Láadan Lessons For Beginners: Difference between revisions

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(* The Sounds of Láadan */)
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== The Sounds of Láadan ==
== The Sounds of Láadan ==
 
<tab class=wikitable>
a   as in f<u>A</u>ther and c<u>A</u>lm
a as in f<u>A</u>ther and c<u>A</u>lm
e   as in b<u>E</u>ll and b<u>E</u>st
e as in b<u>E</u>ll and b<u>E</u>st
i     as in b<u>I</u>t and b<u>I</u>g
i as in b<u>I</u>t and b<u>I</u>g
o   as in h<u>O</u>me and h<u>O</u>pe
o as in h<u>O</u>me and h<u>O</u>pe
u   as in s<u>OO</u>n and m<u>OO</u>n
u as in s<u>OO</u>n and m<u>OO</u>n
 
th as in <u>TH</u>ink and <u>TH</u>ree, two letters, but just one sound
th   as in <u>TH</u>ink and <u>TH</u>ree   -- two letters, but just one sound
zh as in plea<u>S</u>ure and gara<u>G</u>e, two letters, but just one sound
zh   as in plea<u>S</u>ure and gara<u>G</u>e   -- two letters, but just one sound
sh as in <u>SH</u>ine and <u>SH</u>are, two letters, but just one sound
sh   as in <u>SH</u>ine and <u>SH</u>are   -- two letters, but just one sound
b, d, h, l, m, n, r,  w, y for speakers of English, these sounds (and ''/th/'', ''/zh/'', ''/sh/'') are pronounced as in English.
 
lh a sound English doesn't have, made by pressing your tongue against the roof of your mouth, drawing back the corners of your mouth the way you would for a smile, and then saying "sh."
b, d, h, l, m, n, r,  w, y     -- For speakers of English, these sounds (and ''/th/'', ''/zh/'', ''/sh/'') are pronounced as in English.
</tab>
 
lh     -- a sound English doesn't have, made by pressing your tongue against the roof of your mouth, drawing back the corners of your mouth the way you would for a smile, and then saying "sh."
 
=== Tone ===
=== Tone ===



Revision as of 14:34, 4 February 2015

Have you always wanted to learn Láadan, but been intimidated by the technical talk in the hard-copy lesson book? Well, this set of lessons is just for you. Written to be easily understood, with a step-by-step format, these lessons will introduce you to Láadan painlessly.

A copy of the course published on http://www.laadanlanguage.org/

Lesson One - Things You Need To Know For Learning Láadan

The Sounds of Láadan

<tab class=wikitable> a as in fAther and cAlm e as in bEll and bEst i as in bIt and bIg o as in hOme and hOpe u as in sOOn and mOOn th as in THink and THree, two letters, but just one sound zh as in pleaSure and garaGe, two letters, but just one sound sh as in SHine and SHare, two letters, but just one sound b, d, h, l, m, n, r, w, y for speakers of English, these sounds (and /th/, /zh/, /sh/) are pronounced as in English. lh a sound English doesn't have, made by pressing your tongue against the roof of your mouth, drawing back the corners of your mouth the way you would for a smile, and then saying "sh." </tab>

Tone

An accent mark over a vowel (or, when your keyboard doesn't offer accents, a vowel that's a capital letter) means that the vowel has high tone.

For English speakers, this means that you should give the high-toned vowel slightly higher pitch and a bit more emphasis. The word "wáa" has a sound-pattern like English "UH-oh!" The word "waá" has a sound-pattern like English "AhA!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. Láadan has two kinds of words: content words, and function words.
    1. Content words are words like "house" and "cat" and "eat" and "run."

Function words are words like "of" and "and."

  1. Most Láadan content words can be used as both verbs and nouns.
    1. This is like the way any English verb ("swim," for example) can be used as a noun if you add the "-ing" morpheme to it, as in "Swimming is fun."
    2. Notice that in Láadan you don't have to add anything to the word to make it a noun or a verb.
    3. Definition: A morpheme is any part of a word that has a meaning of its own and cannot be divided into smaller parts. For example, the English word "walking" has two morphemes: the morpheme "walk," which can be used all by itself, and the morpheme "-ing," which cannot stand alone.
  2. Láadan doesn't have any words like English "a, an, the."
  3. In Láadan, verbs and adjectives are the same class of words, and they are only one class, the way conjunctions or pronouns are only one class of words in English.
    1. The word for "red" can mean the name of the color red, or it can mean "to be red." Which means that in Láadan you don't need "is/are" or any other form of "be" in sentences like "Roses are red" and "Jane is a linguist" and "This is the bus stop."
  4. Láadan has a group of function words called Speech Act words.
    1. For example, the word "Bíi" means "I say to you as a statement," while the word "Báa" means "I say to you as a question."
    2. English can do the same thing; we can say "I ask you" and "I promise you" and "I warn you," and so on. The difference between the two languages is that in Láadan the Speech Act words are required, while in English they're optional.
    3. A Speech Act word will always be the first word in a Láadan sentence.
    4. Note: We'll be discussing Speech Act words in more detail as we go along.
  5. Láadan has a group of function words called "evidentials" that English doesn't have; many other languages do have them.
    1. An evidential tells you why the speaker feels justified in claiming that the words being said are true.
    2. For example, "wa" means "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is that I have perceived it myself" and "wi" means "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because it's self-evident; everybody can perceive that it's true, or everybody is in agreement that it's true."
    3. The evidential will always be the last word in a Láadan sentence, and -- unlike the situation in English -- it's required to be there.
    4. Note: We'll be discussing evidentials in more detail as we go along.

Lesson Two - Athid, Sha, Thad And The Dragon Are Going To The Con

Vocabulary

Athid Person's name
Sha Person's name
Thad Person's name
óowamid dragon
hi this
sháad go; come
buzh convention; "con"
bil fun
bíi I say to you, as a statement
wa The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is that I have perceived it myself
ril a word used to indicate present time
aril a word used to indicate future time
-hóo a morpheme that is used to indicate special importance, or to give a word or phrase extra emphasis
-di a morpheme that means "to," as in "I walked to the house."

Sentences

1.

Bíi hi Athid wa.
This is Athid.
  • NOTE: All we need in this sentence is the Speech Act word at the beginning of the sentence, the evidential at the end, and "THIS/ATHID" in between. We don't need a word for "is" and we don't need one for "a."

2.

Bíi hi Sha wa.
This is Sha.

3.

Bíi hi Thad wa.
This is Thad.

4.

Bíi hi óowamid wa.
This is a dragon.

5.

Bíi ril sháad Athid buzhedi wa.
Athid is going to the con.

6.

Bíi ril sháad Sha buzhedi wa.
Sha is going to the con.

7.

Bíi ril sháad Thad buzhedi wa.
Thad is going to the con.

8.

Bíi ril sháad óowamid buzhedi wa.
The dragon is going to the con.

9.

Bíi aril bilehóo buzh wa!
The convention will be fun!

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. Láadan doesn't allow "consonant clusters." That is, it doesn't let any two consonant sounds follow one right after the other (except for a very few words in which B is followed by R).

To keep sequences of two consonant sounds from happening, you put an "e" between them.

So, when you add "-di" [the ending meaning "to"] to "buzh" [the word for "convention" or "con"], you have to put an "e" between those two pieces to separate the consonant sound/zh/ from the consonant sound /d/.

That's why "to the con" is "buzhedi" instead of just "buzhdi." "Buzhdi" could not be a Láadan word.

By contrast, the Láadan word for "desert" is "shée". Since "shée" ends in a vowel sound, "to the desert" is just "shéedi," without any need for an inserted "e."

  1. In the same way, Láadan doesn't allow "vowel clusters" -- two vowels in a row -- and it inserts an "h" to keep that sequence from happening.

So, if you add the plural morpheme "me-" at the beginning of the word "eb" [which means to buy or sell] the result has to be "meheb." The "h" is added to separate the first vowel/e/ from the second one.

Note: Two vowels together are allowed if one of them has high tone. So "áa" and "aá" are both allowed, without any need for an inserted "h".

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril sháad óowamid buzhedi wa.

"The dragon is going to the con."


1. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the cave; cave -- bethud]

2. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the forest; forest -- olin]

3. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the town; town -- miwith]

4. Bíi ril sháad óowamid _____________ wa. [to the spaceship; spaceship -- yo]

Lesson Three - For The Con, You Need A Suitcase

Vocabulary

imedim suitcase
thi have
boó three
be he, she, it
-th a morpheme that means "This is the direct object in this sentence."

Sentences

1. Bíi ril thi Athid imedimeth wa.

"Athid has a suitcase."


2. Bíi ril thi Sha imedimeth wa.

"Sha has a suitcase."


3. Bíi ril thi óowamid imedimeth boó wa.

"The dragon has three suitcases."


4. Bíi ril thi be imedimeth wa.

"She [or he, or it] has a suitcase."


5. Bíi ril thi be imedimeth boó wa.

"It [or she, or he] has three suitcases."

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. Direct objects are the items in a sentence that things happen to; they answer "what" and "who" and "which" questions. In "Thad bought a book in the dealer's room," for example, buying is what happened and it was a book that the buying happened to. And "a book" is the answer to the question "What did Thad buy in the dealer's room?"

In Láadan, you have to put the morpheme "-th" at the end of direct objects.

And -- because "-th" is a consonant -- if the last sound in the word or phrase for the direct object is a consonant, you have to put an "e" between the word and the "-th." So, when you mark "imedim" as a direct object by adding "-th," the result will be "imedimeth."

  1. If you need to specify exactly how many there are of something, you can do that in Láadan by putting a number right after the word for that something.

So "imedim boó" means "three suitcases." "óowamid boó" would mean "three dragons."

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril thi Athid imedimeth wa.

"Athid has a suitcase."

1. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a book; book -- áabe]

2. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a cup; cup -- ni]

3. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a bed; bed -- dahan]

4. Bíi ril thi Athid __________ wa. [a beer; beer -- webe]

Lesson Four - Asking Questions

Vocabulary

em yes
ra no; not
ne you
Báa I say to you as a question; I ask you

Sentences

1. Question: Báa ril sháad Athid buzhedi? Answer: Em.

"Is Athid going to the con?" "Yes."


2. Báa ril sháad Sha buzhedi? Em.

"Is Sha going to the con?" "Yes."


3. Báa ril sháad óowamid buzhedi? Em.

"Is the dragon going to the con?" "Yes."


4. Báa ril thi Athid imedimeth? Em.

"Does Athid have a suitcase?" "Yes."


5. Báa ril thi Sha imedimeth? Em.

"Does Sha have a suitcase?" "Yes."


6. Báa ril thi óowamid imedimeth? Ra -- imedimeth boó wa!

"Does the dragon have a suitcase?" "No -- three suitcases!"


7. Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi? Em.

"Are you going to the con?" "Yes."


8. Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi? Ra.

"Are you going to the con?" "No."


9. Báa ril thi ne imedimeth? Em. [Or Ra.]

"Do you have a suitcase?" "Yes." [Or "No."]

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. The reason there's no evidential at the end of the questions above is because questions don't offer information and claim that it's true; questions ask for information.
  2. In an ordinary conversation you wouldn't have to keep constantly repeating your Speech Act words and time words and evidentials; you'd only need to include them in your sentences if things changed and you needed a different one, or if it was important to you to include them. This is why it's okay to just say "Em" or "Ra" as the answer to a yes/no question.

However, if for some reason you wanted to make it clear that you were saying "yes" or "no" based on your own perceptions, you would say "Em wa" or "Ra wa."

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi?

"Are you going to the con?"

1. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the hotel; hotel -- both]

2. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the moon; moon -- óol]

3. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the ocean; ocean -- mela]

4. Báa ril sháad ne ___________? [to the room; room -- shod]

Lesson Five - Getting To The Con

Vocabulary

le I
yuloma wing
mazh car; automobile
shin two
-nan a morpheme meaning "by means of"; it indicates what is used to do something
-wáan a morpheme meaning "the reason for which something is done"
wi an evidential meaning "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because it's self-evident; everybody can see that it's true, or everybody is in agreement that it's true."

Sentences

1. Sha: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa."

"I'm going to the con by car."


2. Athid: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa."

"I'm going to the con by car."


3. Thad: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi mazhenan wa."

"I'm going to the con by car."


4. Óowamid: "Bíi ril sháad ra le buzhedi mazhenan wa. Ril sháad le buzhedi yulomanan wa."

"I'm not going to the con by car. I'm going by wing."

Note: When you have sentences like this one right after the other from the same speaker, the Speech Act word doesn't have to be repeated in every sentence. It would always be correct to repeat the Speech Act word, which means that if you're not sure what to do it's safe to include it; but it doesn't have to be there.

5. Sha: "Báa bebáawáan?"

"Why?" That is: "For what reason?"


6. Óowamid: "Bíi ril thi ra Sha yulomath wi. Thad ril thi ra yulomath wi. Athid ril thi ra yulomath wi. Ril thi le yulomath shin wi!"

"Sha doesn't have a wing. Thad doesn't have a wing. Athid doesn't have a wing. I have two wings!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. To make a sentence negative, put "ra" right after the verb.

For example: "Bíi ril sháad le buzhedi wa" means "I'm going to the con"; "Bíi rilsháad ra le buzhedi wa" means "I'm not going to the con."

  1. The word for "why" -- "bebáawáan" -- has three parts.
    1. It starts with the pronoun "be" for "it," which refers to the reason why.
    2. Next comes "-báa-," which marks it as a question word.
    3. It ends with a morpheme [called a "case marker"] that makes its role in the sentence clear. It ends with "-wáan," which means "the reason for which something is done.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi mazhenan wa.

"He's going to the con by car." [Or "She's going," or "It's going."]

1. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi _________ wa. [by boat; boat -- esh]

2. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi _________ wa. [by train; train -- memazh]

3. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi _________ wa. [by plane; plane -- zhazh]

Lesson Six - Talking About Going To The Con

Vocabulary

di say; speak; talk
eril a word used to indicate past time
i and

Sentences

1. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Ril sháad le buzhedi wa!"

Athid said, "I'm going to the con!"


2. Bíi eril di Sha wa, "Ril sháad le buzhedi wa!"

Sha said, "I'm going to the con!"


3. Bíi eril di Thad wa, "Ril sháad le buzhedi wa!"

Thad said, "I'm going to the con!"


4. Bíi eril di óowamid wa, "I ril sháad lehóo buzhedi wa!"

The dragon said, "And I'm going to the con!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. When you're quoting somebody else's words, you don't have to put a Speech Act word at the beginning of the quoted words unless it's different from the one at the beginning of your own sentence.

That is, when you start with "Bíi" and quote somebody else, you don't have to repeat "Bíi"at the beginning of their words.

However, if you start with "Bíi" and then quote somebody else's words that start with someother Speech Act word, it has to be there.

For example: "Bíi eril di Athid wa, 'Báa ril sháad Thad buzhedi?'" is how you would say that Athid asked whether Thad is going to the con.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:


Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne buzhedi?"

Athid said, "Are you going to the con?"


1. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the beach; beach --sheshihoth]

2. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the road; road -- weth]

3. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the dance; dance --amedara]

4. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne ________?" [to the forest, to the woods; forest, woods -- olin]

Lesson Seven - At The Hotel

Vocabulary

wida carry
yide hungry
hihath now; right now
both hotel
me- plural morpheme used at the beginning of verbs and words that correspond to English adjectives
-ha morpheme used to indicate where something or someone is located

Sentences

1. Bíi ril Athid botheha wa.

"Athid is at the hotel."


2. Bíi ril Sha botheha wa.

"Sha is at the hotel."


3. Bíi ril Thad botheha wa.

"Thad is at the hotel."


4. Bíi ril óowamid botheha wa.

"The dragon is at the hotel."


5. Bíi eril mewida Athid i Sha i Thad imedimeth wa.

"Athid and Sha and Thad carried a suitcase."


6. Bíi eril wida óowamid imedimeth boó wa.

"The dragon carried three suitcases."


7. Bíi ril meyide hihath Athid, Sha, Thad i óowamid wa.

"Now Athid, Sha, Thad, and the dragon are hungry."

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. To make a verb plural -- that is, to indicate that more than one subject is involved -- just put"me-" at the very beginning of the verb.

The rule is the same if the word you're using would be an adjective in English. So, for example, the Láadan word for "blue" is "leyi"; and the way to say "The suitcases are blue" in Láadan is "Bíi ril meleyi imedim wa."

Notice that you don't have to make any change in the word "suitcase" -- only in the word "blue."

  1. When the evidential "wa" is used at the end of a sentence that is about someone's internal state -- like being hungry or thirsty or sleepy or bored, for example -- it means that the speaker has actually heard that person say something like "I'm hungry" or "I'm thirsty," or has seen the person do something that unambiguously carries that meaning.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril wida Athid webeth wa.

"Athid is carrying a beer."

1. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [a book; book -- áabe]

2. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [a camera: camera -- ridadem]

3. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [a cat; cat -- rul]

4. Bíi ril wida Athid _________ wa. [an apple; apple -- doyu]

Lesson Eight - Athid, Sha, Thad And The Dragon Are In The Bar

Vocabulary

yod eat
rilin drink
rilinehoth bar
ana food
lalom sing
lom song
bezh they [2 to 5]
webe beer
wáa an evidential, meaning "The reason I claim that what I'm saying is true is because I trust the source for my information."

Sentences

1. Bíi ril Athid i Sha i Thad rilinehotheha wáa.

"Athid and Sha and Thad are in the bar."


2. Bíi ril óowamid rilinehotheha wáa.

"The dragon is in the bar."


3. Bíi ril merilin bezh webeth wáa.

"They are drinking beer."


4. Bíi ril meyod bezh anath wáa.

"They are eating food."


5. Bíi ril melalom bezh lometh wáa.

"They are singing songs."

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. The pronoun "be" ("he, she, it") refers to just one individual or item. To make it plural, you add either "-zh," for two to five, or "-n," for more than five.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril merilin bezh webeth wáa.

"They are drinking beer."

1. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [juice; juice -- éeb]

2. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [lal; milk -- lal]

3. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [tea; tea -- zhu]

4. Bíi ril merilin bezh _________ wáa. [water; water -- ili]

Lesson Nine - Sha Has A Panel At The Con

Vocabulary

alehala to make art
bama angry [for a reason, but not something that can be blamed on anybody and not something that it's possible to do anything about]
dihomedal panel
eth to be about [as in "a book about birds"]
Dóo "Well...."
néde to want
íi also; too

Sentences

1. Bíi ril thi Sha dihomedaleth wa.

"Sha has a panel."


2. Bíi aril eth dihomedal alehala wa.

"The panel will be about making art."


3. Bíi ril thi ra óowamid dihomedaleth wa.

"The dragon doesn't have a panel."


4. Bíi ril bama óowamid wa.

"The dragon is angry."


5. Bíi ril di óowamid, "Dóo, ril néde lehóo dihomedaleth íi wa!"

"The dragon says, 'Well, I want a panel too!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. In Láadan, emotions (like joy and sadness and anger) have a number of different forms. We will be discussing the forms one at a time as we learn them.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi ril néde le dihomedaleth wa.

"I want a panel."

1. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a cape; cape -- rimáayo]

2. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a comb; comb -- don]

3. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a guitar; guitar -- lalen]

4. Bíi ril néde le _________ wa. [a rocking chair; rocking chair -- lolin]

Lesson Ten - The Dragon Has A Sales Table At The Con

Vocabulary

áabe book
dínídin toy
eb sell; buy
losh money
menedebe many, a lot
dalehebewan sales table
lezh we (five or fewer)
id and-then

Sentences

1. Bíi ril thi óowamid dalahebewaneth buzheha wa.

"The dragon has a sales table at the con."


2. Bíi aril eb óowamid áabeth menedebe wa.

"The dragon will sell many books."


3. Bíi aril eb be dínídineth menedebe wa.

"It will sell many toys."


4. Bíi id aril thi óowamid losheth menedebe wa!"

"And then the dragon will have a lot of money!"

Láadan Grammar Facts

  1. For the Pattern Practice section below, remember that you only have to make the verbplural. You don't need to make any change in the form of the nouns that list the items "we" will be selling.

Pattern Practice

Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate ending to the Láadan word that follows the sentence.

Example:

Bíi aril meheb lezh doyuth menedebe wa.

"We will sell a lot of apples."

1. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [boats; boat -- esh]

2. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [cradles; cradle -- lulin]

3. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [computers; computer --shinehal]

4. Bíi aril meheb lezh _________ menedebe wa. [games; game -- shida]

Pattern Practice Answers

Lesson 1:

No practice pattern.

Lesson 2:

1. Bíi ril sháad óowamid bethudedi wa.

2. Bíi ril sháad óowamid olinedi wa.

3. Bíi ril sháad óowamid miwithedi wa.

4. Bíi ril sháad óowamid yodi wa.

Lesson 3:

1. Bíi ril thi Athid áabeth wa.

2. Bíi ril thi Athid nith wa.

3. Bíi ril thi Athid dahaneth wa.

4. Bíi ril thi Athid webeth wa.

Lesson 4:

1. Báa ril sháad ne bothedi?

2. Báa ril sháad ne óoledi?

3. Báa ril sháad ne meladi?

4. Báa ril sháad ne shodedi?

Lesson 5:

1. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi eshenan wa.

2. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi memazhenan wa.

3. Bíi ril sháad be buzhedi zhazhenan wa.

Lesson 6:

1. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne sheshihothedi?"

2. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne wethedi?"

3. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne amedaradi?"

4. Bíi eril di Athid wa, "Báa ril sháad ne olinedi?"

Lesson 7:

1. Bíi ril wida Athid áabeth wa.

2. Bíi ril wida Athid ridademeth wa.

3. Bíi ril wida Athid ruleth wa.

4. Bíi ril wida Athid doyuth wa.

Lesson 8:

1. Bíi ril merilin bezh éebeth wáa.

2. Bíi ril merilin bezh laleth wáa.

3. Bíi ril merilin bezh zhuth wáa.

4. Bíi ril merilin bezh ilith wáa.

Lesson 9:

1. Bíi ril néde le rimáayoth wa.

2. Bíi ril néde le doneth wa.

3. Bíi ril néde le laleneth wa.

4. Bíi ril néde le lolineth wa.

Lesson 10:

1. Bíi aril meheb lezh esheth menedebe wa.

2. Bíi aril meheb lezh lulineth menedebe wa.

3. Bíi aril meheb lezh shinehaleth menedebe wa.

4. Bíi aril meheb lezh shidath menedebe wa.