)ha=place case marker]
heavy sho to be heavy D
hedgehog dathimid hedgehog (American English, porcupine) [dathi=needle + mid=creature] YML
hello Wil sha greeting, (hello) "Let there be harmony" [wil=let there be + sha=harmony] D
help den help, to help C
helper dená assistant, helper
hem nohadal to hem [no-=to finish + (h)adal=sew] U SH
her beth her/him/it: pronoun, 3rd person, singular, neutral, object [be=she + -th=object marker]
herb thesh herb D
here nu here CS
herself beyóo herself/himself/itself [be=she/he/it + -yóo=reflexive marker]
herstory dedideheril herstory, the stories women tell of their past, usually based on interpersonal relationships: births, deaths, relocations, marriages, etc.; "Mary was pregnant with her second when...", "Just about the time the tribe moved to..." Differentiated from "eri=>history" in that "eri" strives for neutral record keeping, whereas both "dedideheril" and "dedideherilid" stress the story of the past. [dedide=story + (h)eril=past] JLP
hide rumad to hide, cover, put away U SH
hide shoya hide, animal skin (noun) SH
high íthi to be high, tall D
hill hibo hill [híya=small + bo=mountain] D
him beth her/him/it: pronoun, 3rd person, singular, neutral, object [be=she + -th=object marker]
himself beyóohid himself [be=she/he/it + -yóo=reflexive marker + -id=male gender marker]
hip rum hip D
historian erihá historian [eri=history + -(h)á=doer] YML
history eri history [e-=prefix for science of + ri=to keep records] D
history dedideherilid his-story; the stories men tell of their past, usually based on wars, conquests, major disasters; the way the past is told in most late 20th century "history" books. Differentiated from "eri=>history" in that "eri" strives for neutral record keeping, whereas both "dedideheril" and "dedideherilid" stress the story of the past. [dedide=story + (h)eril=past + -id=male] JLP
hit olob blow, strike, hit, trauma D
hoard raheb to hoard, a hoard [ra=non- + eb=to buy, sell] D
hold widom to hold U
hole maradal hole, gap [mar=absence + radal=nothing] SH
holiday diídin holiday D
holy othel to be blessed, holy D
holy day shehéeda holy day [she=to comfort + héeda=to be sacred] D
home beth home C
honey thu honey D
honor shadon truth, honor, conforming to the harmony of the universe [shad=to be perfect, pure + on=head] D
hope ul hope, to hope D
hops webesh hops (the plant) SH
horn onethud horn; antler (noun) [on=head + (e)thud=bone] AB
horse omid horse [o=around + mid=creature] D
hose ilu hose (for liquids) U
hospital duthahoth hospital [dutha=to heal + hoth=place] D
hospitality ethóo hospitality [e-=prefix for science of + thóo=guest] D
hot owa to be warm, hot C
hot flash zhAahóowadin hot flash (menopause symptom)
[zhAadin=menopause + óowa=fire]
LA, AB
hotel both hotel, motel D
house belid house D
housebound shóda to feel housebound, cut off due to family responsibilities U SH
household lod household D
househusband elodá housewife, househusband [e-=prefix for science of + lod=household + á=suffix for doer] D
housewife elodá housewife, househusband [e-=prefix for science of + lod=household + á=suffix for doer] D
how widaweth how [wida=carry + weth=path] : Bíi widaweth aril mebedi háawith, lothel ra le wa. "How the children will learn, I don't know."
hull udoya shell, carapace, hull [ud=stone + oya=skin] SH
hundred debe one-hundred (100) D
hunger yide to hunger, hungry D
hungry yide to hunger, hungry D
hurricane yulehul hurricane [yul=wind + -hul=suffix denoting to an extreme degree] D
hurt úuya to hurt, feel pain C
hypothesis lithewil hypothesis [lith=to think + Wil...=let there be] D
hypothetical rilrili hypothetical, would, might, let's suppose (Time Auxiliary) D
I la I: pronoun: 1st person: singular: beloved
I li I: pronoun, 1st person, singular, honored
I le I: pronoun: 1st person: singular: neutral
I lhele I: pronoun, 1st person, singular, despised
identity zheledal self, identity [zhe=like + le=me + dal=thing] SH
if bre...ébre if .. then C
ignorance raloth ignorance [ra=non- + loth-information] D
ignore rahilh to non-attend, ignore, withhold attention with evil intent [rahil=to withhold attention + lh= gives negative connotation] D
ignore rahil to non-attend, ignore, withhold attention [ra=non- + il=pay attention to] D
illness éeya sickness, disease, illness C
illusion búláa illusion [bú=perverse + láa=perception]
illusion (harmful) búláalh perverse/harmful illusion [bú=perverse + láa=perception + -lh=perjorative]
implement (writing) thode writing implement; short form of dalethodewan D
implement (writing) dalethodewan writing implement [dale=object + thod=to write + -(e)wan=sufiix for purpose, in order to]
important oth to be important D
inappropriate shulhe to be inappropriate, to not fit, to be wrong for [shule+ih=negative connotation] D
increase náraheb to increase [ná+raheb] EB
indifference lash indifference D
infant á- prefix to signify infant, baby, very young creature (see háa-, yáa-)
infant áwith baby, infant, very young person [á-=baby + with=person] (see háawith, yáawith) D
infant áwithid male baby, male infant [áwith=baby + -id=suffix for male] D
infinite ranonede to be infinite EB
information loth information D
information science eloth information science [e-=prefix for science of + loth=information] D
inhabit habelid to live in, inhabit [belid=house ha+belid] D
inherit thazh to inherit, inherited D
insect zhub insect C
insect lhezhub noxious insect [lh=negative connotation + zhub=insect] D
inside nil inside C
insomnia raháana insomnia [ra=non- + áana=sleep] D
instrument (musical) dalehale musical instrument U
intent nédeshub intent [néde+shub] D
interact ladinime to interact, interacting U
interface dodel interface, to interface (It would be appropriate for the interface the linguists used in the Native Tongue trilogy to let their infants acquire Alien languages natively; it would be appropriate for the interface that was used to allow human/dolphin interaction in that area of research. It would be appropriate for those diagrams that show two or more areas with overlapping bits -- territory where both or all of the areas overlap.) D
interpret déedan to interpret [dan=language] D
interruption theni interruption [then=to break + -i=diminutive(small)] SH
intersection sheni intersection D
intestines hodáath bowels [hod=stomach + áath=door], intestines D
intiution loyan intuition U SH
investigation ezhab investigation [e-=prefix for science of + zhab=puzzles] D
invited shineshid to be invited D
irresponsible rahesh to be irresponsible [ra=non- + ahesh=to be responsible] D
irritant rahub irritant substance [ra=non- + ub=balm] D
island mari island D
it ba she/it/he, beloved: pronoun: 3rd person: singular
it bi she/it/he: pronoun: 3rd person: singular: honored
it lhebe she/it/he: pronoun, 3rd person, singular, despised
it beth her/him/it: pronoun, 3rd person, singular, neutral, object [be=she + -th=object marker]
itch oyada to itch U SH
itself beyóo herself/himself/itself [be=she/he/it + -yóo=reflexive marker]
ivy boóbil ivy SH
January Alel January (seaweed month) [A-=month prefix + lel=seaweed] D
Jesus Zheshu Jesus of Nazareth (loan word) D
jewel thede jewel D
jonquil léeli jonquil, daffodil, narcissus D
joy thuna happiness, joy: for bad reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thena, thina, thona=joy) D
joy thona happiness, joy: for foolish reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thena, thina, thuna=joy) D
joy thena happines, joy: for good reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thina, thona, thuna=joy) D
joy thina happiness, joy: for no reason: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thena, thona, thuna=joy) D
joy thehena happiness, joy: despite negative circumstances: to be joyful, to be happy (thena, thina, thona, thuma= joy] D
joyful thehena happiness, joy: despite negative circumstances: to be joyful, to be happy (thena, thina, thona, thuma= joy] D
joyful thena happines, joy: for good reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thina, thona, thuna=joy) D
joyful thuna happiness, joy: for bad reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thena, thina, thona=joy) D
joyful thona happiness, joy: for foolish reasons: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thena, thina, thuna=joy) D
joyful thina happiness, joy: for no reason: to be joyful, to be happy (thehena, thena, thona, thuna=joy) D
juice éeb juice, sap D
July Ameda July (vegetable month) [A-=month prefix + meda=vegetable] D
jump oób to jump D
June Athesh June (herb month) [A-=month prefix + thesh=herb] D
junk food rahana junk food [ra=non- + ana=food] D
keep track riweth to keep track of U
kelp yáalin kelp SH
kettle dizh kettle D
kidney yeb kidney D
king unáhid king [uná=leader + -(h)id=male] D
king huhid king [hu=ruler + -(h)id=male] D
kiss odámála to caress with the lips, kiss [odama=lips + lámála=caress] SH
knick-knack mathom knick-knack, useless object (Tolkien loanword) SH
knife hum knife D
know an to know (of people) C
know lothel to know (not of people) [loth=information] D
kudzu huthil kudzu [hu=ruler + thil=vine] SH
labia owo labia SH
labia liliháaláa labia majora & minora [lili+áalaá] JP
lamp ithedal lamp, light, light making object [ith=light + dal=thing] D
land adoni to land (as a ship or plane); also a landing D
language dan language (dáan=word) C
language (birth) wobanedan native tongue, birth language [woban=birth + (e)dan=language]
large rahíya to be big, large [ra=non- + híya=to be small] D
last rush to be last, final D
last nonede a, the final one, the last one [no-=prefix implies completion + nede=one, 1] D
later aril later, after (in time) C
laugh ada laugh, to laugh D
laugh at lhada to laugh at; to scorn; to ridicule, scorn, ridicule [lh- =pejorative + ada=laugh] AB
lava udólo lava SH
lavish dimil lavish, luxurious, sumptuous AB
layer bre layer D
lead un to lead somebody/something D
leader uná leader D
leaf mi leaf, as in leaf of a tree, not a page in a book CS
learn obedi to learn a skill, to body-learn [oba=body + bedi=learn] SH
learn bedi to learn D
learner bedihá student, learner [bedi=learning + á=suffix for doer] D
leavetaking Aril good-bye, leavetaking, farewell (aril=later) D
left hiwetha left (direction) [hi=this + weth=way + a=leftward]
leg óoba leg D
lemon hezh lemon [hizh=lime] D
lesbian lushimá lesbian, homosexual female SH
lesson bedina lesson (see also: bediloth, bedilhoth, bediwoth) U AH
lesson bediloth knowledge lesson (see also: bedina, bedilhoth, bediwoth) [bedi=learn + loth=information] U AH
lesson bedilhoth useless knowledge lesson (see also: bedina, bediloth, bediwoth) [bedi=learn + -lh-=pejorative + loth=information] U AH
lesson bediwoth wisdom lesson (see also: bedina, bediloth, bedilhoth) [bedi=learn + woth=wisdom] U AH
let there be wil let there be..., would that..., may, let it be D
lettuce ilimeda lettuce [ili=water + meda=vegetable] D
lexical gap édáan lexical gap [é+dáan] U
library wéehoth library [wéedan=to read + hoth=place] D
lie down rúu to lie down D
life life D
lift héedá to pick up, lift up [héda=to drop, let fall] D
light ithedal lamp, light, light making object [ith=light + dal=thing] D
light ith light D
lightning lish to lightning D
lightning bolt ezhahith lightning bolt [ezha=snake + ith=light] D
like zhe to be like, as, similar C
lilac lehina lilac (the flower, bush) D
lime hizh lime [hezh= lemon] D
line bod line (on a surface or of a computer program) D
linguist edaná linguist [edan=linguistics + á=suffix for doer] D
linguistics edan linguistics [e=prefix for science of + dan=language] D
lip odama lip, lips (of the mouth) SH
list wilibod list [wili=river + bod=line]
listen ma to hear, to listen, to listen to, to hear. Active hearing. "I am listening for the buzzer." (see láad oyunan, passive hear) D
live habelid to live in, inhabit [belid=house ha+belid] D
liver web liver D
livestock womil livestock D
living wíi to be alive, living [wi=life] C
lizard éezha lizard CH
long ahead aríli far future, long ahead (time auxiliary) (aril=later) D
look il to see, to watch, to look at, to pay attention to, to observe. Active seeing, which includes looking, watching, observing, and paying active attention to something visually. "I am watching you." (see lAad oyinan, passive seeing) D
look láad oyinan to perceive with the eyes, to see, to look. Passive seeing. "I see the flower." (see il, active seeing) U
lose wem to lose D
love ab love for one liked but not respected D
love azh love for one sexually desired now D
love áazh love for one sexually desired at one time, but not now D
love sham love for the child of one's body, presupposing neither love nor respect nor their absence D
love aye love which is an unwelcome burden D
love oham love for that which is holy D
love áayáa mysterious love, not yet known to be welcome or not D
love am love for one related by blood D
love ad love for one respected but not liked D
love ashon love for one not related by blood, but heart-kin D
love éeme love for one neither liked nor respected D
love ralhoham love for evil [ra=non- + oham=love for that which is holy] D
love a love (for inanimates only); to love (inanimates only) C
lover azhur lover AH
lover (female) lilahá lover (female only - not used to refer to males) [lila=to female sexual act + -á=suffix for doer] D
lovingkindness donidan lovingkindness D
lovingkindnesser donidaná lovingkindnesser, one who channels lovingkindness [donidan=lovingkindness + -á=suffix for doer] D
lunch anadal meal (general term) (breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc) [ana=food + dal=thing] D
luxurious dimil lavish, luxurious, sumptuous AB
machine zhob machine D
magic yahanesh magic, enchantment D
Magic Granny Shósho Magic Granny (character in stories) D
make el to make D
maker elá creator, maker
male -id suffix for male
male withid man, male person [with=person + -id=suffix for male] D
male-identified withidetho male-identified SH
males ewithid science of males [e-=prefix for science of + with=person + -id=suffix for male] D
mall wehebuth mall, a gathering of stores [wehe=store + buth=gather] JLP
mama emath mother, mama (intimate, informal) (see: mathul, shathul) D
man withid man, male person [with=person + -id=suffix for male] D
manifest dam to manifest, to show signs of some state or emotion, used like English 'seem' D
manners shal manners, courtesy D
man-time hatherilid man-time; marking the passage of time based on important sporting events, wars, conquests, major disasters; the way time is market in most late 20th century "history" books. [hath=time + eril=past + -id=male] (see hatheril) JLP
many menedebe to be many [me-=plural marker + nedebe=to be few] (never change form or add case marker) C
map luben map D
March Ahesh March (grass month) [A-=month prefix + hesh=grass] D
market wehe store, market D
marsh alu marsh, swamp SH
mask onabel mask, to mask U
masquerade budehalid masquerade [bud=clothing + (e)halid=competition]
massage lilathun massage (noun and verb) CF
mathematics elamith mathematics [e + lamith] U AH
matrix wodazhud matrix (in geology) SH
mattress hóo mattress D
May Amahina May (flower month) [A-=month prefix + mahina=flower] D
me leth me: pronoun, 1st person, singular, neutral, object [le=I + -th=object marker]
mead thuwebe mead [thu=honey + webe=beer] D
meadow dun meadow, field D
meal anadal meal (general term) (breakfast, lunch, dinner, etc) [ana=food + dal=thing] D
meat deheni meat D
medicine edutha medicine [e-=prefix for science of + dutha=to heal] D
meditate wodehahdo meditate, to meditate, sit in a meditative state [wod=sit + hahodo=medatative state of consciousness] JLP
meet bithim to meet, meet with, meeting U
melody wethalehale melody (literally, music path) D
melon ozhi melon D
memory elothel memory [eloth=information science e+loth+el] D
menopause azháadin to menopause uneventfully [zháadin=to menopause] D
menopause zháadin to menopause [zháa=wrinkle] D
menopause elazháadin to menopause when it's welcome [zháadin=to menopause ela+zháadin] D
men's clothing owehid men's garment, men's clothing [owe=dress + -id=suffix for male] D
menstruate elasháana to menstruate for the first time, menstruation [osháana=to menstruate ela+osháana] D
menstruate zhesháana to menstruate in sync with another woman, menstruation [zhe=like +sháana]
menstruate osháana to menstruate, menstrual, menstruation C
menstruate husháana to menstruate painfully, menstruation [osháana=to menstruate] D
menstruate desháana to menstruate early, menstruation [osháana=to menstruate] D
menstruate wesháana to menstruate late, menstruation [osháana=to menstruate] D
menstruate ásháana joyful menstruation, to menstruate joyfully (osháana=to menstruate) D
menstruation ásháana joyful menstruation, to menstruate joyfully (osháana=to menstruate) D
mercy yidan mercy D
meta lée- meta- [prefix] D
metal badazh metal
metaphor zhedal metaphor, simile [zhe=like + dal=thing] U SH
middle shiniledal middle [shin=two + nil=inside + (e)dal=thing] SH
might rilrili hypothetical, would, might, let's suppose (Time Auxiliary) D
milk lalal mother's milk D
milk lal milk D
million rod million (1,000,000) D
mind óoyahonetha mind [óoya=heart + on=head + -tha=suffix for possession by reason of birth] D
mineral bad mineral CS
mirror betheb mirror, to mirror D
misogyny withelhebe misogyny, hatred of women U MLM
mist shili mist U SH
mistranslate rahéelhedan to deliberately mistranslate with evil intent [rahéedan=to mistranslate + lh=give negative connotation] D
mistranslate rahéedan to mistranslate [ra=non- + héedan=to translate] D
misunderstand rahen to misunderstand, misunderstanding [ra=not + (h)en=understand] YML
mittens ishida gloves, mittens, socks, stockings [ishid=digit (finger, toe) ishid+a] D
mode nub mode D
modem modem modem [loanword] D
momilies hothulewoth "momilies", some piece of knowledge or lore that has been passed from mother to daughter for at least two generations [hothul=grandmother + woth=wisdom] CH
Monday Henesháal Monday (East Day) [hene=east + sháal=day] D
money losh money, credit D
month hathóol month [hath=time + óol=moon] D
moon óol moon C
mop iliwush mop [ili=water + wush=broom] D
morning háasháal morning [háa=young + sháa=dayl] SH
morning glory elathil morning glory [ela+thil] SH
morpheme yudáan morpheme
motel both hotel, motel D
moth óoloó moth (butterfly=áalaá pattern using moon=óol) SH
mother emath mother, mama (intimate, informal) (see: mathul, shathul) D
mother shathul mother (formal term, honored mother) [sha=harmony + thul=parent] (see: mathul, ethul) D
mother mathul mother (intimate informal term, but not Mama) [ma=to listen + thul=parent] (see: ethul, shathul) D
motivation nédeshubel motivation [néde=to want + shub=to do + el=to make] SH
mountain bo mountain CS
mourn óom to mourn D
mouse edemid mouse [ede=grain + mid=creature] YML
mouth óoyo mouth
move mina to move C
mud donili mud SH
mule wothemid mule [woth+mid wisdom-creature] D
murky rawedeth to be murky, obscure [ra=non- + wedeth=to be clear] D
muscle thun muscle D
mushroom mud mushroom D
music alehale music, to make music (sing, whistle, musical instrument) D
myself leyóo myself: 1st person, singular, neutral, reflexive pronoun
mystery lush mystery D
myth dedidewoth myth, does not mean untruth [dedide=story; woth=wisdom] D
nail bath nail, fingernail, toenail, claw (body part) D
name zha name D
nanny háwithá baby nurse, nanny [áwith=baby + -á=suffix for doer] D
narcissus léeli jonquil, daffodil, narcissus D
narrow híyamesh narrow [híya=small + mesh=across] AB
nation shishidebeth nation D
native tongue wobanedan native tongue, birth language [woban=birth + (e)dan=language]
near thoma near
neck womedim neck (body part) [wom=throat + dim=container] D
nectar hom nectar D
nectarine homeyu nectarine [hom=nectar + yu=fruit] D
need them need, need for/of D
needle dathi needle SH
needlework dathim needlework, to needlework D
neighbor obeth neighbor D
nerve bid nerve D
network shenidal network [sheni=intersection + dal=thing] D
neurology ebid neurology [e-=prefix for science of + bid=nerve] D
never rahath never U
never rahadihad never [ra=non- + hadihad=always] C
nevertheless éde nevertheless D
news dishóodal to tell news [di=tell + shóo=happen; come to pass + dal=thing] AB
news shóodal news [shóo=happen;come to pass + dal=thing] AB
nibble dashelámála nibble, caress with teeth [dash=tooth + lámála=caress] YML
niece sherídan niece D
night náal night D
nine bud nine (9) D
nineteen budethab nineteen (19) [bud=9 + thab=l0] D
ninety thabebud ninty (90) D
no ra no, not (interjection); To make a sentence negative, put "ra" right after the verb. C
no how ranal no how, in no way [ra=non- + -nal=suffix for manner] D
no way ranal no how, in no way [ra=non- + -nal=suffix for manner] D
nobody rawith nobody [ra=non- + with=person] D
node rad node D
noise zholh noise [zho=sound + lh=negative connotation] D
non ra- non-[prefix] D
none rawoho none, not at all [ra=non- + woho=all] D
non-meta ralée- non-meta [prefix], something absurdly or dangerously narrow in scope or range D
non-neighbor rahobeth non-neighbor, one who lives nearby but does not fulfill a neighbor's role (not necessarily pejorative) [obeth=neighbor] D
non-touch radama to non-touch, avoiding touch, to actively refrain from touching [ra=non- + dama=to touch] D
non-touch radamalh to non-touch with evil intent [radama=to non-touch + lh=negative connotation] D
noon udath noon D
north hun north D
nose oyo nose
not ra no, not (interjection); To make a sentence negative, put "ra" right after the verb. C
nothing radal nothing [ra=non- + dal=thing] D
novelist dedidethodá novelist, storywriter [dedide=story + thod=write + -á=doer] JLP
November Athon November (seed month) [A-=month prefix + thon=seed] D
now ril present time, now (Time Auxiliary) D
now ril now C
nowhere rahoth nowhere [ra=non- + hoth=place] D
nuisance uhud nuisance D
number lami number, numeral U SH
numeral lami number, numeral U SH
nurse onin nurse D
nurture naya to take care of, nurture C
nut yumal nut
nut tree mal nut-tree D
nutrition ehana nutrition [e-=prefix for science of + ana=food) D
oak doyáanin oak [do=strong + yáanin=tree] SH
obfuscate ralhewedeth to obfuscate [ra=non- + wedeth=to be clear + lh=negative connotation] D
object daleshun ceremonial object [dale=object + shun=ceremony] U
object dale object, any made thing C
obliged dush to have to, to be obliged to
obscure rawedeth to be murky, obscure [ra=non- + wedeth=to be clear] D
observe il to see, to watch, to look at, to pay attention to, to observe. Active seeing, which includes looking, watching, observing, and paying active attention to something visually. "I am watching you." (see lAad oyinan, passive seeing) D
obtain thel to get, obtain D
ocean mela ocean, sea D
ocean dweller melahá ocean-dweller [mela=ocean + -á=suffix for doer] D
October Ayu October (fruit month) [A-=month prefix + yu=fruit] D
odd to be perverse, quirky, odd, hard to understand
office hohal office, workplace [hal=to work ho+hal] D
offspring háawith child, youth, child person, general term for offspring [háa-=child + with=person] (see áwith, yáawith) D
offspring háa- prefix to signify child, youth, young creature, general prefix for offspring (see á-, yáa-)
often hath menedebe often [hath=time + menedebe=many] D
oil bom oil (household), to oil D
old balin to be old CS
omnipotence hohathad all-power, omnipotence (without the feature 'male') D
on nol on, upon U
one nede one, (1) C
onion bremeda onion [bre=layer + meda=vegetable] D
only neda only [nede=one] D
open u to be open D
opera dedidelom opera [dedide=story + lom=song] YML
or e or, either C
orange layun to be orange D
orange yun orange (the fruit) D
ore badazhud ore [badazh=metal + ud=stone]
ornament dimilin ornament D
orphan nuthul orphan [thul=parent] D
otter elalimid otter [ela+ili+mid] SH
our lenethoth our (other, object) [len=1st person, many neutral + -(e)tho=possessive (other) + -th=object case marker]
our lenetha our (by reason of birth) [len=we-many + -(e)tha=posessive suffix, by reason of birth]
our lenetho our [len=we-many + -(e)tho=posessive suffix, other]
outcast rahabelhidá an exile, outcast [rahabelhid=to exile + -á=suffix for doer] D
outline oyabod outline, silhouette [oya=skin + bod=line] SH
outside ranil outside, out [ra=non- + nil=inside] C
ovary hib ovary YML
oven óob oven D
overflow shulin to overflow, as water does D
owl húumid owl húu (onomatopoeia) [mid=creature] D
owner thihá owner, possessor [thi=to have + -á=suffix for doer] D
oxalis boómi clover, oxalis [boó=three + mi=leaf] SH
page miháabe page (of book) [mi=leaf + (h)áabe=book] U SH
pain úuya to hurt, feel pain C
pain heyi pain D
pain (absence) shol absence-of-pain D
palm óoyaha oma palm of the hand U
panel dihomedal panel, convention panel discussion [di=talk + hom=teach + (e)dal=thing]
pants inad trousers, pants D
paper mel paper D
paradise olim paradise, heaven D
pardon me hoda apology, pardon me, phrase to indicate that you regret whatever it is that you find yourself obliged to do -- like interrupting someone (see hóoda) D
parent thul parent CS
park heshehoth park [hesh=grass + (e)hoth=place] D
parsley aálesh parsley, the herb SH
part wud part (of a machine, etc) D
past eril past (Time Auxiliary); a word used to indicate past time [eri=history] D
past eríli far past, long ago (Time Auxiliary) [eri=history] D
pasta ededal pasta [ede=grain + dal=thing] D
path weth road, way, path, track C
peace shon peace D
peacemaker shoná peacemaker [shon=peace + -á=suffix for doer] D
peace-science eshon peace-science [e-=prefix for science of + shon=peace] D
pearl nem pearl D
peel yuhoya peel, peeling (noun) [yu=friut + (h)oya=skin] SH
pejorative lh- or -lh or -lh- bad (intentionally) <infix> The pejorative element "lh" can always be added to a word to give it a negative connotation, so long as it precedes or follows a vowel and does not violate the rules of the Laadan sound system by creating a forbidden cluster. The addition of "lh" need not create an actual new word; for example, "awith " means "baby"-to use instead "lhawith" (or awithelh") means only something like "the darned baby" and is ordinarily a temporary addition. But it is very handy indeed. We are indebted to the Navajo language for this device.
penis bom penis D
perceive loláad to perceive internally, to feel a mental state or emotion, perceive with the heart (metaphorically). Passive internal feeling. "I feel sad." (see náril, active internal feeling) D
perceive láad to perceive [láa=perception] C
perceive (ears) láad oyunan to perceive with the ears, to hear. Passive hearing. "The band sounds good to me." (see ma, active listen) U
perceive (eyes) láad oyinan to perceive with the eyes, to see, to look. Passive seeing. "I see the flower." (see il, active seeing) U
perceive (internally) loláad to perceive internally, to feel a mental state or emotion, perceive with the heart (metaphorically). Passive internal feeling. "I feel sad." (see náril, active internal feeling) D
perceive (mouth) láad óoyonan to perceive with the mouth, to taste. Passive tasting. "The dinner tastes good to me." (see lóoyo, active taste) U
perceive (nose) láad oyonan to perceive with the nose, to smell. Passive smelling. "The candle smells good to me." (see shu, active smell) U
perceive (skin) láad oyanan to perceive with the skin, to feel something on your skin, touch. Passive feeling. "The silk feels good to me." (see dama, active touch) U
perceiver láadá perceiver, the one who perceives [láa=perception] D
perception láa perception [láad=to perceive] D
perception (relinquish) zhaláad the act of relinquishing a cherished/ comforting/familiar illusion or frame of perception [zha=name + láad=to perceive] D
perception language Láadan [perception language]
perfect shad to be perfect, pure D
perform wilomina to perform, act [wil=let/may + oba=body + mina=move] SH
person with person, woman, adult ; to specify a male person, add the masculine suffix '-id' C
persona zheledam persona [zhe=like + le=me + dam=seem] SH
perverse to be perverse, quirky, odd, hard to understand
pharmacy eduthawehe pharmacy [edutha=science of healing + wehe=store] YML
philosophy ehen philosophy [e-=prefix for science of + en=to understand] D
phrase hulehul for sure (an emphatic, strong positive) [-hul=suffix denoting to an extreme degree] D
phrase Oho you're welcome (polite phrase) D
phrase wu such a..., what a... D
phrase Wil sha greeting, (hello) "Let there be harmony" [wil=let there be + sha=harmony] D
physician eduthahá doctor, physician, healer [edutha=medicine + -á=suffix for doer] D
piano zhuth piano D
pick up héedá to pick up, lift up [héda=to drop, let fall] D
picture dadem picture D
pie thizh pie CH
pig muda pig CS
pillow thom pillow CS
pin dathidal pin (noun) [dathi=needle + dal=thing] SH
pitcher raliha pitcher D
place hoth place C
place (blessed) othelehoth blessed place [othel=blessed + (e)hoth=place] JLP
place (community) lolehoth a community place, building and grounds of a place intended to nurture the needs of the people who belong [lol=community + (e)hoth=place] JLP
placid wam to be placid, still, calm (as of water, wind) D
plain rabo plain, flat plain [ra=non- + bo=mountain] D
plain radimil plain, simple, unadorned [ra- =not + dimil=lavish] AB
planet thamehal globe, sphere, planet [tham=circle + -(e)hal=unusual degree] D
plant dala plant, any growing thing C
plant madoni to plant SH
plate rin plate (dish) D
play elash to play SH
please lu please, polite phrase D
please shi to please D
pleasure méeshim pleasure (sexual)
pleasure méesh pleasure (not said of sexual pleasure)
pliant dazh to be yielding, pliant, soft C
plow donihum plow, to plow [doni=ground + hum=knife] YML
poem lalidáan poem [lali+dáan] U
poem dáanelom poem [dáan=word + lom=song] D
poet dáanashoná poet D
poet lalidáaná poet [lalidáan+á]
poetics edáanashon poetics (the science of poetry) D
poetry edáanelom poetry D
point dath point SH
poison lhu poison, to poison [lh=negative connotation] D
police zhethalel to police; to act as police [zhethal=just(ice) + el=make] AB
police zhethalelá police officer [zhethal=just(ice) + -á =doer/maker] AB
police officer zhethalelá police officer [zhethal=just(ice) + -á =doer/maker] AB
poor shud to be poor D
porcupine dathimid hedgehog (American English, porcupine) [dathi=needle + mid=creature] YML
portentous éeba portentous
possessor thihá owner, possessor [thi=to have + -á=suffix for doer] D
potato udemeda potato [ud=stone + (e)meda=vegetable] D
potential é- prefix for potential U
potter ebodá ceramist, potter
poultry lub poultry, fowl (chicken, duck, goose) CS
powder mezh powder CH
practice olanin to practice (ulanin=to study) SH
praise dithal praise, to praise [dith=voice + thal=good] D
prayer ohamedi prayer [oham=love for that which is holy + di=to say, speak] D
predicate shoth predicate D
predict diharil predict; foretell [di=speak + aril=future]
pregnant lóda to be pregnant wearily [lawida=to be pregnant] D
pregnant lawida to be pregnant D
pregnant lalewida to be pregnant joyfully [lawida=to be pregnant] D
pregnant lewidan to be pregnant for the first time [lawida=to be pregnant] D
pregnant widazhad to be pregnant late in term and eager for the end [wida=to carry + lawida=to be pregnant] D
presence ram presence D
present ril present time, now (Time Auxiliary) D
present ham to be present, attend, there is/there are [a. Mary Smith is present. (Or "is here.") b. Mary Smith will attend the meeting tomorrow. (Or "will be at the meeting tomorrow.") c. There is a tree beside the church./There are trees beside the church. (A tree is/Trees are present in this scene, beside the church.)] C
price nath price D
principle dolelith principle [dol=root + lith=thought] U
printer raneran printer, computer printer [ran=typewriter] D
prisoner zhilhad prisoner D
prize bish prize
program bodibod program, to program (computer) [bod=line + i=and] D
promise bédi promise, to promise U MLM
pronoun reflexive marker -ye- Indefinites: use the basic pronoun form, plus "-ye-", plus the Case Marker.
pronoun reflexive marker -báa- Interrogatives (who, which, what): use the base form, plus "-báa-", plus Case Marker
pronoun reflexive marker -yóo- Reflexive (myself): use the base form, plus "-yóo-", plus Case Marker
pronoun suffix -n pronoun suffix: many
pronoun suffix -zh pronoun suffix: several
proposition halith proposition, argument D
psalm sháam psalm [loanword] D
psychology elith psychology [e-=prefix for science of + lith=think] D
pulse óoyaáláan pulse, heartbeat [óoya=heart + aáláan=wave] SH
pure shad to be perfect, pure D
purple lula to be purple D
purr thenazho to purr AH
purr rulelo to purr U AH
purse dimod bag, sack, purse [dim=container + od=cloth] D
put away rumad to hide, cover, put away U SH
puzzle zhab enigma, puzzle D
quarrel rashon argument, quarrel, to argue, to quarrel, not used of an 'argument' in a theory or an equation or a proposition [ra-non- + shon=peace] D
quest sháadoni to quest for truth SH
quest nárilim to quest internally [náril=to feel + im=travel] SH
quilt balish quilt, to quilt not patchwork [báalish=patchwork quilt] D
quilt báalish patchwork quilt, to quilt [balish=quilt, not patchwork] D
quirky to be perverse, quirky, odd, hard to understand
rabbit shanemid rabbit [shane=furry + mid=creature] D
radiance míili radiance [míi=to be amazed] D
radio del radio D
rain lali rain, to rain [ili=water] D
rake heshedon rake, to rake [hesh=grass + (e)don=comb] SH
rape ralh rape; to rape U
rape lhobom to rape U MLM
rapport óothadama rapport; also, to experience rapport (AH) [óotha+dama]
read wéedan to read [dan=language] D
reason obed cause, reason D
recognize láadom to recognize [láa=perception + dom=remember] SH
record ri to record, to keep records D
recount diheril reminisce; recount past events [di=speak + eril=past] AB
rectum nohodáath rectum [no-=to finish + hodáath=bowels] SH
red laya to be red D
redwood óowáanin redwood [óowa=fire + yáanin=tree] SH
reek rabalh to stink, reek [ra=non- + aba=to be fragrant + lh=negative connotation] D
refresh dul to give rest, to refresh D
refrigerator nithedim refrigerator [nith=frost + dim=container] D
regard shé with regard to (loanword) U
regret zhala regret with reason, with blame, and not futile (see: zhala, zhama, zhana, zhara, zhina) D
regret zhama regret with reason, but with no blame, and futile (see: zhala, zhana, zhara, zhina)
regret zhina regret without reason or blame, not futile (see: zhala, zhama, zhana, zhara)
regret zhana regret with reason, but with no blame and not futile (see: zhala, zhama, zhara, zhina)
regret zhara regret with reason, with blame, and futile (see: zhala, zhama, zhana, zhina)
rejoice lo to rejoice D
relief doóleshol relief [doól=al last + shol=absence-of-pain] SH
religion ehéeda religion [e-=prefix for science of + héeda=sacred] D
remedy duthesh herbal remedy SH
remember obadom to body-remember (like remembering how to ride a bicycle) [oba=body + dom=remember] U SH
remember dom to remember CS
reminisce diheril reminisce; recount past events [di=speak + eril=past] AB
Repetition Morpheme badan repeatedly, in a pattern over which humans have no control; repetition morpheme (see also bada, brada, bradan, bradá)
Repetition Morpheme bradan repeatedly, in a pattern fixed by humans by analogy to some phenomenon (such as the seasons) repetition morpheme (see also bada, badan, brada, bradá)
Repetition Morpheme bada repeatedly, at random; repetition morpheme (see also badan, brada, bradan, bradá)
Repetition Morpheme bradá repeatedly, in a what appears to be a pattern but cannot be demonstrated or proved to be one; repetition morpheme (see also bada, badan, brada, bradan)
Repetition Morpheme brada repeatedly, in a pattern fixed arbitaraily by human beings, repeatedly in an artificial pattern; repetition morpheme (see also bada, badan, bradan, bradá)
rescue bóodan rescue, save, to rescue, to save D
resemble zhedam resemble; be reminiscent of [zhe=similar + dam=show signs of state or emotion] AB
resemble zhedam resemble; be reminiscent of [zhe=similar + dam=show signs of state or emotion] AB
reservoir wilidunedal reservoir for fluids [wili=river + dun=meadow + (e)dal=thing] SH
resistence rasheb resistence to change [ra=non- + sheb=change] D
respect ohina respect for no reason D
respect ohehena respect despite negative circumstances [ohena, ohina, ohona, ohuna=respect] D
respect ohuna respect for bad reasons [ohehena, ohena, ohina, ohona=respect] D
respect ohona respect for foolish reasons [ohehena, ohena, ohina, ohuna=respect] D
respect ohena respect for good reasons [ohehena, ohina, ohona, ohuna=respect] D
respiration rate wíyaáláan respiration rate [wíyul=to breathe + aáláan=wave] SH
responsibility áhesh responsibility, to be responsible D
responsible áhesh responsibility, to be responsible D
responsible niná the one responsible [nin=to cause + -á=suffix for doer] D
rest dul to give rest, to refresh D
rhetoric edi rhetoric [e-=prefix for science of + di=speak] D
rhythm alehaáláan rhythm AH
rice ilihede rice [ili=water + ede=grain] D
ridicule lhada to laugh at; to scorn; to ridicule, scorn, ridicule [lh- =pejorative + ada=laugh] AB
right hiwetho right (direction) [hi=this + weth=way + o=rightward]
right now hihath now, right now, right this instant [hi=this + hath=time]
rigorous shel to be rigorous D
rind yushoya rind [yu=fruit + shoya=hide] SH
rise thib to rise up, stand up D
ritual shunobahéthe ritual bath, to ritually bathe [shun=ceremony,ritual + obahéthe=bath] JLP
ritual shun ceremony, ritual D
ritual shebehatheshun all coming-of-age rituals and change-of-life rituals, rite of passage [sheb=change + (e)hath=time + (e)shun=ritual] JLP
river wili river, creek [ili=water] CS
road weth road, way, path, track C
rock (baby) luth to rock (of babies) D
rocking chair lolin rocking chair D
rod bodehal rod, staff, stave [bod=line + -(e)hal=unusual degree] YML
room shod room D
room (meditation) láashod meditation room, perception room, room where one goes to meditate and attain new perceptions of the world and themselves [láa=perception + shod=room] JLP
root dol root D
rope methid rope [me-=plural marker + thid=string] CH
rose shahina rose
rosemary domesh rosemary SH
rubber dazhéeb rubber [dazh=yielding + éeb=juice] YML
ruffle aále curl, ruffle (noun) SH
rug ren rug, carpet D
ruler hu ruler, boss D
run yime run, to run CH
-s me- plural marker, plural morpheme used at the beginning of verbs and words that correspond to English adjectives; always the first prefix in the word (beautiful women = mewoháya wowith)
sack dimod bag, sack, purse [dim=container + od=cloth] D
sacred héeda to be sacred, holy D
safe yom safe, secure C
safeguard dóyom protect, shield, safeguard [dó- =cause to + yom=be safe] AB
sage wothesh sage (the herb) [woth=wisdon + thesh=herb] SH
sage wothá sage, wise person [woth+á] D
sailor eshá sailor, boatman, boater [esh=boat + -á=doer] YML
saint lawith saint [Lahila=Holy-One + with=person] D
sales table dalehebewan sales table [dale=object + (h)eb=buy,sell + (e)wan=in order to, purpose]
salt máan salt D
salt marsh malu salt marsh SH
salty máanan to be salty
sand sheshi sand D
sanitary napkins óolewod sanitary napkin SH
sap éeb juice, sap D
satisfactory thal to be good, fine, satisfactory C
Saturday Yilesháal Saturday [yil+sháal Below Day] D
save bóodan rescue, save, to rescue, to save D
savory edenesh savory (the herb) SH
say di to speak, say, tell, talk C
scene wohóoha scene, view, experience of a place [woho+hóo+ha]
school ulin school D
science e- prefix for science of
scientific notation eéden formalism, scientific notation D
scientifically enal scientifically D
scientist ehá scientist [e-=prefix for science of + -á-suffix for doer] D
scissors muhum scissors [(hum+<mirror image>)] SH
scorn lhada to laugh at; to scorn; to ridicule, scorn, ridicule [lh- =pejorative + ada=laugh] AB
scratch ubath to scratch an itch [ub=balm + bath=fingernail] SH
scratch iboth scratch (noun) SH
scratch ibath to scratch [not said of scratching an itch] [ib=against + bath=fingernail] SH
sculpt lámáhel to sculpt, carve [lámá+el] U
sea mela ocean, sea D
seaweed lel seaweed D
secretion obahéda bodily secretion [oba+héda] JP
secure yom safe, secure C
see il to see, to watch, to look at, to pay attention to, to observe. Active seeing, which includes looking, watching, observing, and paying active attention to something visually. "I am watching you." (see lAad oyinan, passive seeing) D
see láad oyinan to perceive with the eyes, to see, to look. Passive seeing. "I see the flower." (see il, active seeing) U
seed thon seed D
Selah Othe Amen, Selah, end of prayer phrase D
seldom hath nedebe seldom [hath=time + nedebe=few] D
self zheledal self, identity [zhe=like + le=me + dal=thing] SH
sell eb to buy, to sell D
seller ebá buyer or seller
send nori to send D
sense loláad óoyanan to sense, be aware of U
sentence déeladáan sentence [déela=garden + dáan=word] D
September Ahede September (grain month) [A-=month prefix + (h)ede=grain] D
seven um seven (7) D
seventeen umethab seventeen (17) D
seventy thabum seventy (70) D
several nedebe to be few, to be several [but not many] (never change form or add case marker) C
sew adal sew, to sew CH
sewage plant waludal sewage plant, waste water plant SH
sex shim to "sexual act", engage in sex, copulation (abstract and completely neutral term) C
sex act shim to "sexual act", engage in sex, copulation (abstract and completely neutral term) C
sex act lila to female-sexual-act D
shadow rumi shadow D
shame loláad lhohoth to be ashamed, to perceive one's shame [loláad=to perceive internally + lhoho=shame + -th =suffix for object] D
shame lhoho shame [lh=negative connotation] D
share edethi to share [ede+thi thi=to have] D
sharp huma to be sharp SH
she ba she/it/he, beloved: pronoun: 3rd person: singular
she be she/it/he: pronoun: 3rd person: singular: neutral
she bi she/it/he: pronoun: 3rd person: singular: honored
she lhebe she/it/he: pronoun, 3rd person, singular, despised
sheep éesh sheep D
sheets úuzh sheets, sheet bedding D
shelf dob shelf D
shell udoya shell, carapace, hull [ud=stone + oya=skin] SH
shield dóyom protect, shield, safeguard [dó- =cause to + yom=be safe] AB
shirt bon shirt D
shoe óomi shoe [óoma=foot] D
shoulder rim shoulder D
shovel donim shovel [doni=ground + im=travel] SH
shower obahéthethib shower, to take a shower [oba=body + (h)éthe=clean + thib=stand] (see obahéthe, obahéthewod) JLP
sibling héena sibling of the heart [hena=sibling by birth] D
sibling zhehá identical sibling [zhe=like + -á=suffix for doer]
sibling hena sibling by birth [héena=sibling of the heart] D
sibling rahéena non-heart-sibling, one so entirely incompatible with another that there is no hope of ever achieving any kind of understanding or anything more than a truce, and no hope of ever making such a one understand why; (does not mean "enemy") [ra=non- + héena =sibling of the heart] D
sickness éeya sickness, disease, illness C
sift shumezh to sift [shum=air + mezh=powder] CH
sign lishid to sign (as in ASL) D
signer lishidá signer (as in ASL) [lishid=to sign + -á-suffix for doer] D
silence rilehum silence that is a purposeful refusal to communicate, with a denial that it's even happening (see rilhehum) [rile=silence + hum=knife] U TB
silence rilherahum malicious silence acutely painful to you U TB
silence rilelh malicious silence [rile+lh] U TB
silence rilerahum silence acutely painful to you, but the other person seems totally unaware [rile=silence + plus "absence"] U TB
silence rilehana silence that is comfortable and natural [rile=silence + ana=food] U TB
silence rilerashum silence imposed by internal force of will because all words are wrong words and silence is the sole defense against disintegration [rile=silence + ra=non + shum=air] U TB
silence riledim silent refusal to discuss "rilehum" (a purposeful refusal to communicate) [rile=silence + dim=container] U TB
silence míirile awed silence [míi=amazed + rile=silence] TB
silence rile silence D
silence rilhehum malicious silence that is a purposeful refusal to communicate, with a denial that it's even happening (see rilehum) [rilhe=malicious silence + hum=knife] U TB
silence rilhedim malicious silent refusal to discuss "rilhehum" (a purposeful refusal to communicate) [rilhe=malicious silence + dim=container] U TB
silhoutte oyabod outline, silhouette [oya=skin + bod=line] SH
silver yeth silver D
similar zhe to be like, as, similar C
simile zhedal metaphor, simile [zhe=like + dal=thing] U SH
simple radimil plain, simple, unadorned [ra- =not + dimil=lavish] AB
sin lha sin [lh=negative connotation] D
sing lalom to sing U
sing alehale music, to make music (sing, whistle, musical instrument) D
sink bid sink (as in the kitchen sink) D
sisterhood lol a feeling of: community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; a group of people gathered with the intention of creating togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, community, cohesiveness; different from a city or a general gathering of people because "lol" implies an intention to create a feeling of cohesiveness within the group. (see lolh) JLP
sisterhood (oppressive) lolh an oppressive "lol"; a negative sense of community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; you "belong" but to your severe detriment, for instance being forced to give up valued aspects of yourself to be accepted by the community. (see lol) JLP
sit wod to sit D
six bath six (6) D
sixteen bathethab sixteen (16) [bath=6 + thab=l0] D
sixty thabebath sixty (60) D
sixty-one thabebath i nede sixty-one (61) D
skill oloth skill SH
skin oya skin, flesh D
skirt áayo skirt D
sky thosh sky C
sky bol fleecy-clouded (of skies) D
slave rahulh slave [ra=non- + hu=ruler + lh=negative con notation] D
sleep áana sleep, to sleep (synonym: ina) C
sleep ina sleep, to sleep (synonym:áana) D
slow lóolo to be slow C
small híya to be small C
smell láad oyonan to perceive with the nose, to smell. Passive smelling. "The candle smells good to me." (see shu, active smell) U
smell shu to smell, to sniff, Active smelling. "I am smelling the perfume." (see láad oyonan passive smell) U
smile áada smile AB
snake ezha snake D
sniff shu to smell, to sniff, Active smelling. "I am smelling the perfume." (see láad oyonan passive smell) U
snow hish snow D
soap éthedale soap D
socks ishida gloves, mittens, socks, stockings [ishid=digit (finger, toe) ishid+a] D
soft dazh to be yielding, pliant, soft C
soil doni ground, dirt, earth, soil CS
solid yib solid (as opposed to gas or liquid) CH
somebody beye somebody/someone/something - look to verb to distinguish: 3rd person singular indefinite pronoun
someone beye somebody/someone/something - look to verb to distinguish: 3rd person singular indefinite pronoun
something beye somebody/someone/something - look to verb to distinguish: 3rd person singular indefinite pronoun
song lometha song that belongs to her by birth [lom=song + -(e)tha=possessive by reason of birth]
song lom song CS
sorrel thezh sorrel (the herb) SH
soul óotha soul D
sound zho sound (audible) C
sound lalimilom sound of rain on leaves [lali=rain + mi=leaf + lom=song]
sound áalilomáa sound of rhythmically flowing water SH
sound lalilom sound of rain on the roof [lali=rain + lom=song] U
sound láad oyunan to perceive with the ears, to hear. Passive hearing. "The band sounds good to me." (see ma, active listen) U
sound áalilomáan sound of rhythmic waves SH
soup thulana soup [thul=parent + ana=food] D
sour yem sour (to taste) D
south han south D
space delin space (outer) D
spaceliner yoda spaceliner [yo=spaceship] D
spaceship yo spaceship D
speak di to speak, say, tell, talk C
speaker dihá speaker [di=to say; -á=suffix for doer] D
spectator ilá spectator [il=pay attention + -á=doer] AB
spectator dóyom protect, shield, safeguard [dó- =cause to + yom=be safe] AB
speech act bédu as poetry, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, as poetry [bé=promise speech act + -du=suffix; "said as poetry"] SH
speech act bóodu as poetry, I request...; request speech act, in poetry [bóo=request speech act + -du=suffix "said as poetry"] SH
speech act bíili in love, I say...; declarative speech act, in love [bíi=declarative speech act + -li=suffix "said in love"]
speech act bóda in jest, I command...; command speech act, in jest (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -da=suffix "said in jest"]
speech act bóodi in teaching, I request...; request speech act, in teaching [bóo=request speech act + -di=suffix "said in teaching"]
speech act bóde as a story, I command...; command speech act, in narrative (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -de=suffix "said in narrative"]
speech act bódi in teaching, I command...; command speech act, in teaching (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -di=suffix "said in teaching"]
speech act bódu as poetry, I command...; command speech act, in poetry (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -du=suffix "said as poetry"] SH
speech act bóya in fear, I command...; command speech act, in fear (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -ya=suffix "said in fear"]
speech act bóli in love, I command...; command speech act, in love (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -li=suffix "said in love"]
speech act bód in anger, I command...; command speech act, in anger (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -d=suffix "said in anger"]
speech act bóoth in pair, I request...; request speech act, in pain [bóo=request speech act + -th=suffix "said in pain"]
speech act bóoya in fear, I request...; request speech act, in fear [bóo=request speech act + -ya=suffix "said in fear"]
speech act bóolan in celebration, I request...; request speech act, in celebration [bóo=request speech act + -lan=suffix "said in celebration"]
speech act báaya in fear, I ask...; question speech act, in fear [báa=question speech act + -ya=suffix "said in fear"]
speech act bóod in anger, I request...; request speech act, in anger [bóo=request speech act + -d=suffix "said in anger"]
speech act bóoda in jest, I request...; request speech act, in jest [bóo=request speech act + -da=suffix "said in jest"]
speech act bóode as a story, I request...; request speech act, in narrative [bóo=request speech act + -de=suffix "said in narrative"]
speech act bólan in celebration, I command...; command speech act, in celebration (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -lan=suffix "said in celebration"]
speech act bíith in pain, I say...; declarative speech act, in pain [bíi=declarative speech act + -th=suffix "said in pain"]
speech act bíida in jest, I say...; declarative speech act, in jest [bíi=declarative speech act + -da=suffix "said in jest"]
speech act bíide as a story, I say...; declarative speech act, in narrative [bíi=declarative speech act + -de=suffix "said in narrative"]
speech act bíidi in teaching, I say...; declarative speech act, in teaching [bíi=declarative speech act + -di=suffix "said in teaching"]
speech act bíid in anger, I say...; declarative speech act, in anger [bíi=declarative speech act + -d=suffix "said in anger"]
speech act bíidu as a poem, I say...; declarative speech act, in poetry [bíi=declarative speech act + -du=suffix "said as poetry"] SH
speech act béeda in jest, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in jest [bée=warning speech act + -da=suffix "said in jest"]
speech act bóoli in love, I request...; request speech act, in love [bóo=request speech act + -li=suffix "said in love"]
speech act báade as a story, I ask..., question speech act morpheme, in narrative [báa=question speech act + -de=suffix "said in narrative"]
speech act béedu in poetry, I say in warning...; warning speech act, as poetry [bée=warning speech act + -du=suffix "said as poetry"] SH
speech act béelan in celebration, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in celebration [bée=warning speech act + -lan=suffix "said in celebration"]
speech act béeli in love, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in love [bée=warning speech act + -li=suffix "said in love"]
speech act béeth in pain, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in pain [bée=warning speech act + -th=suffix "said in pain"]
speech act béeya in fear, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in fear [bée=warning speech act + -ya=suffix "said in fear"]
speech act bélan in celebration, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in celebration [bé=promise speech act + -lan=suffix "said in celebration"]
speech act báalan in celebration, I ask...; question speech act, in celebration [báa=question speech act + -lan=suffix "said in celebration"]
speech act béed in anger, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in anger [bée=warning speech act + -d=suffix "said in anger"]
speech act béth in pain, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in pain [bé=promise speech ast + -th=suffix "said in pain"]
speech act béya in fear, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in fear [bé=promise speech act + -ya=suffix "said in fear"]
speech act bóth in pain, I command...; command speech act, in pain (very rare except to small children) [bó=command speech act + -th=suffix "said in pain"]
speech act béde as a story, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in narrative [bé=promise speech act + -de=suffix "said in narrative"]
speech act bíiya in fear, I say...; declarative speech act, in fear [bíi=declarative speech act + -ya=suffix "said in fear"]
speech act báad in anger, I ask..., question speech act, in anger [báa=question speech act + -d=suffix "said in anger"]
speech act báadi in teaching, I ask..., question speech act morpheme, in teaching [báa=question speech act + -di=suffix "said in teaching"]
speech act báadu as poetry, I ask...; question speech act, in poetry [báa=question speech act + -du=suffix "said as poetry"]
speech act bédi in teaching, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in teaching [bé=promise speech act + -di=suffix "said in teaching"]
speech act béede as a story, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in narrative [bée=warning speech act + -de=suffix "said in narrative"]
speech act béda in jest, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in jest [bé=promise speech act + -da=suffix; "said in jest"]
speech act béedi in teaching, I say in warning...; warning speech act, in teaching [bée=warning speech act + -di=suffix "said in teaching"]
speech act báali in love, I ask...; question speech act, in love [báa=question speech act + -li=suffix "said in love"]
speech act báath in pain, I ask..., question speech act morpheme, in pain [báa=question speech act + -th=suffix "said in pain"]
speech act béd in anger, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in anger [bé=promise peech act + -d=suffix "said in anger"]
speech act báada in jest, I ask you..., question speech act, in jest [báa=question + -da=suffix "said in jest"]
speech act béli in love, I say as a promise...; promise speech act, in love [bé=promise speech act + -li=suffix "said in love"]
speech act bíilan in celebration, I say...; declarative speech act, in celebration [bíi=declarative speech act + -lan=suffix "said in celebration"]
speech act morph I command...; command speech act, neutral (very rare except to small children) D
speech act morph báa I say to you as a question; I ask you; I ask...; question speech act, neutral D
speech act morph I say as a promise...; promise speech act, neutral D
speech act morph bée I say in warning...; warning speech act, neutral D
speech act morph bóo I request...; request speech act, neutral (usual "command" form) D
speech act morph bíi I say...: "I say to you, as a statement": declarative speech act, neutral (usually optional) D
speech act suffix -da Speech Act suffix; "said in jest"
speech act suffix -lan Speech Act suffix; "said in celebration"
speech act suffix -de Speech Act suffix; "said in narrative"
speech act suffix -li Speech Act suffix; "said in love"
speech act suffix -d Speech Act suffix; "said in anger"
speech act suffix -di Speech Act suffix; "said in teaching"
speech act suffix -du Speech Act suffix; "said as poetry" U SH
speech act suffix -th Speech Act suffix; "said in pain"
speech act suffix -ya Speech Act suffix; "said in fear"
sphere thamehal globe, sphere, planet [tham=circle + -(e)hal=unusual degree] D
spice laheb spice D
spider dathimezhub spider [dathim=needlework + zhub=insect] YML
spider dathimemid spider [dathim=needlework + mid=creature] D
spill héda to drop, spill, let fall [héedá=to pick up, lift up] D
spine doluth spine (body part) D
spiral bretham spiral [bre=layer + tham=circle] SH
spoon bada spoon D
spouse eba spouse ("Bíi eril X i Y meheba wa." [X and Y got married. (More literally, "X and Y spoused.") The verb gets the plural prefix and an epenthetic H.] Láadan wouldn't allow "X married Y" or "Y married X," which presuppose that marrying is something one person can do to another. It has to be a joint action, done together.) D
spray aálá spray, to spray (as in water) U SH
spring wemen spring (season) D
squander rahol to waste, squander [ra=non- + o1=to store] D
squeeze thamehib to squeeze SH
squirrel elashemid squirrel [elash=play + (e)mid=creature] SH
stable midemath stable [mid=creature + math=building] D
staff bodehal rod, staff, stave [bod=line + -(e)hal=unusual degree] YML
stag lemamidid stag, male deer [lema=gentle + mid=creature + -id=male]
stage wilominahoth stage [wilomina=act/perform + hoth=place] AB
stand thib to rise up, stand up D
star ash star C
state hahodimilh in bewilderment/astonishment <negative> to be in a state of bewilderment (negative) [hahod=state of + -imilh=bewilderment (negative)-state of consciousness marker]
state hahod to be in a state of D
state hahodib deliberately shut off from all feelings, to be in a state of shut off [hahod=state of + -ib=shut off-state of consciousness marker]
state hahodóo in hypnotic trance, to be in a state of hypnotic trance [hahod=state of + -óo=hypnotic trance-state of consciousness marker]
state hahodihed in shock, numb, to be in a state of numbness [hahod=state of + -ihed=numb-state of consciousness marker]
state hahoditha linked empathically with another, to be in a state of linked empathically [hahod=state of + -itha=linked-state of consciousness marker]
state hahodimi in bewilderment/astonishment <positive> to be in a state of bewilderment [hahod=state of + -imi=bewilderment-state of consciousness marker]
state hahodo in meditation, to be in a state of meditation [hahod=state of + -o=meditation-state of consciousness marker]
state hahodiyon ecstasy, to be in a state of ecstasy [hahod=state of + -iyon=ecstasy-state of consciousness marker]
state of consciousness marker -iyon ecstasy (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -o in meditation (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -itha linked empathically with others (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -imilh in bewilderment/astonishment, negative (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -óo in hypnotic trance (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -imi in bewilderment/astonishment, positive (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -ib deliberately shut off to all feeling (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
state of consciousness marker -ihed in a sort of shock, numb (state of consciousness marker) root word=hahod=to be in the state of
statue udadem statue [ud=stone + dadem=picture/image] AB
stave bodehal rod, staff, stave [bod=line + -(e)hal=unusual degree] YML
stay benem stay, to stay D
still wam to be placid, still, calm (as of water, wind) D
stink rabalh to stink, reek [ra=non- + aba=to be fragrant + lh=negative connotation] D
stockings ishida gloves, mittens, socks, stockings [ishid=digit (finger, toe) ishid+a] D
stomach hod stomach D
stone ud stone C
store wehe store, market D
store ol to store D
storehouse dalemath warehouse, storehouse [dale=object + math=building] D
storm rohoro storm [ro=weather] D
story dedide story D
storywriter dedidethodá novelist, storywriter [dedide=story + thod=write + -á=doer] JLP
stove dimóowa stove [dim=container + óowa=fire] D
straight raboósh straight, to be straight [ra-=not + bóosh=curved] AB
strike olob blow, strike, hit, trauma D
string thid thread, string, to thread, to string CH
strip-mall wehebuthebod strip-mall [wehebuth=mall + bod=line] JLP
stroke lámála to caress, stroke D
strong do to be strong C
student bedihá student, learner [bedi=learning + á=suffix for doer] D
study ulanin to study [ulin=school] D
such a wu such a..., what a... D
sudden bishib to be sudden, suddenly D
suffix suffix for doer, agent; morpheme used to mark someone as the "do-er" of an action; like English "-er" in "baker" or "dancer"
sugar meén sugar CH
suitcase imedim suitcase [im=travel + (e)dim=container]
summer wuman summer D
sumptuous dimil lavish, luxurious, sumptuous AB
sun rosh sun C
Sunday Hathamesháal Sunday (Center Day) [hatham=center + (e)sháal=day] D
sunrise nasháal dawn, sunrise [na=to start to + sháal=day] SH
sunset nanáal sunset [na=to start to + náal=night] SH
suppose rilrili hypothetical, would, might, let's suppose (Time Auxiliary) D
surpass hesho to surpass [used in comparatives], exceed
swamp alu marsh, swamp SH
sweet meénan to be sweet D
sweetener meénaná sweetener [meénan=to be sweet + -á=suffix for doer] CH
swim ilisháad swim, to swim [ili=water + sháad=to come, to go] YML
symbol uzh symbol (of notation or alphabet), character D
synergist eruhá synergist [e-=prefix for science of + ru=synergy + -á=suffix for doer] D
synergistics eru synergistics, science of synergy [e-=science of + ru=synergy] YML
synergy ru synergy D
table dalehebewan sales table [dale=object + (h)eb=buy,sell + (e)wan=in order to, purpose]
table daleyodewan table [dale=object + yod=to eat + -wan=suffix for purpose, in order to] D
tail hoyo tail SH
take bel to take D
take away raban to take away from [ra=non- + ban=to give] D
take care naya to take care of, nurture C
talk di to speak, say, tell, talk C
tall íthi to be high, tall D
tampon nilewod tampon [nil+wod] U SH
tank háawilidunedal tank (for liquid) SH
tape recorder rizho tape recorder [ri=to record + zho=sound] D
tarragon abash tarragon, the herb SH
taste lóoyo to taste. Active tasting. "I am tasting the batter." (see láad óoyonan, passive taste) U
taste láad óoyonan to perceive with the mouth, to taste. Passive tasting. "The dinner tastes good to me." (see lóoyo, active taste) U
tea zhu tea D
teach om to teach D
teacher omá teacher [om=to teach + -á=suffix for doer] D
teacher (perception) láahomá perception teacher [láa=perception + (h)omá=teacher] JLP
teenage yáa- prefix to signify teenager, older but not full-grown creature (see á-, háa-)
teenager yáawith teenager, older but not full-grown person [yáa-=teenage + with=person] (see áwith, háawith)
teenager yáa- prefix to signify teenager, older but not full-grown creature (see á-, háa-)
telephone widadith telephone [wida=to carry + dith=voice] D
television théle television [loanword] D
tell di to speak, say, tell, talk C
temptation erabalh temptation D
temptation erabalhedi to temptation [erabalh=temptation + -(e)di=goal case marker]
ten thab ten (10) D
Terra thera Earth, Terra [loanword] D
terror eéle terror D
testicle hibid testicle D
textile science ehod textile science [e-=prefix for science of + od=cloth] D
textile scientist ehodá textile scientist D
thank you áala thank you D
that hithed that: Demonstrative pronoun: singular [hi=this + thed=far]
that hi this, that: Demonstrative pronoun: singular D
theater wilominabelid theater [wilomina=act/perform + belid=house] AB
them bezheth them (several): pronoun. 3rd person, several, neutral, object [bezh=they + -th=object marker]
them beneth them (many): pronoun. 3rd person, many, neutral, object [ben=they + -th=object marker]
themselves beyóozh themselves (several) [bezh=they,several + -(e)yóo=reflexive marker]: 3rd person, several, reflexive pronoun
themselves beyóon themselves (many) [ben=they,many + -(e)yóo=reflexive marker]: 3rd person, many, reflexive pronoun
then id and then CS
then ébre then
there núu there [nu=here] D
therefore owáano therefore D
these hinethoma these: Demonstrative pronoun: many [hin=these + (e)thoma=near]
these hizh these, those: Demonstrative pronoun: several
these hin these, those: Demonstrative pronoun: many
these hizhethoma these: Demonstrative pronoun: several [hizh=these + (e)thoma=near]
they ben they (more than 5): pronoun: 3rd person: many: neutral
they lheben they: pronoun, 3rd person, many, despised
they bazh they: pronoun: 3rd person: several: beloved
they lhebezh they: pronoun, 3rd person, several, despised
they bin they: pronoun: 3rd person: many: honored
they bezh they (several, 2 to 5 individuals): pronoun: 3rd person: neutral
they ban they: pronoun: 3rd person: many: beloved
they bizh they: pronoun: 3rd person: several: honored
thing dal thing C
think lith a thought, to think D
thirsty yada thirst, to thirst, to be thirsty, thirsting C
thirteen boóthab thirteen (13) [boó=3 + thab=l0] D
thirty thabebóo thirty (30) D
this hi this, that: Demonstrative pronoun: singular D
this hithoma this: Demonstrative pronoun: singular [hi=this + thoma=near]
thorn bash thorn D
those hinethed those: Demonstrative pronoun: many [hin=these + (e)thed=far]
those hizhethed those: Demonstrative pronoun: several [hizh=these + (e)thed=far]
those hizh these, those: Demonstrative pronoun: several
those hin these, those: Demonstrative pronoun: many
thousand thob one thousand (1,000) D
thread thid thread, string, to thread, to string CH
threat éholob threat, to threaten [é- =potential + (h)olob=trauma; blow] AB
threat éholhob particularly malicious threat, to threaten very maliciously [é- =potential + (h)olhob=(malicious) trauma; blow] AB
threaten éholob threat, to threaten [é- =potential + (h)olob=trauma; blow] AB
threaten éholhob particularly malicious threat, to threaten very maliciously [é- =potential + (h)olhob=(malicious) trauma; blow] AB
three boó three (3) D
thrive tháa to thrive, to do well D
throat wom throat D
through obe through C
thunder lorolo thunder D
Thursday Hanesháal Thursday (South Day) [han=south + (e)sháal=day] D
thus hinal thus [hi=this, that + -nal=suffix for manner] D
thyme háami thyme, the herb SH
tick uhudezhub tick, the insect [uhud=nuisance + zhub=insect] YML
tick uhudemid tick (insect) [uhud=nuisance + mid=creature] D
tickle adadama tickle, to tickle [ada=laugh + dama=touch] AH
tickle adama tickle, to tickle [a=love + dama=touch]
time hath time C
time (everlasting) hathehath forever, time everlasting [hath=time + (e)hath=time] D
time (man) hatherilid man-time; marking the passage of time based on important sporting events, wars, conquests, major disasters; the way time is market in most late 20th century "history" books. [hath=time + eril=past + -id=male] (see hatheril) JLP
time (woman) hatheril woman-time; marking the passage of time based on interpersonal relationships: births, deaths, relocations, marriages, etc.; "Mary was pregnant with her second when...", "Just about the time the tribe moved to..." [hath=time + eril=past] (see hatherilid) JLP
time aux wil optative mode, indicating an option or wish (Time Auxiliary)
time aux aríli far future, long ahead (time auxiliary) (aril=later) D
time aux eríli far past, long ago (Time Auxiliary) [eri=history] D
time aux eril past (Time Auxiliary); a word used to indicate past time [eri=history] D
time aux rilrili hypothetical, would, might, let's suppose (Time Auxiliary) D
time aux aril future (time auxiliary) (aril=later) D
time aux ril present time, now (Time Auxiliary) D
tired óoha to be tired, weary C
toenail bath nail, fingernail, toenail, claw (body part) D
toes ishid digit (fingers, toes) D
together shidi to be together D
togetherness lol a feeling of: community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; a group of people gathered with the intention of creating togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, community, cohesiveness; different from a city or a general gathering of people because "lol" implies an intention to create a feeling of cohesiveness within the group. (see lolh) JLP
togetherness (oppressive) lolh an oppressive "lol"; a negative sense of community, togetherness, sisterhood, fellowship, belonging, cohesiveness; you "belong" but to your severe detriment, for instance being forced to give up valued aspects of yourself to be accepted by the community. (see lol) JLP
toilet al toilet D
tongue odith tongue [o=around + dith=voice] SH
tool ed tool C
tooth dash tooth D
torment rashe to torment [ra=non- + she=comfort] D
tornado thameyul tornado [tham=circle + yul=wind] D
tortoise balinemid turtle, tortoise [balin=old + mid=creature] D
torture rashelh to torture [rashe=to torment + lh=negative connotation] D
touch láad oyanan to perceive with the skin, to feel something on your skin, touch. Passive feeling. "The silk feels good to me." (see dama, active touch) U
touch edama science of touch [e-=prefix for science of + dama=touch] D
touch dama to touch, to feel with the skin. Active touching, feeling. "I am feeling the texture of the yarn." (see láad oyanan, passive touch) D
towel dib towel D
tower shumath tower
town miwith town, city [with=person] D
toy dínídin toy D
track weth road, way, path, track C
tractor demáazh tractor U SH
train memazh train [me-=plural marker + mazh=car] D
translate héedan to translate [dan=language] D
transportation emina transportation [e-=prefix for science of + mina=to move] D
trauma olob blow, strike, hit, trauma D
travel im to travel D
tray dodi tray D
tree yáanin tree D
tribe shonida tribe
trousers inad trousers, pants D
trunk yomedim trunk (for storage) [yom=safe + dim=container] D
truth shadon truth, honor, conforming to the harmony of the universe [shad=to be perfect, pure + on=head] D
try dúu- to-try-in-vain-to-VERB [du-=to-try-to-VERB] (try in vain to speak=dúudi); a morpheme that can be added to verbs [including those that would be classified as adjectives in English], meaning "try in vain to [VERB]," "try (but fail) to [VERB]" D
try du- try-to-VERB prefix (try to speak=dudi); a morpheme that can be added to verbs [including those that would be classified as adjectives in English], meaning "try to [VERB]" D
Tuesday Honesháal Tuesday (West Day); [hon=west + sháal=day] D
tulip hodo tulip D
turn wetham turn, make a turn
turtle balinemid turtle, tortoise [balin=old + mid=creature] D
twelve shinethab twelve (12) [shin=2 + thab=l0] D
twenty thabeshin twenty (20) D
two shin to be two, two (2) D
typewriter ran typewriter D
ugly modi to be ugly D
unadorned radimil plain, simple, unadorned [ra- =not + dimil=lavish] AB
under yil to be under, below C
underground than underground D
understand en to understand C
underwear hem underwear D
unfriendliness radena unfriendliness for good reasons [ra=non- + dena=friendliness for good reasons] D
unfriendliness raduna unfriendliness for bad reasons [ra=non- + duna=friendliness for bad reasons] D
unfriendliness radina unfriendliness for no reason [ra=non- + dina= friendliness for no reason] D
unfriendliness radona unfriendliness for foolish reasons [ra=non- + dona=friendliness for foolish reasons] D
unholy rahéeda accursed, unholy, to be accursed, to be unholy [ra=non- + héeda=to be sacred] D
united shishid united D
until hathobéeya until U
unwilling ranime be unwilling [ra=not + nime=willing] AB
up raheb up [ra=non- + heb=down] C
upon nol on, upon U
urine iliyeb urine [ili+yeb] JP
us lenedi to us [len=1st person, many neutral + -(e)di=goal case marker]
us leneth us (many): pronoun. 1st person, many, neutral, object [len=1st person, many neutral + -(e)th=object case marker]
use duth to use D
utensil min eating utensil D
utensil thibeb cooking utensil D
vacuum cleaner éthedal vacuum cleaner [éthe=clean + dal=thing] D
vagina lul vagina D
valley yed valley D
VCR ridadem camera, VCR, camcorder [ri=to record + dadem=picture] D
vegetable meda vegetable D
vehicle razh vehicle D
very -hal Degree Marker: to an unusual degree, very (see also '-hil', '-hel', '-hul', '-háalish')
view wohóoha scene, view, experience of a place [woho+hóo+ha]
vine thil vine D
vintner rushihá vintner [rushi=wine + -(h)á=suffix for doer] YML
violet oyimahina violet D
violin dóolon violin D
visualize umeloláad visualization, to visualize U
vividly lishenal vividly [lishe+nal]
voice dith voice D
volcanic crater óowabobin volcanic crater [óowabo=volcano + bin=bowl] AB
volcano óowabo volcano [óowa=fire + bo=mountain] AB
wait neril wait, to wait SH
walk óomasháad walk; go on/by foot [óoma=foot + sháad=go/come] AB
wall thibá wall [thib=stand up + -á=suffix for doer]
want néde to want C
war rashonelh war [rashon=quarrel + lh=negative connotation] D
wardrobe budim wardrobe [bud=clothing + dim=container] D
warehouse dalemath warehouse, storehouse [dale=object + math=building] D
warm owa to be warm, hot C
washcloth éthehod washcloth [éthe=clean + od=cloth] D
wasp resh wasp D
waste rahol to waste, squander [ra=non- + o1=to store] D
watch lohil to watch internally U SH
watch il to see, to watch, to look at, to pay attention to, to observe. Active seeing, which includes looking, watching, observing, and paying active attention to something visually. "I am watching you." (see lAad oyinan, passive seeing) D
water ili water C
wave aáláan wave of water (on ocean or lake) D
wax yibom wax [yib=solid + bom=oil] CH
way weth road, way, path, track C
we lazh we: pronoun: 1st person: several: beloved
we len we: pronoun: 1st person: many: neutral
we lezh we: pronoun: 1st person, several, neutral
we lin we: pronoun, 1st person, many, honored
we lhelezh we: pronoun, 1st person, several, despised
we lizh we: pronoun, 1st person, several, honored
we lhelen we: pronoun, 1st person, many, despised
we lan we: pronoun: 1st person: many: beloved
weak rado to be weak [ra=non- + do=to be strong] D
wear une to wear D
weary óoha to be tired, weary C
weather ro weather C
weave osh to weave
weaver odá weaver [od+á] D
Wednesday Hunesháal Wednesday (North Day) [hun=north + sháal=day] D
weed nish weed D
week híyahath week [híya=small + hath=time] D
weep delishe to weep, cry (not said of babies) D
well tháa to thrive, to do well D
well dóo well.... (phrase) D
west hon west D
wet lili to be wet [lil=water] C
whale uthemid whale [uth=brain + mid=creature] D
what a wu such a..., what a... D
when widahath when [wida=carry + hath=time] 1) Bíi lalom le widahath hal le wa. "I sing when I work." 2) Bíi widahath hal le, lalom le wa. "When I work, I sing."
where widahoth where [wida=carry + hoth=place]
whistle alehale music, to make music (sing, whistle, musical instrument) D
whistle humazho whistle, to whistle [huma=sharp + zho=sound] U SH
white líithi to be white D
why widahuth why [wida=carry + huth=reason] Bíi widahuth eril náhal with, lothel ra le wa. "Why the woman kept working, I don't know."
wide rahíyamesh wide [ra- =not + híyamesh=narrow] AB
widow sheba widow [sheb=change + eba=spouse] D
wild ro- wild (rothil=wild vine, romid=wild animal)
wild vine rothil wild vine -- [ro-= wild + thil=vine]
will nime be willing, will (not future tense) AB
will yoth will of mind (theological) D
willing nime be willing, will (not future tense) AB
wind yul wind D
window dem window D
wine rushi wine D
wing yuloma wing [yul=wind + oma=hand] U SH
winter weman winter D
wire widáahith wire D
wisdom woth wisdom D
wisdom (foremother) wohothulewoth foremother wisdom [wohothul=foremother + (e)woth=wisdom] JLP
wish wil optative mode, indicating an option or wish (Time Auxiliary)
witch yahaneshá witch, magic-maker U CF
without raden without D
wolf holanemid wolf (noun) [ho- =grand-; ancestor + lanemid=dog] AB
woman with person, woman, adult ; to specify a male person, add the masculine suffix '-id' C
woman-time hatheril woman-time; marking the passage of time based on interpersonal relationships: births, deaths, relocations, marriages, etc.; "Mary was pregnant with her second when...", "Just about the time the tribe moved to..." [hath=time + eril=past] (see hatherilid) JLP
womb wóoya womb U
wood bosh wood D
woods olin forest, woods D
word dáan word (dan=language) D
work hal work, to work C
work halehadihahal work which is constantly being interrupted Sterling
work identity zhelehal work identity [zhe=like + le=me + hal=work] SH
worker halá worker [hal=work + -á=suffix for doer] D
workplace hohal office, workplace [hal=to work ho+hal] D
worry rashelith worry [ra=not + she=to comfort + lith=think]
would rilrili hypothetical, would, might, let's suppose (Time Auxiliary) D
would that wil let there be..., would that..., may, let it be D
wrap dóho wrap, to wrap [dó-=cause to + o=around] YML
wrap thamesho to wrap [tham=circle + mesh=across + o=around] U SH
wreath oshetham wreath [osh=weave + (e)tham=circle]
wring thamerili to wring, wring out [tham=circle + (e)ra=not + ili=water] SH
wrinkle zháa wrinkle (in skin) D
write thod to write, written D
yearn loyada to yearn, yearn for U SH
yellow léli to be yellow D
yes em yes D
yielding dazh to be yielding, pliant, soft C
you nin you: pronoun, 2nd person, many, honored
you nazh you: pronoun, 2nd person, severa,: beloved
you lhenezh you: pronoun, 2nd person, several, despised
you lhene you: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, despised
you neneth you (many): pronoun, 2nd person, many, neutral, object [nen=you + -th=object marker]
you nizh you: pronoun, 2nd person, several, honored
you lhenen you: pronoun, 2nd person, many, despised
you na you: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, beloved
you neth you: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, neutral, object [ne=you + -th=object marker]
you nan you: pronoun, 2nd person, many, beloved
you ni you: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, honored
you nezh you: pronoun, 2nd person, several, neutral
you nen you: pronoun, 2nd person, many, neutral
you ne you: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, neutral
you nezheth you (several): pronoun. 2nd person, several, neutral, object [nezh=you + -th=object marker]
young á- prefix to signify infant, baby, very young creature (see háa-, yáa-)
young rabalin to be young [ra=non- + balin=to be old] D
young háa- prefix to signify child, youth, young creature, general prefix for offspring (see á-, yáa-)
your natha your: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, beloved, by reason of birth: [na=2nd person, singular, beloved + -tha=possessive by reason of birth]
yourself neyóo yourself: pronoun, 2nd person, singular, neutral [ne=you + -yóo=reflexive marker]
yourselves neyóozh yourselves (several): pronoun, 2nd person, several, neutral [nezh=you,several + -yóo=reflexive marker]
yourselves neyóon yourselves (many): pronoun, 2nd person, many, neutral [nen=you,many + -yóo=reflexive marker]
youth háa- prefix to signify child, youth, young creature, general prefix for offspring (see á-, yáa-)
youth háawith child, youth, child person, general term for offspring [háa-=child + with=person] (see áwith, yáawith) D