BPFK Section: Inexact Numbers: Difference between revisions

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{{BPFK Section from tiki|BPFK Section: Inexact Numbers|29}}
==Proposed definitions ==


== Proposed definitions ==
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== su'o (PA4) ===


;'''su'o''' (PA): At least (one). Some.
==== Proposed Definition ====
At least (one). Some.


so'e lo ponjo jugle'u cu lerfu fi su'o re lo se bacru
==== See Also ====
* {su'e}
* {za'u}


<br />''Most Japanese kanji have at least two pronunciations.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* at least


;'''su'e''' (PA): At most (one).
==== Usage Examples ====
;so'e lo ponjo jugle'u cu lerfu fi su'o re lo se bacru:''Most Japanese kanji have at least two pronunciations.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


la cibyska cu se kelci su'e bi remna
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== su'e (PA4) ===


<br />''Tricolor is played by at most eight people.''
==== Proposed Definition ====
At most (one).


;'''za'u''' (PA): More than (one).
==== See Also ====
* {su'o}
* {me'i}


ko za'u re'u troci
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* at most


<br />''Try again!''
==== Usage Examples ====
;la cibyska cu se kelci su'e bi remna:''Tricolor is played by at most eight people.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


;'''me'i''' (PA): Less than (all). Not all.
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== za'u (PA3) ===


me'i gerku cu klama lo cevzda
==== Proposed Definition ====
More than (one).


<br />''Not all dogs go to heaven.''
==== See Also ====
* {me'i}
* {su'o}
* {dubmau}


;'''ji'i''' (PA): Approximately.
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* more than


ji'i xa pi xa gigdo be lo remna cu xabju la terdi
==== Usage Examples ====
;lo mi dalpe'o cu za'u mei:''My pets are more than one.''
;za'u ci da cinri mi:''There are more than three things that interest me.''
;ko za'u re'u troci:''Try again!''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


<br />''Approximately 6.6 billion humans inhabit the Earth.''
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== me'i (PA3) ===


;'''ro''' (PA): Each. All. Every.
==== Proposed Definition ====
Less than (all). Not all.


lo srasu ro roi ri'ozma ze'o lo bitmu
==== See Also ====
* {za'u}
* {su'e}
* {dubme'a}


<br />''The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
less than


;'''da'a''' (PA): All except (one).
==== Usage Examples ====
;me'i gerku cu klama lo cevzda:''Not all dogs go to heaven.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


da'a drata cu ci pa mei
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=== ji'i (PA4) ===


<br />''All but one of the others are thirty-one-somes.''
==== Proposed Definition ====
Approximately.


;'''so'a''' (PA): Almost all. All but a few.
==== See Also ====


do so'a roi lerci
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* approximately


<br />''You're almost always late.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;ji'i xa pi xa gigdo be lo remna cu xabju la terdi:''Approximately 6.6 billion humans inhabit the Earth.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


;'''so'e''' (PA): Most. All but a significant number.
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== ro (PA4) ===


ta so'e mei
==== Proposed Definition ====
Each. All. Every.


<br />''That's most of them.''
==== See Also ====
* {no}


;'''so'i''' (PA): Many. A large number.
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* all
* each
* every


mi ba'o cilre so'i da lo xirma lo vi cukta
==== Usage Examples ====
;lo srasu ro roi ri'ozma ze'o lo bitmu:''The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.''
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<br />''I have learned a lot about horses from this book.''
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== da'a (PA4) ===


;'''so'o''' (PA): Several. A significant number.
==== Proposed Definition ====
All except (one).


so'o lo pendo be mi cu simlu lo ka jinvi lo du'u xamgu sidbo
==== See Also ====
* {ro}


<br />''Several of my friends seem to think it's a good idea.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* all except


;'''so'u''' (PA): A few. A small number.
==== Usage Examples ====
;da'a drata cu ci pa mei:''All but one of the others are thirty-one-somes.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


mi stali lo darno ze'a lo masti be li so'u
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=== so'a (PA4) ===


<br />''I stayed away for a few months.''
==== Proposed Definition ====
Almost all. All but a few.


;'''no'o''' (PA): A vague number. Some number. A certain number.
==== See Also ====
* {so'u}
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* almost all


ba lo mentu be li no'o lo minji cu sisti
==== Usage Examples ====
;do so'a roi lerci:''You're almost always late.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


<br />''After some number of minutes, the machine stopped.''
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== so'e (PA4) ===


;'''rau''' (PA): Enough. The right number.
==== Proposed Definition ====
Most. All but a significant number.


xu do pu snada lo nu cpacu lo rau kelci
==== See Also ====


<br />''Did you manage to get enough players?''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* most


;'''du'e''' (PA): Too many. More than the right number.
==== Usage Examples ====
;ta so'e mei:''That's most of them.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


du'e cuntu ka'e fliba
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== so'i (PA4) ===


<br />''Too many things could go wrong.''
==== Proposed Definition ====
Many. A large number.


;'''mo'a''' (PA): Too few. Less than the right number.
==== See Also ====


mi'a mo'a roi casnu lo ckape
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* many


<br />''We discussed the dangers too few times.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;mi ba'o cilre so'i da lo xirma lo vi cukta:''I have learned a lot about horses from this book.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


=== Formal definitions ===
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== so'o (PA4) ===


||
==== Proposed Definition ====
Several. A significant number.


su'o PA | vei na'u zmadu ja dunli PA
==== See Also ====


su'e PA | vei na'u mleca ja dunli PA
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* several


za'u PA | vei na'u zmadu PA
==== Usage Examples ====
;so'o lo pendo be mi cu simlu lo ka jinvi lo du'u xamgu sidbo:''Several of my friends seem to think it's a good idea.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


me'i PA | vei na'u mleca PA
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== so'u (PA4) ===


ji'i PA | vei na'u jibni PA
==== Proposed Definition ====
A few. A small number.


da'a PA | vei na'u se sumji be lo mulno PA
==== See Also ====
* {so'a}
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* a few


ro | vei ni'e mulno
==== Usage Examples ====
;mi stali lo darno ze'a lo masti be li so'u:''I stayed away for a few months.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


so'a | vei ni'e muljbi
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== no'o (PA5) ===


so'e | vei ni'e xabmau
==== Proposed Definition ====
A usual number. The expected number.


so'i | vei ni'e mutce
==== See Also ====
* {xo'e}
* {zu'i}
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* usual number


so'o | vei ni'e milxe
==== Usage Examples ====
;ba za lo mentu be li no'o mi co'a sipna:''After the usual number of minutes, I fall asleep.''
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so'u | vei ni'e toltce
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== rau (PA4) ===


rau | vei ni'e drani
==== Proposed Definition ====
Enough. The right number.


du'e | vei ni'e dukse
==== See Also ====
* {mo'a}
* {du'e}


mo'a | vei ni'e toldu'e
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* enough


no'o | vei ni'e co'e
==== Usage Examples ====
;xu do pu snada lo nu cpacu lo rau kelci:''Did you manage to get enough players?''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


||
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== du'e (PA4) ===


=== Quantifiers ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Too many. More than the right number.


||
==== See Also ====
* {mo'a}
* {rau}


definite | :: no pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi ... da'aci da'are da'apa ro::
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* too many


scalar | ::no [[so'u|so'u]] [[so'o|so'o]] [[so'i|so'i]] [[so'e|so'e]] [[so'a|so'a]] ro::
==== Usage Examples ====
;du'e cuntu ka'e fliba:''Too many things could go wrong.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


generic | ::no [[no'o|no'o]] ro::
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== mo'a (PA4) ===


subjective |  :: [[mo'a|mo'a]]  [[rau|rau]]  [[du'e|du'e]]::
==== Proposed Definition ====
Too few. Less than the right number.


'''ranges'''
==== See Also ====
* {du'e}
* {rau}


su'o PA | ::.......................... [[PA ............................|PA ............................]]::
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* too few


za'u PA | ::.......................... PA [[............................|............................]]::
==== Usage Examples ====
;mi'a mo'a roi casnu lo ckape:''We discussed the dangers too few times.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


su'e PA | ::[[......................... PA|......................... PA]] .............................::
{{BPFK Section box open}}
 
=== Formal definitions ===
me'i PA | ::[[.........................|.........................]] PA .............................::
 
ji'i PA | ::................... [[...... PA ......|...... PA ......]] ........................::
 
||
 
||


'''da'a'''
{| class="wikitable"
| su'o PA || vei na'u zmadu ja dunli PA
|-
| su'e PA || vei na'u mleca ja dunli PA
|-
| za'u PA || vei na'u zmadu PA
|-
| me'i PA || vei na'u mleca PA
|-
| ji'i PA || vei na'u jibni PA
|-
| da'a PA || vei na'u se sumji be lo mulno PA
|-
| ro || vei ni'e mulno
|-
| so'a || vei ni'e muljbi
|-
| so'e || vei ni'e xabmau
|-
| so'i || vei ni'e mutce
|-
| so'o || vei ni'e milxe
|-
| so'u || vei ni'e toltce
|-
| rau || vei ni'e drani
|-
| du'e || vei ni'e dukse
|-
| mo'a || vei ni'e toldu'e
|-
| no'o || vei ni'e co'e
|}


da'a da'a PA | PA
=== Notes ===
{dubdu'i}, {dubmau}, {dubme'a}, {dubnalmau} and {dubnalme'a} are probably more suitable predicates for dealing with number comparisons.
{{BPFK Section box close}}


da'a ro | no
{{BPFK Section box open}}
===Quantifiers ===


da'a so'a | so'u
{| class="wikitable"
| definite || :: no pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi ... da'aci da'are da'apa ro::
|-
| scalar || ::no [ so'u ] [ so'o ] [ so'i ] [ so'e ] [ so'a ] ro::
|-
| generic || ::no [ no'o ] ro::
|-
| subjective ||  :: [ mo'a ]  [ rau ]  [ du'e ]::
|-
|colspan=1| '''ranges'''
|-
| su'o PA || ::.......................... [PA ............................]::
|-
| za'u PA || ::.......................... PA [............................]::
|-
| su'e PA || ::[......................... PA] .............................::
|-
| me'i PA || ::[.........................] PA .............................::
|-
| ji'i PA || ::................... [...... PA ......] ........................::
|}


da'a so'e | so'o
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan=1| '''da'a'''
|-
| da'a da'a PA || PA
|-
| da'a ro || no
|-
| da'a so'a || so'u
|-
| da'a so'e || so'o
|-
| da'a so'i || so'i
|-
| da'a so'o || so'e
|-
| da'a so'u || so'a
|-
| da'a no || ro
|-
| da'a rau || rau
|-
| da'a du'e || mo'a
|-
| da'a mo'a || du'e
|-
| da'a no'o || no'o
|-
| da'a su'o PA || su'e da'a PA
|-
| da'a su'e PA || su'o da'a PA
|-
| da'a za'u PA || me'i da'a PA
|-
| da'a me'i PA || za'u da'a PA
|-
| da'a ji'i PA || ji'i da'a PA
|}


da'a so'i | so'i


da'a so'o | so'e
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan=1| Definitions in terms of ''su'o'':
|-
| su'o N+1 da zo'u da broda || su'o da su'o N de zo'u ge da na du de gi da .e de broda
|-
| za'u N da || su'o N+1 da
|-
| su'e N da || naku su'o N+1 da
|-
| me'i N da || naku su'o N da
|-
| N da || su'o N da .enai su'o N+1 da
|-
| da'a PA da || PA da naku
|}


da'a so'u | so'a
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan=5| In particular:
|-
| no da || || || || || me'ipa da = naku su'o da
|-
| ro da || || || || || da'ano da = no da naku = naku su'o da naku
|}


da'a no | ro
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan=1| With restricted da (i.e. da poi broda):
|-
| su'o da poi broda cu brode || su'o da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
|-
| su'o N da poi broda cu brode || su'o N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
|-
| za'u N da poi broda cu brode || za'u N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
|-
| su'e N da poi broda cu brode || su'e N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
|-
| me'i N da poi broda cu brode || me'i N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
|-
| N da poi broda cu brode || N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
|-
| da'a Q da poi broda cu brode || da'a Q da zo'u da broda nagi'a brode
|}
{{BPFK Section box close}}


da'a rau | rau
{{BPFK Section box open}}
===Internal grammar of quantifiers ===


da'a du'e | mo'a
{| class="wikitable"
 
| quantifier || proportional / fractional
da'a mo'a | du'e
|-
 
| fractional || [prefix] '''pi''' (indefinite / definite / prefix)  
da'a no'o | no'o
|-
 
| proportional || simple & simple ['''fi'u''' ('''ro''' & definite) / '''ce'i''']  
da'a su'o PA | su'e da'a PA
|-
 
| simple || prefix & (indefinite / definite)
da'a su'e PA | su'o da'a PA
|-
 
| prefix || '''da'a''' & ('''su'o''' / '''su'e''' / '''me'i''' / '''za'u''' / '''ji'i''') & '''da'a'''
da'a za'u PA | me'i da'a PA
|-
 
| indefinite || '''so'u''' / '''so'o''' / '''so'i''' / '''so'e''' / '''so'a''' / '''ro''' / '''mo'a''' / '''rau''' / '''du'e''' / '''no'o'''
da'a me'i PA | za'u da'a PA
|-
 
| definite || ('''no''' / '''pa''' / '''re''' / '''ci''' / '''vo''' / '''mu''' / '''xa''' / '''ze''' / '''bi''' / '''so''' / '''ki'o''') ...
da'a ji'i PA | ji'i da'a PA
|}
 
||
 
||
 
Definitions in terms of ''su'o'':
 
su'o N+1 da zo'u da broda | su'o da su'o N de zo'u ge da na du de gi da .e de broda
 
za'u N da | su'o N+1 da
 
su'e N da | naku su'o N+1 da
 
me'i N da | naku su'o N da
 
N da | su'o N da .enai su'o N+1 da
 
da'a PA da | PA da naku
 
||
 
In particular:
 
no da = me'ipa da = naku su'o da
 
ro da = da'ano da = no da naku = naku su'o da naku
 
||
 
With restricted da (i.e. da poi broda):
 
su'o da poi broda cu brode | su'o da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
 
su'o N da poi broda cu brode | su'o N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
 
za'u N da poi broda cu brode | za'u N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
 
su'e N da poi broda cu brode | su'e N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
 
me'i N da poi broda cu brode | me'i N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
 
N da poi broda cu brode | N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
 
da'a Q da poi broda cu brode | da'a Q da zo'u da broda nagi'a brode
 
||
 
=== Internal grammar of quantifiers ===
 
||
 
quantifier | proportional / fractional
 
fractional | [[prefix|prefix]] '''pi''' (indefinite / definite / prefix)  
 
proportional | simple &amp; simple [['''fi'u''' ('''ro''' &amp; definite) / '''ce'i'''|'''fi'u''' ('''ro''' &amp; definite) / '''ce'i''']]  
 
simple | prefix &amp; (indefinite / definite)
 
prefix | '''da'a''' &amp; ('''su'o''' / '''su'e''' / '''me'i''' / '''za'u''' / '''ji'i''') &amp; '''da'a'''
 
indefinite | '''so'u''' / '''so'o''' / '''so'i''' / '''so'e''' / '''so'a''' / '''ro''' / '''mo'a''' / '''rau''' / '''du'e''' / '''no'o'''
 
definite | ('''no''' / '''pa''' / '''re''' / '''ci''' / '''vo''' / '''mu''' / '''xa''' / '''ze''' / '''bi''' / '''so''' / '''ki'o''') ...
 
||
 
[[BPFK Section: | ]] indicates the enclosed element is optional


[ ] indicates the enclosed element is optional
... indicates the preceding element may appear one or more times   
... indicates the preceding element may appear one or more times   
/ indicates either the preceding or the following element may appear  
/ indicates either the preceding or the following element may appear  
& indicates the preceding, the following or both elements may appear


&amp; indicates the preceding, the following or both elements may appear
====Defaults for bare prefix ====
 
==== Defaults for bare prefix ====
 
When a prefix is not followed by a definite or indefinite, a default value is understood: the default is ''pa'' for ''su'o'', ''su'e'', ''za'u'' and ''da'a''; ''ro'' for ''me'i''; and a vague number (perhaps ''no'o'') for ''ji'i''.
When a prefix is not followed by a definite or indefinite, a default value is understood: the default is ''pa'' for ''su'o'', ''su'e'', ''za'u'' and ''da'a''; ''ro'' for ''me'i''; and a vague number (perhaps ''no'o'') for ''ji'i''.


==== Two adjacent simple quantifiers ====
====Two adjacent simple quantifiers ====
 
*Two adjacent simple quantifiers are interpreted, when possible, as if joined with ''.e'':
*Two adjacent simple quantifiers are interpreted, when possible, as if joined with ''.e'':


ro ci broda  
  ro ci broda  
 
  ''all three brodas, all brodas and three brodas.''
''all three brodas, all brodas and three brodas.''
 
rau su'o mu broda
 
''enough at least five brodas, enough brodas and at least five brodas.''
 
su'o ci su'e bi broda
 
''at least three at most eight brodas''


''at least three brodas and at most eight brodas''
  rau su'o mu broda
  ''enough at least five brodas, enough brodas and at least five brodas.''


''between three and eight brodas (inclusive)''
  su'o ci su'e bi broda
  ''at least three at most eight brodas''
  ''at least three brodas and at most eight brodas''
  ''between three and eight brodas (inclusive)''


*Two adjacent simple quantifiers are interpreted, when joining them with .e would give a contradiction, as if joined with ''.a'':
*Two adjacent simple quantifiers are interpreted, when joining them with .e would give a contradiction, as if joined with ''.a'':


me'i ci za'u ci broda
  me'i ci za'u ci broda
  ''less than three more than three brodas''
  ''less than three brodas or more than three brodas''
  ''i.e. other than three brodas''


''less than three more than three brodas''
  mo'a du'e broda
  ''too few too many brodas''
  ''too few brodas or too many brodas''
  ''the wrong number of brodas''


''less than three brodas or more than three brodas''


''i.e. other than three brodas''
====Proportional quantifiers ====
 
mo'a du'e broda
 
''too few too many brodas''
 
''too few brodas or too many brodas''
 
''the wrong number of brodas''
 
==== Proportional quantifiers ====


re fi'u ci broda
re fi'u ci broda
''Two out of every three brodas.''
''Two out of every three brodas.''
''Two thirds of brodas.''
''Two thirds of brodas.''


za'u vo fi'u mu broda
za'u vo fi'u mu broda
''More than four out of every five brodas.''
''More than four out of every five brodas.''
''More than four fifths of brodas.''
''More than four fifths of brodas.''


du'a fi'u ro muno broda
du'a fi'u ro muno broda
''Too many out of all 50 broda.''
''Too many out of all 50 broda.''
''Too many broda, of which there are 50 in all.''
''Too many broda, of which there are 50 in all.''


* ''ce'i'' is equivalent to ''fi'u panono'':
* ''ce'i'' is equivalent to ''fi'u panono'':


za'u munoce'i broda
za'u munoce'i broda
''More than half of all brodas.''


''More than half of all brodas.''
da'a cirepimu ce'i broda
''All but 32.5% of brodas.''


da'a cirepimu ce'i broda
====Fractional quantifiers ====


''All but 32.5% of brodas.''
{| class="wikitable"
 
| piPA ''sumti'' || lo piPA si'e be ''sumti''
==== Fractional quantifiers ====
|}
 
||
 
piPA ''sumti'' | lo piPA si'e be ''sumti''
 
||


When a sumti has a single referent (which may be a simple individual, a group, a set, etc.) then a fractional quantifier refers to a corresponding fraction of the referent. In particular, a fraction of a group or a set is a subgroup or subset whose cardinality is the corresponding fraction of the cardinality of the whole.
When a sumti has a single referent (which may be a simple individual, a group, a set, etc.) then a fractional quantifier refers to a corresponding fraction of the referent. In particular, a fraction of a group or a set is a subgroup or subset whose cardinality is the corresponding fraction of the cardinality of the whole.
Line 358: Line 499:
When a sumti has more than one referent (e.g. ''le ci plise'') then a fractional quantifier refers to a fraction of one (which one is not specified) of the referents. Then ''pimu le ci plise'' is "half of one of the three apples. Then more generally we can define:
When a sumti has more than one referent (e.g. ''le ci plise'') then a fractional quantifier refers to a fraction of one (which one is not specified) of the referents. Then ''pimu le ci plise'' is "half of one of the three apples. Then more generally we can define:


||
{| class="wikitable"
 
| piPA ''sumti'' || lo piPA si'e be pa me ''sumti''
piPA ''sumti'' | lo piPA si'e be pa me ''sumti''
|}
 
||


which will also cover the case of a single referent.
which will also cover the case of a single referent.


We may then generalize to things like ''repimu le ci plise'' for "two and a half of the three apples".
We may then generalize to things like ''repimu le ci plise'' for "two and a half of the three apples".
{{BPFK Section box close}}


=== Issues ===
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== Issues ===


* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/7faee6194afce4ec he only link I ( mi'e la .lindar. ) will provide regarding "existential importing" regarding 'ro'.]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/7faee6194afce4ec The only link I ( mi'e la .lindar. ) will provide regarding "existential importing" regarding 'ro'.]
* [https://groups.google.com/group/lojban/tree/browse_frm/month/2005-08/caad646bf14f367f?rnum=21&amp;_done=%2Fgroup%2Flojban%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2005-08%3F#doc_d8d0beca5407594b i'i ?|ttps://groups.google.com/group/lojban/tree/browse_frm/month/2005-08/caad646bf14f367f?rnum=21&amp;_done=%2Fgroup%2Flojban%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2005-08%3F#doc_d8d0beca5407594b i'i ?]]
* [https://groups.google.com/group/lojban/tree/browse_frm/month/2005-08/caad646bf14f367f?rnum=21&_done=%2Fgroup%2Flojban%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fmonth%2F2005-08%3F#doc_d8d0beca5407594b ji'i ?]
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Revision as of 22:51, 9 February 2015

This page is imported from version 29 of the page BPFK Section: Inexact Numbers from the lojban Tiki.

Proposed definitions

su'o (PA4)

Proposed Definition

At least (one). Some.

See Also

  • {su'e}
  • {za'u}

Proposed Keywords

  • at least

Usage Examples

so'e lo ponjo jugle'u cu lerfu fi su'o re lo se bacru
Most Japanese kanji have at least two pronunciations.


su'e (PA4)

Proposed Definition

At most (one).

See Also

  • {su'o}
  • {me'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • at most

Usage Examples

la cibyska cu se kelci su'e bi remna
Tricolor is played by at most eight people.


za'u (PA3)

Proposed Definition

More than (one).

See Also

  • {me'i}
  • {su'o}
  • {dubmau}

Proposed Keywords

  • more than

Usage Examples

lo mi dalpe'o cu za'u mei
My pets are more than one.
za'u ci da cinri mi
There are more than three things that interest me.
ko za'u re'u troci
Try again!


me'i (PA3)

Proposed Definition

Less than (all). Not all.

See Also

  • {za'u}
  • {su'e}
  • {dubme'a}

Proposed Keywords

less than

Usage Examples

me'i gerku cu klama lo cevzda
Not all dogs go to heaven.


ji'i (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Approximately.

See Also

Proposed Keywords

  • approximately

Usage Examples

ji'i xa pi xa gigdo be lo remna cu xabju la terdi
Approximately 6.6 billion humans inhabit the Earth.


ro (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Each. All. Every.

See Also

  • {no}

Proposed Keywords

  • all
  • each
  • every

Usage Examples

lo srasu ro roi ri'ozma ze'o lo bitmu
The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.


da'a (PA4)

Proposed Definition

All except (one).

See Also

  • {ro}

Proposed Keywords

  • all except

Usage Examples

da'a drata cu ci pa mei
All but one of the others are thirty-one-somes.


so'a (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Almost all. All but a few.

See Also

  • {so'u}

Proposed Keywords

  • almost all

Usage Examples

do so'a roi lerci
You're almost always late.


so'e (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Most. All but a significant number.

See Also

Proposed Keywords

  • most

Usage Examples

ta so'e mei
That's most of them.


so'i (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Many. A large number.

See Also

Proposed Keywords

  • many

Usage Examples

mi ba'o cilre so'i da lo xirma lo vi cukta
I have learned a lot about horses from this book.


so'o (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Several. A significant number.

See Also

Proposed Keywords

  • several

Usage Examples

so'o lo pendo be mi cu simlu lo ka jinvi lo du'u xamgu sidbo
Several of my friends seem to think it's a good idea.


so'u (PA4)

Proposed Definition

A few. A small number.

See Also

  • {so'a}

Proposed Keywords

  • a few

Usage Examples

mi stali lo darno ze'a lo masti be li so'u
I stayed away for a few months.


no'o (PA5)

Proposed Definition

A usual number. The expected number.

See Also

  • {xo'e}
  • {zu'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • usual number

Usage Examples

ba za lo mentu be li no'o mi co'a sipna
After the usual number of minutes, I fall asleep.


rau (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Enough. The right number.

See Also

  • {mo'a}
  • {du'e}

Proposed Keywords

  • enough

Usage Examples

xu do pu snada lo nu cpacu lo rau kelci
Did you manage to get enough players?


du'e (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Too many. More than the right number.

See Also

  • {mo'a}
  • {rau}

Proposed Keywords

  • too many

Usage Examples

du'e cuntu ka'e fliba
Too many things could go wrong.


mo'a (PA4)

Proposed Definition

Too few. Less than the right number.

See Also

  • {du'e}
  • {rau}

Proposed Keywords

  • too few

Usage Examples

mi'a mo'a roi casnu lo ckape
We discussed the dangers too few times.


Formal definitions

su'o PA vei na'u zmadu ja dunli PA
su'e PA vei na'u mleca ja dunli PA
za'u PA vei na'u zmadu PA
me'i PA vei na'u mleca PA
ji'i PA vei na'u jibni PA
da'a PA vei na'u se sumji be lo mulno PA
ro vei ni'e mulno
so'a vei ni'e muljbi
so'e vei ni'e xabmau
so'i vei ni'e mutce
so'o vei ni'e milxe
so'u vei ni'e toltce
rau vei ni'e drani
du'e vei ni'e dukse
mo'a vei ni'e toldu'e
no'o vei ni'e co'e

Notes

{dubdu'i}, {dubmau}, {dubme'a}, {dubnalmau} and {dubnalme'a} are probably more suitable predicates for dealing with number comparisons.


Quantifiers

definite :: no pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi ... da'aci da'are da'apa ro::
scalar ::no [ so'u ] [ so'o ] [ so'i ] [ so'e ] [ so'a ] ro::
generic ::no [ no'o ] ro::
subjective :: [ mo'a ] [ rau ] [ du'e ]::
ranges
su'o PA ::.......................... [PA ............................]::
za'u PA ::.......................... PA [............................]::
su'e PA ::[......................... PA] .............................::
me'i PA ::[.........................] PA .............................::
ji'i PA ::................... [...... PA ......] ........................::
da'a
da'a da'a PA PA
da'a ro no
da'a so'a so'u
da'a so'e so'o
da'a so'i so'i
da'a so'o so'e
da'a so'u so'a
da'a no ro
da'a rau rau
da'a du'e mo'a
da'a mo'a du'e
da'a no'o no'o
da'a su'o PA su'e da'a PA
da'a su'e PA su'o da'a PA
da'a za'u PA me'i da'a PA
da'a me'i PA za'u da'a PA
da'a ji'i PA ji'i da'a PA


Definitions in terms of su'o:
su'o N+1 da zo'u da broda su'o da su'o N de zo'u ge da na du de gi da .e de broda
za'u N da su'o N+1 da
su'e N da naku su'o N+1 da
me'i N da naku su'o N da
N da su'o N da .enai su'o N+1 da
da'a PA da PA da naku
In particular:
no da me'ipa da = naku su'o da
ro da da'ano da = no da naku = naku su'o da naku
With restricted da (i.e. da poi broda):
su'o da poi broda cu brode su'o da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
su'o N da poi broda cu brode su'o N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
za'u N da poi broda cu brode za'u N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
su'e N da poi broda cu brode su'e N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
me'i N da poi broda cu brode me'i N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
N da poi broda cu brode N da zo'u da broda gi'e brode
da'a Q da poi broda cu brode da'a Q da zo'u da broda nagi'a brode


Internal grammar of quantifiers

quantifier proportional / fractional
fractional [prefix] pi (indefinite / definite / prefix)
proportional simple & simple [fi'u (ro & definite) / ce'i]
simple prefix & (indefinite / definite)
prefix da'a & (su'o / su'e / me'i / za'u / ji'i) & da'a
indefinite so'u / so'o / so'i / so'e / so'a / ro / mo'a / rau / du'e / no'o
definite (no / pa / re / ci / vo / mu / xa / ze / bi / so / ki'o) ...

[ ] indicates the enclosed element is optional ... indicates the preceding element may appear one or more times / indicates either the preceding or the following element may appear & indicates the preceding, the following or both elements may appear

Defaults for bare prefix

When a prefix is not followed by a definite or indefinite, a default value is understood: the default is pa for su'o, su'e, za'u and da'a; ro for me'i; and a vague number (perhaps no'o) for ji'i.

Two adjacent simple quantifiers

  • Two adjacent simple quantifiers are interpreted, when possible, as if joined with .e:
 ro ci broda 
 all three brodas, all brodas and three brodas.
 rau su'o mu broda
 enough at least five brodas, enough brodas and at least five brodas.
 su'o ci su'e bi broda
 at least three at most eight brodas
 at least three brodas and at most eight brodas
 between three and eight brodas (inclusive)
  • Two adjacent simple quantifiers are interpreted, when joining them with .e would give a contradiction, as if joined with .a:
 me'i ci za'u ci broda
 less than three more than three brodas
 less than three brodas or more than three brodas
 i.e. other than three brodas
 mo'a du'e broda
 too few too many brodas
 too few brodas or too many brodas
 the wrong number of brodas


Proportional quantifiers

re fi'u ci broda Two out of every three brodas. Two thirds of brodas.

za'u vo fi'u mu broda More than four out of every five brodas. More than four fifths of brodas.

du'a fi'u ro muno broda Too many out of all 50 broda. Too many broda, of which there are 50 in all.

  • ce'i is equivalent to fi'u panono:
za'u munoce'i broda
More than half of all brodas.
da'a cirepimu ce'i broda
All but 32.5% of brodas.

Fractional quantifiers

piPA sumti lo piPA si'e be sumti

When a sumti has a single referent (which may be a simple individual, a group, a set, etc.) then a fractional quantifier refers to a corresponding fraction of the referent. In particular, a fraction of a group or a set is a subgroup or subset whose cardinality is the corresponding fraction of the cardinality of the whole.

When a sumti has more than one referent (e.g. le ci plise) then a fractional quantifier refers to a fraction of one (which one is not specified) of the referents. Then pimu le ci plise is "half of one of the three apples. Then more generally we can define:

piPA sumti lo piPA si'e be pa me sumti

which will also cover the case of a single referent.

We may then generalize to things like repimu le ci plise for "two and a half of the three apples".


Issues