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{{BPFK Section from tiki|BPFK Section: Grammatical Pro-sumti|22}}
== Proposed Definitions ==


== Proposed Definitions ==
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: ke'a (KOhA7) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Relativized it.  ''ke'a'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti).  ''ke'a'' is only used inside relative clauses, where it indicates the place in the relative clause's bridi that the speaker intends have apply to the sumti the relative clause is attached to.  ''ke'a'' can generally be represented by the English word "it".  In the case of nested relative clauses, ''ke'a'' or ''ke'a xi pa'' refers to the inner-most sumti to which the relative clause containing it is attached.  ''ke'a xi re'' refers to the next outer-most relative clause attached sumti, and so on for higher numbers.


=== Proposed Definition of ''ke'a'' ===
==== See Also ====
* {ce'u}


;'''ke'a''' (KOhA7): Relativized it.  ''ke'a'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti).  ''ke'a'' is only used inside relative clauses, where it indicates the place in the relative clause's bridi that the speaker intends have apply to the sumti the relative clause is attached to.  ''ke'a'' can generally be represented by the English word "it".  In the case of nested relative clauses, ''ke'a'' or ''ke'a xi pa'' refers to the inner-most sumti to which the relative clause containing it is attached.  ''ke'a xi re'' refers to the next outer-most relative clause attached sumti, and so on for higher numbers.
==== Proposed Keywords ====
 
* relative pronoun
=== Examples of ''ke'a'' Usage ===


==== Usage Examples ====
le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu
le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu
<br> ''The chair which it pertains to me is blue.''
<br> ''My chair is blue.''


''The chair which it pertains to me is blue.''
;sruri le botpi cnebo fa lo pelji tcita noi lei valsi li'o cu prina ke'a: ''All around the bottle necks where paper labels, which the words ... were printed on them.''
 
''My chair is blue.''
 
sruri le botpi cnebo fa lo pelji tcita noi lei valsi li'o cu prina ke'a


''All around the bottle necks where paper labels, which the words ... were printed on them.''
;mi troci co facki loi bitmu poi lakne fa lenu ke'a jai rinka lonu mi farlu: ''I'm trying to discover a wall which it is probable that it will cause me to fall.''


mi troci co facki loi bitmu poi lakne fa lenu ke'a jai rinka lonu mi farlu
==== Issues ====
[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/13099a639265e843 non-clausal ?]
{{BPFK Section box close}}


''I'm trying to discover a wall which it is probable that it will cause me to fall.''
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: ma (KOhA7) ===


=== Issues ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Sumti question. ''ma'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). ''ma'' is the sumti question marker, and represents, in many cases, any of the English words what, who, where, why, when, and how. Specifically, it turns the entire bridi into a question, and requests that the listener provide a sumti as an answer.  The sumti response fills the place where ''ma'' was in the original bridi and the resulting bridi is the answer offered to the question.  To indicate that there is no value that could make that bridi true, use ''no da''.  A more extreme rejection of the presuppositions or implicatures involved in a question is to reply with ''na'i''.  A bridi with more than one ''ma'' can be responded to with an unconnected string of sumti.


[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/13099a639265e843 on-clausal ?]
==== See Also ====
* {kau}
* {mo}
* {xo}
* {xu}
* {zo'e}


=== Proposed Definition of ''ma'' ===
==== Proposed Keywords ====
 
* what?
;'''ma''' (KOhA7): Sumti question. ''ma'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). ''ma'' is the sumti question marker, and represents, in many cases, any of the English words what, who, where, why, when, and how. Specifically, it turns the entire bridi into a question, and requests that the listener provide a sumti as an answer.  The sumti response fills the place where ''ma'' was in the original bridi and the resulting bridi is the answer offered to the question.  To indicate that there is no value that could make that bridi true, use ''no da''.  A more extreme rejection of the presuppositions or implicatures involved in a question is to reply with ''na'i''.  A bridi with more than one ''ma'' can be responded to with an unconnected string of sumti.
* who?
 
* when?
===  Examples of ''ma'' Usage ===
* where?
* how?
* why?


==== Usage Examples ====
le verba vi ma pu cadzu le bisli
le verba vi ma pu cadzu le bisli
<br> ''The child near what walked on the ice?''
<br> ''Where on the ice did the child walk?''


''The child near what walked on the ice?''
;facki fi ba'e ma: ''Discovered about WHAT?''
 
''Where on the ice did the child walk?''
 
facki fi ba'e ma
 
''Discovered about WHAT?''
 
mi ma ba lifri
 
''What will I experience?''
 
ta'i ma do cilre la lojban
 
''How are you learning Lojban?''
 
mu'i ma do tavla le si'o minji prenu
 
''Why are you talking about machine-persons?''
 
ma fo ma mrilu
 
''Who sent mail to who?'
 
do pu salci ca ma


''When did you celebrate?''
;mi ma ba lifri: ''What will I experience?''


===  Proposed Definition of ''zi'o'' ===
;ta'i ma do cilre la lojban: ''How are you learning Lojban?''


;'''zi'o''' (KOhA7): Nonexistent argument place.  ''zi'o'' is gramatically a pro-sumti, meaning it fills a sumti place, but unlike other pro-sumti ''zi'o'' actually removes the place it fills from the bridi it is in entirely.  A bridi with ''zi'o'' in it actually represents a completely different relationship, one with one less element being related.
;mu'i ma do tavla le si'o minji prenu: ''Why are you talking about machine-persons?''


===  Examples of ''zi'o'' Usage ===
;ma fo ma mrilu: ''Who sent mail to who?'


loi jmive cu se zbasu zi'o loi selci
;do pu salci ca ma: ''When did you celebrate?''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


''Living things are made of cells.''
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: zi'o (KOhA7) ===


The "maker" place of ''zbasu'' has been removed, so a maker is neither denied nor asserted.
==== Proposed Definition of ''zi'o'' ====
Nonexistent argument place.  ''zi'o'' is gramatically a pro-sumti, meaning it fills a sumti place, but unlike other pro-sumti ''zi'o'' actually removes the place it fills from the bridi it is in entirely.  A bridi with ''zi'o'' in it actually represents a completely different relationship, one with one less element being related.


lo pinsi be zi'o na se sarcu lo vimcu
==== See Also ====
* {tu'o}
* {da}
* {zo'e}


''Pencils do not require a remover.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* nonexistent argument place


Asserting that, regardless of how the pencil does its marking, the concept of pencil does not require there to be an eraser.
==== Usage Examples ====


mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o
;loi jmive cu se zbasu zi'o loi selci: ''Living things are made of cells.''
(The "maker" place of ''zbasu'' has been removed, so a maker is neither denied nor asserted.)


''I make some wood (regardless of starting components).''
;lo pinsi be zi'o na se sarcu lo vimcu: ''Pencils do not require a remover.''
(Asserting that, regardless of how the pencil does its marking, the concept of pencil does not require there to be an eraser.)


===  Issues ===
;mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o: ''I make some wood (regardless of starting components).''


[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/f77e1bc13aac375b he meaning of -zil-] has had some confusion, and this ties in nicely to the current debate as to the meaning of ''ziltau''.<br />
==== Issues ====
[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/f77e1bc13aac375b The meaning of -zil-] has had some confusion, and this ties in nicely to the current debate as to the meaning of ''ziltau''.<br>
[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/d8375b977437395a A bit on what the CLL (doesn't say/)says regarding the matter.]<br>
[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/2025351823b41f1d zi'o with sumtcita]
{{BPFK Section box close}}


[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/d8375b977437395a  bit on what the CLL (doesn't say/)says regarding the matter.]<br />
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: zo'e (KOhA7) ===


[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/2025351823b41f1d i'o with sumtcita]
==== Proposed Definition ====
Unspecif it. ''zo'e'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). It represents an elliptical or unspecified value.  It has some value which is irrelevant or obvious in the current context.  All empty places in Lojban are implicitely filled with ''zo'e'', making it (by far) the most-used word in the language, in a sense.  ''zo'e'' can represent just about anything.  The important exceptions are ''no da'', which is equivalent to putting ''na'' in front of the selbri of the bridi in question and hence alters the meaning completely, ''zi'o'', which utterly changes the nature of the bridi to one which has a different place structure, and ''ma'', which turns a statement into a question.  ''zo'e'' can represent a referant of any complexity.  To fully specify the thing represented by ''zo'e'' may require very complex Lojban, including abstractions, relative clauses, relative sumtcita, and combinations thereof.


=== Proposed Definition of ''zo'e'' ===
==== See Also ====
* {da}
* {zi'o}
* {co'e}
* {xo'e}
* {do'e}


;'''zo'e''' (KOhA7): Unspecif it. ''zo'e'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti).  It represents an elliptical or unspecified value.  It has some value which is irrelevant or obvious in the current context.  All empty places in Lojban are implicitely filled with ''zo'e'', making it (by far) the most-used word in the language, in a sense.  ''zo'e'' can represent just about anything.  The important exceptions are ''no da'', which is equivalent to putting ''na'' in front of the selbri of the bridi in question and hence alters the meaning completely, ''zi'o'', which utterly changes the nature of the bridi to one which has a different place structure, and ''ma'', which turns a statement into a question.  ''zo'e'' can represent a referant of any complexity.  To fully specify the thing represented by ''zo'e'' may require very complex Lojban, including abstractions, relative clauses, relative sumtcita, and combinations thereof.
==== Proposed Keywords ====
 
* something
=== Examples of ''zo'e'' Usage ===
* elliptical pronoun


==== Usage Examples ====
Note that, technically, every single bridi without every place filled in is a usage of ''zo'e''.
Note that, technically, every single bridi without every place filled in is a usage of ''zo'e''.


do tavla mi ta zo'e
;do tavla mi ta zo'e: ''I talk to you about something unspecified.''
 
''I talk to you about something unspecified.''
 
.e'o ko mi jungau le du'u .ei mi klama zo'e ti makau
 
''Please, tell me how I should get there from here?''
 
"there" is being used to gloss ''zo'e'' in this case.
 
ko bandu ledo skami zo'e


''Defend your computer from threats!''
;.e'o ko mi jungau le du'u .ei mi klama zo'e ti makau: ''Please, tell me how I should get there from here?''
("there" is being used to gloss ''zo'e'' in this case.)


===  Proposed Definition of ''zu'i'' ===
;ko bandu ledo skami zo'e: ''Defend your computer from threats!''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


;'''zu'i''' (KOhA7): Typical it. ''zu'i'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti).  ''zu'i'' represents some value that is typical for the bridi place it fills.  It can represent sumti of any complexity, including abstractions, relative clauses, relative sumtcita, and combinations thereof, but whatever it represents must be typical for the bridi in question.  If the bridi relationship does not actually hold for any typical thing in the place filled by ''zu'i'', then the presence of ''zu'i'' in that place makes the bridi false.  Lojban constructions that ''zu'i'' explicitely cannot match include ''no da'', which is equivalent to putting ''na'' in front of the selbri of the bridi in question and hence alters the meaning completely, ''zi'o'', which utterly changes the nature of the bridi to one which has a different place structure, and ''ma'', which turns a statement into a question.  None of these can be typical place fillers in any case.
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: zu'i (KOhA7) ===


===  Examples of ''zu'i'' Usage ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Typical it. ''zu'i'' is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti).  ''zu'i'' represents some value that is typical for the bridi place it fills.  It can represent sumti of any complexity, including abstractions, relative clauses, relative sumtcita, and combinations thereof, but whatever it represents must be typical for the bridi in question. If the bridi relationship does not actually hold for any typical thing in the place filled by ''zu'i'', then the presence of ''zu'i'' in that place makes the bridi false.  Lojban constructions that ''zu'i'' explicitely cannot match include ''no da'', which is equivalent to putting ''na'' in front of the selbri of the bridi in question and hence alters the meaning completely, ''zi'o'', which utterly changes the nature of the bridi to one which has a different place structure, and ''ma'', which turns a statement into a question.  None of these can be typical place fillers in any case.


mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani zu'i zu'i
==== See Also ====
* {zo'e}
* {no'o}
* {lo'e}


''I go to the outside of the house from the inside of the house by the typical route and means.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====


==== Usage Examples ====
;mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani zu'i zu'i: ''I go to the outside of the house from the inside of the house by the typical route and means.''
We can't know what the typical route is without knowing (at least) the layout of the house, but the last zu'i probably can't be anything other than ''lo nu cadzu'', which is "walking".
We can't know what the typical route is without knowing (at least) the layout of the house, but the last zu'i probably can't be anything other than ''lo nu cadzu'', which is "walking".


le du'u da srana de cu roroi mintu le du'u da ckini de zu'i
;le du'u da srana de cu roroi mintu le du'u da ckini de zu'i: ''X pertains to Y is always identical to X is related to Y with a typical type of relationship.''
 
''X pertains to Y is always identical to X is related to Y with a typical type of relationship.''
 
This sentence is actually a meta-linguistic statement about the nature of two Lojban gismu, ''srana'' and ''ckini'', and as such loses essentially all meaning in translation.
This sentence is actually a meta-linguistic statement about the nature of two Lojban gismu, ''srana'' and ''ckini'', and as such loses essentially all meaning in translation.


bliku fi na'ebo zu'i
;bliku fi na'ebo zu'i: ''A block with other than the typical number of sides.''
 
''A block with other than the typical number of sides.''
 
Presumably the typical value is six (a cube).
Presumably the typical value is six (a cube).
{{BPFK Section box close}}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==


* I can't see formal definitions doing any good here.  Anyone disagree?
* I can't see formal definitions doing any good here.  Anyone disagree?


== Impact ==
== Impact ==


* None that I am aware of.
* None that I am aware of.


{MODULE(module=>BPFK_Poll'''Grammatical_Pro_sumti)}BPFK Poll: Grammatical Pro-sumti{MODULE}
{{BPFK Section poll| {MODULE(module=>BPFK_Poll'''Grammatical_Pro_sumti)}BPFK Poll: Grammatical Pro-sumti{MODULE} }}
 
[[Category:BPFK Sections including selma'o KOhA|G]]

Latest revision as of 23:05, 3 April 2020

This page is imported from version 22 of the page BPFK Section: Grammatical Pro-sumti from the lojban Tiki.

Proposed Definitions

cmavo: ke'a (KOhA7)

Proposed Definition

Relativized it. ke'a is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). ke'a is only used inside relative clauses, where it indicates the place in the relative clause's bridi that the speaker intends have apply to the sumti the relative clause is attached to. ke'a can generally be represented by the English word "it". In the case of nested relative clauses, ke'a or ke'a xi pa refers to the inner-most sumti to which the relative clause containing it is attached. ke'a xi re refers to the next outer-most relative clause attached sumti, and so on for higher numbers.

See Also

  • {ce'u}

Proposed Keywords

  • relative pronoun

Usage Examples

le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu
The chair which it pertains to me is blue.
My chair is blue.

sruri le botpi cnebo fa lo pelji tcita noi lei valsi li'o cu prina ke'a
All around the bottle necks where paper labels, which the words ... were printed on them.
mi troci co facki loi bitmu poi lakne fa lenu ke'a jai rinka lonu mi farlu
I'm trying to discover a wall which it is probable that it will cause me to fall.

Issues

non-clausal ?


cmavo: ma (KOhA7)

Proposed Definition

Sumti question. ma is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). ma is the sumti question marker, and represents, in many cases, any of the English words what, who, where, why, when, and how. Specifically, it turns the entire bridi into a question, and requests that the listener provide a sumti as an answer. The sumti response fills the place where ma was in the original bridi and the resulting bridi is the answer offered to the question. To indicate that there is no value that could make that bridi true, use no da. A more extreme rejection of the presuppositions or implicatures involved in a question is to reply with na'i. A bridi with more than one ma can be responded to with an unconnected string of sumti.

See Also

  • {kau}
  • {mo}
  • {xo}
  • {xu}
  • {zo'e}

Proposed Keywords

  • what?
  • who?
  • when?
  • where?
  • how?
  • why?

Usage Examples

le verba vi ma pu cadzu le bisli
The child near what walked on the ice?
Where on the ice did the child walk?

facki fi ba'e ma
Discovered about WHAT?
mi ma ba lifri
What will I experience?
ta'i ma do cilre la lojban
How are you learning Lojban?
mu'i ma do tavla le si'o minji prenu
Why are you talking about machine-persons?
ma fo ma mrilu
Who sent mail to who?'
do pu salci ca ma
When did you celebrate?


cmavo: zi'o (KOhA7)

Proposed Definition of zi'o

Nonexistent argument place. zi'o is gramatically a pro-sumti, meaning it fills a sumti place, but unlike other pro-sumti zi'o actually removes the place it fills from the bridi it is in entirely. A bridi with zi'o in it actually represents a completely different relationship, one with one less element being related.

See Also

  • {tu'o}
  • {da}
  • {zo'e}

Proposed Keywords

  • nonexistent argument place

Usage Examples

loi jmive cu se zbasu zi'o loi selci
Living things are made of cells.

(The "maker" place of zbasu has been removed, so a maker is neither denied nor asserted.)

lo pinsi be zi'o na se sarcu lo vimcu
Pencils do not require a remover.

(Asserting that, regardless of how the pencil does its marking, the concept of pencil does not require there to be an eraser.)

mi zbasu loi mudri zi'o
I make some wood (regardless of starting components).

Issues

The meaning of -zil- has had some confusion, and this ties in nicely to the current debate as to the meaning of ziltau.
A bit on what the CLL (doesn't say/)says regarding the matter.
zi'o with sumtcita


cmavo: zo'e (KOhA7)

Proposed Definition

Unspecif it. zo'e is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). It represents an elliptical or unspecified value. It has some value which is irrelevant or obvious in the current context. All empty places in Lojban are implicitely filled with zo'e, making it (by far) the most-used word in the language, in a sense. zo'e can represent just about anything. The important exceptions are no da, which is equivalent to putting na in front of the selbri of the bridi in question and hence alters the meaning completely, zi'o, which utterly changes the nature of the bridi to one which has a different place structure, and ma, which turns a statement into a question. zo'e can represent a referant of any complexity. To fully specify the thing represented by zo'e may require very complex Lojban, including abstractions, relative clauses, relative sumtcita, and combinations thereof.

See Also

  • {da}
  • {zi'o}
  • {co'e}
  • {xo'e}
  • {do'e}

Proposed Keywords

  • something
  • elliptical pronoun

Usage Examples

Note that, technically, every single bridi without every place filled in is a usage of zo'e.

do tavla mi ta zo'e
I talk to you about something unspecified.
.e'o ko mi jungau le du'u .ei mi klama zo'e ti makau
Please, tell me how I should get there from here?

("there" is being used to gloss zo'e in this case.)

ko bandu ledo skami zo'e
Defend your computer from threats!


cmavo: zu'i (KOhA7)

Proposed Definition

Typical it. zu'i is a pro-sumti (meaning it takes the place of a fully-specified sumti). zu'i represents some value that is typical for the bridi place it fills. It can represent sumti of any complexity, including abstractions, relative clauses, relative sumtcita, and combinations thereof, but whatever it represents must be typical for the bridi in question. If the bridi relationship does not actually hold for any typical thing in the place filled by zu'i, then the presence of zu'i in that place makes the bridi false. Lojban constructions that zu'i explicitely cannot match include no da, which is equivalent to putting na in front of the selbri of the bridi in question and hence alters the meaning completely, zi'o, which utterly changes the nature of the bridi to one which has a different place structure, and ma, which turns a statement into a question. None of these can be typical place fillers in any case.

See Also

  • {zo'e}
  • {no'o}
  • {lo'e}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani zu'i zu'i
I go to the outside of the house from the inside of the house by the typical route and means.

We can't know what the typical route is without knowing (at least) the layout of the house, but the last zu'i probably can't be anything other than lo nu cadzu, which is "walking".

le du'u da srana de cu roroi mintu le du'u da ckini de zu'i
X pertains to Y is always identical to X is related to Y with a typical type of relationship.

This sentence is actually a meta-linguistic statement about the nature of two Lojban gismu, srana and ckini, and as such loses essentially all meaning in translation.

bliku fi na'ebo zu'i
A block with other than the typical number of sides.

Presumably the typical value is six (a cube).


Notes

  • I can't see formal definitions doing any good here. Anyone disagree?

Impact

  • None that I am aware of.