Lojban - User contributions [en]

Lojban timeline

2025-07-29T17:39:01Z

Korvo: /* 2020 */ Note when la brismu started.

{{See also|Loglan}}
{{See also|The Loglan-Lojban Dispute}}
{{See also|social history of Lojban}}
{{See also|How did you discover Lojban?|l1=Personal stories of how people discovered Lojban}}
== Loglan prehistory ==

=== Seventeenth Century ===

==== 1652 ====
* [[Francis Lodwick]] publishes ''The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing'', a follow-up to his 1647 book, ''A Common Writing'', and one of the first elaborated proposals for an [[a priori]] or "philosophical" language. Lodwick's efforts influenced the work of fellow Royal Society member, John Wilkins.

==== 1660 ====
* ''La Grammaire générale et raisonnée de Port-Royal'' ("The General and Rational Grammar of Port-Royal") is published by Antoine Arnauld and Claude Lancelot. It proposes a notion of universal grammar shared by all languages and determined by the nature of rational thought as exemplified by [[term logic]]. In 1662, it was followed by ''La Logique ou l'art de penser'' ("Logic, or the Art of Thinking") by Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole.

==== 1676 ====
* May: German philosopher [[Gottfried Leibniz]] proposes a "characteristica universalis", described as an "alphabet of human thought" that would span domains including science and metaphysics, the expressions of which could be evaluated like mathematical formulae.

=== Eighteenth Century ===

==== 1798 ====
* An unfinished work by Étienne Bonnot, abbé de Condillac is published posthumously: ''La langue des calculs'' ("The language of calculus"), wherein the author proposes the design of a language, inspired by algebra, in order to recover the sciences from "the chaos into which the abuses and vices of language" had submerged them.

=== Nineteenth Century ===

==== 1827 ====
* Botanist George Bentham coins the term "[[quantifier]]" in his ''Outline of a new system of logic''. The use of that term in logic, along with "quantify" and "[[quantification]]" would later be clarified and popularized by Scottish philosopher [[William Hamilton]] and British mathematician [[Augustus De Morgan]], who feuded over priority.

==== 1854 ====
* English mathematician [[George Boole]] publishes ''The Laws of Thought'', a follow-up to his ''Mathematical Analysis of Logic'' (1847), providing a mathematical basis for [[Aristotelian logic]]. This book introduced [[boolean algebra]] as well as the concept of the "[[Universe of discourse|universe of discourse]]", although the latter may have been independently formulated by [[Augustus De Morgan]] in 1846.

==== 1860 ====
* British mathematician [[Augustus De Morgan]]'s ''Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic'' is published. Together with ''Formal Logic'' (1847), this book helped to define [[mathematical logic]] and introduced [[De Morgan's Laws]]. De Morgan also explored the distinction between distributive ("exemplar") and collective ("cumular") predicates.

==== 1879 ====
* German philosopher and mathematician [[Gottlob Frege]] publishes ''Begriffsschrift ("Concept-script")'', a book which expands on Leibniz's project to create a "lingua characterica", expressing "content through written signs in a more precise and clear way than it is possible to do through words."
* [[Johann Schleyer]] introduces [[Volapük]], a [[constructed language]] which drew vocabulary and structure from German, French, and English. It attracted adherents for a decade before a schism broke out between Schleyer and Auguste Kerckhoffs, a popularizer of the language who headed the International Academy of Volapük and published a journal, ''Le Volapük''. Schleyer's rejection of Kerckhoffs' reforms and desire to maintain control of the language culminated in the dismissal of the Academy. Volapük lost momentum, and speakers drifted to other [[international auxiliary language]]s, especially [[Esperanto]].

==== 1887 ====
* [[Zamenhof|L. L. Zamenhof]] publishes ''Unua Libro'', a description of the [[Esperanto]] language which explicitly places the language in the public domain. Zamenhof makes a case for the adoption of an [[international auxiliary language]], emphasizing that it must be easy to learn.

==== 1892 ====
* Frege publishes ''Sense and Reference'', a paper introducing a conceptual distinction between what he called "[[sense]]" ("Sinn") and "[[reference]]" ("Bedeutung") in linguistic expression. Frege argued that a [[proposition]] refers to its [[truth value]], and that a proposition with [[term]]s that have no reference (i.e. "[[empty name]]s") cannot itself have a reference, i.e. cannot be considered true or false.

=== Twentieth Century ===

==== 1923 ====
* ''The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism'' by [[C. K. Ogden]] and [[I. A. Richards]] is published, drawing the sustained attention of Prussian-American anthropologist and linguist [[Edward Sapir]]. JCB said that this book provided "one of the cornerstones on which to rest the structure of [[primitive]]s in Loglan." More specifically, he attributes the separation of the "cognitive" and the "emotive" components of meaning facilitated by [[attitudinal]]s to this work. The book included a supplemental essay by anthropologist [[Bronisław Malinowski]], ''The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages'', in which he discussed challenges of interpreting the language of the [[Trobrianders]] given the fusion of cultural assumptions and grammatical notions.

==== 1932 ====
* C. K. Ogden publishes ''The Basic Words'', an 850-entry dictionary for his [[auxlang]], [[Basic English]]. JCB cited this book in the bibliography of ''[[Loglan 1]]'' and it may have influenced the size of the set of original Loglan [[composite primitive]]s, which is given as 860.

==== 1934 ====
* German-American philosopher [[Rudolf Carnap]] publishes ''The Logical Syntax of Language'', proposing a formalization of the rules which govern the syntax of language, setting aside the reference of the symbols which comprise language. He suggested that a syntactic approach to logical consequence could replace philosophy, at least in its metaphysical vein, with "the logical analysis of the concepts and sentences of the sciences." JCB wrote that "Carnap's view of the possibility of logical languages" shaped his own. Carnap, incidentally, was an enthusiastic proponent of [[Esperanto]], having attended several World Congresses after learning to speak the language as a teenager.

==== 1935 ====
* American linguist George Zipf publishes ''The Psychobiology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology'', wherein he observed, "It seems reasonably clear that shorter words are distinctly more favoured in language than longer words." This observation evolved into what became known as "[[Zipf's Law]]".

==== 1937 ====
* ''[[Analytic Syntax]]'' by Danish linguist [[Otto Jespersen]] introduces a formalism to represent the grammatical structures of natural language. This book convinced [[JCB]] that "a human grammar could be written in the predicate calculus." Brown writes that a 1956 specification of [[Loglan]] resulted from his efforts to render Jespersen's catalog of "grammatical curiosities" from that book into the [[predicate calculus]]. Jespersen was the creator of the [[auxlang]] [[Novial]], which he had introduced nine years earlier in ''An International Language''.

==== 1938 ====
* American philosopher and semiotician Charles W. Morris publishes ''Foundations of the Theory of Signs'', which introduced the analysis of the study of the use of symbols into syntactics ("relations of signs to one another"), semantics ("relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable"), and pragmatics ("the relation of signs to interpreters"). This division would later take hold in [[linguistics]] and [[philosophy of language]]. [[JCB]] credited Morris' work as contributing to Loglan's semantics, especially in so far as it analyzed the [[language act]] into "predication" and "designation".

==== 1940 ====
* Culminating more than ten years of work, Helen S. Eaton, Linguistic Research Associate at the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA, founded in 1924 to conduct neutral research on auxiliary languages) publishes ''Semantic Frequency List for English, French, German and Spanish: A Correlation of the First Six Thousand Words in Four Single-Language Frequency Lists''. In her time at the association, Eaton worked with Edward Sapir, who helped IALA co-founder Alice Vanderbilt Morris to develop a research program. Sapir served as director of the program from 1930-1931. Otto Jespersen sat on the advisory board.

==== 1941 ====
* ''Language, culture and personality: Essays in memory of Edward Sapir'' is published, including an article written in 1939 by American linguist [[Benjamin Whorf]], ''[https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Whorfframe2.html The Relation of Habitual Thought And Behavior to Language]''. Whorf, a student of Edward Sapir (who died in 1939), coined the term "[[Standard Average European]]" (SAE) to call attention to similarities in the structure of European languages, and proposed that linguistic habits implicit in the structures of these and other languages condition the understanding of concepts such as "space", "time," "matter", and "number", and influence the cultural and behavioral norms of the communities that speak them. ''[[Loglan 1]]'' is dedicated to Whorf.

==== 1947 ====
* Philosopher [[Hans Reichenbach]] publishes ''Elements of Symbolic Logic'', a formalization of the logical structures of natural languages, drawing on the author's familiarity with German, English, French, and Turkish.

==== 1951 ====
* American linguist [[Zellig Harris]] publishes ''Methods in Structural Linguistics'', outlining a definitive approach to descriptive linguistics using the "distributional" methods advanced by Leonard Bloomfield (whom Harris had studied under) and Edward Sapir. JCB wrote that Harris' work provided "the descriptive machinery which was to serve as a test of the structural completeness of the language."
* American mathematician [[Alonzo Church]], who in a 1936 paper had invented [[lambda calculus]], published ''A formulation of the logic of sense and denotation'': A paper developing [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]]'s notion of "[[sense]]" into what Church called a "[[concept]]". Church's [[intensional calculus]] provided a basis for later developments [[intensional semantics]].

==== 1952 ====
* In ''Discourse Analysis'' (included in the ''L1'' bibliography), Zellig Harris applied the mathematical notion of a [[transformation]] to linguistics, setting the stage for [[generative grammar]] as developed by his student, [[Noam Chomsky]].

==== 1953 ====
* March: Harry Hoijer, an American anthropologist and linguist who had been a friend of Whorf (who died in 1941) and a student of Sapir, coins the term "[[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]]" in a paper bearing that name and presented at ''Language in Culture: Conference on the Interrelations of Language and Other Aspects of Culture'', a conference sponsored by the Department of Anthropology of the University of Chicago.

== Loglan and related developments (1955-1987) ==

=== 1955-1959: Before ''Scientific American'' ===
* The details of the progression here are hazy, but this period most of the basic guidelines of the language were developed as well as some of the details:
** The shape of predicates, names, and little words, little word vocabulary and some predicate vocabulary were developed.
** Speech stream uniquely segmented into words, word stream uniquely parsed into sentences (from the language of logic).
** Metaphysically neutral (for the [[SWH|Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]]).
** Grammatically simple, for easy learning (practical).
** Vocabulary derived from major languages for easy learning (practical)
** The technique for deriving predicates was also at least outlined and some predicates derived by hand.

==== 1955 ====
* [[James Cooke Brown]] invented the board game ''Careers'', which was marketed by Milton Bradley Co. and eventually provided Brown with a decent living, independent of the usual academic jobs.
* Brown, Assistant Professor of Sociology at University of Florida, Gainesville, begins developing [[Loglan]] in order to test the [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]]. Brown, a social psychologist with a degree from U/Minnesota, was well trained by second generation [[Logical Positivist]]s (e.g. [[May Brodbeck]]) and so thought to use something like a logically perfect language, that is the [[First Order Predicate Logic]], for the test.

==== 1956 ====
* September: American linguist [[Noam Chomsky]] publishes ''Three models for the description of language'', a paper which introduced the "Chomsky hierarchy" of formal grammars, including [[context-free grammar]]s. Together with his book ''Sytactic Structures'', completed in August 1956 but published in February 1957, Chomsky invented transformational generational grammar, drawing on Carnap's formalization of language in its purely syntactic aspect. ''Syntactic Structures'' introduced the syntactically-correct but semantically-impossible sentence, "[[Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.]]"
* ''Arithmetical extensions of relational systems'', a paper published by [[Alfred Tarski]] and Robert L. Vaught, develops Tarski's semantic theory of truth, which had been formulated in the 1930s, into [[model-theoretic semantics]].

==== 1958 ====
* Mathematician [[Hans Freudenthal]] introduces "[[Lincos]]", a language he had begun designing "for communication with rational beings who do not know any of the languages of our planet" in ''Lincos: Towards a Cosmic Language'', an article published in the Summer 1958 issue of ''Delta – A Review of Arts, Life and Thought in the Netherlands''. "Designing a cosmic language has been made much easier by the work of the modern logisticians," he wrote. "The skeleton of the structure–the syntax–is ready. It is now the task of the workmen to pour the concrete and to lay the bricks–that is to say to create a vocabulary."

==== 1959 ====
* June: Computer scientist John Backus presents ''The Syntax and Semantics of the Proposed International Algebraic Language of Zürich ACM-GAMM Conference'' at the International Conference on Information Processing, UNESCO. Backus, who served on the committee that created the programming language ''ALGOL 58'', developed a notation, ''[[Backus-Naur Form]] (BNF)'' for context-free grammars to describe the syntax of the language.

=== 1960-1961: ''Scientific American'' and NIMH grant ===
* There was apparently a group of people around Brown who worked on the language: learning it, using it, discussing it and revisions. It is not clear who all was involved, though some names have turned up in various contexts. For them, at some time, was written the first draft of ''[[Loglan 1]]'' (L1), the general description of the language. Also during this time or shortly thereafter a longer version of L1, the only finished versions of L2, the explanation of the language, and L3 a (very restricted) primer were written and “published” by University Microfilms.

==== 1960 ====
* Philosopher [[Willard Van Orman Quine]] publishes ''[[Word and Object]]''. JCB later describes this as "an epochal event in the development of Loglan". It would also become the second book listed (after ''[[Loglan 1]]'') in the informal bibliography of ''[[The Complete Lojban Language]]''.
* June: Loglan "goes public" for the first time as James Cooke Brown publishes [[Scientific American article|an eponymous article describing Loglan]] in ''[[Scientific American]]'' Volume 202, Number 6. The article presents Loglan in the context of [[Gottlob Leibniz]]'s project to extend the rational powers of humankind through the development of a language of "universal symboloism" as well as the [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]].
* There was a flurry of responses to this article from a range of people: linguists, philosophers, logicians, artificial language buffs. The mail was largely unanswered, though a few letters, e.g. from [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]], were saved for later use. A later examination of those letters shows that many people who later played some role in Loglan were already inquiring about it ([[User:John Clifford|John Clifford]] sent from RAND Corp. asking about the use of Loglan as an intermediate language in machine translation, for example).
* [[Hans Freudenthal]] publishes ''Lincos: Design of a Language for Cosmic Intercourse'', expanding on his 1958 introduction of [[Lincos]].

==== 1961 ====
* JCB gets small grant for developing Loglan materials from the United States National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH grant M-4980), which then funded linguistics research. The grant covered the computer time to develop the primitive predicates according to his algorithm (with some handwork at the end). This resulted in the first edition of ''[[Loglan 4 & 5]]'', the dictionaries between Loglan and English, work done with his wife Lujoye Fuller Brown.

=== 1962-1975: Loglan 1, editions 1-3 ===
* A dark period. Brown’s (second?) marriage ended in divorce and he fled with his infant daughter (?) to Europe, first England and eventually Ibiza. Apparently various people managed to track him down in these places and discuss Loglan with him. He worked on it some, eventually producing the (third edition of) L1 and getting it published just prior to his return to the US.
* In the US before his return (exact date unclear) some friends of Brown set up an organization, [[The Loglan Institute]], to deal with Loglan related matters. This was not a non-profit organization and was, in fact, a DBA for Brown, though his friends were listed as officers of the organization. (I am unsure whether the organization was even incorporated at that time.)

==== 1963 ====
* The first Loglan dictionaries are compiled, evaluating the established set of primitives against Helen S. Eaton's 1940 "English-French-German-Spanish Word Frequency Dictionary" and compiling new "compound primitives" and "complex predicates" as needed. The resulting expanded word list was referred to as the "[[Eaton Interface]]".
* American philosopher [[Saul Kripke]] publishes several papers on [[modal logic]], drawing on [[Alfred Tarski|Tarski]] to develop a [[model theory|model-theoretic]] approach to [[possible world semantics]] which became known as [[Kripke semantics]]. Kripke's work is a milestone in the formalization of [[intensional semantics]].

==== 1964 ====
* Loglan is mentioned by name in Robert Heinlein's ''[[The Moon is a Harsh Mistress]]'' but there are no samples, indeed no evidence that Heinlein knew anything about it other than the name.

==== 1965 ====
* Date of First Edition of ''[[Loglan 3]]: Speaking Loglan'', subtitled "Programmed textbook on the phonology, basic vocabulary, and grammar of the simple Loglan sentence".

==== 1966 ====
* First Edition of ''[[Loglan 1]]'' is published as a "preprint" edition for limited circulation among reviewers.

==== 1968 ====
* Loglan books published in microfilm (dates may vary): ''[[Loglan 1]]'': language description; ''[[Loglan 2]]'': technical justification of design; ''[[Loglan 3]]'': partial programmed primer; ''[[Loglan 4 & 5]]'': bi-directional English/Loglan dictionary.
* [[Lincos]] creator [[Hans Freudenthal]] [[Freudenthal's critique of Loglan|reviews ''Loglan 1'']] in volume 19 of ''Lingua''.

==== 1969 ====
* June: Linguist [[Arnold M. Zwicky]] reviews ''[[Loglan 1]]'' in ''Language'' Volume 45, Number 2.
* Second Edition of ''Loglan 1'' is published in microfilm.

==== 1970 ====
* ''[[Loglan 2]]: Methods of Construction'' is published.
* Date of Second Edition of ''[[Loglan 3]]''.
* JCB publishes ''[[The Troika Incident]]'', which Lyman Sargeant called the best utopian novel of the period. In it Loglan is talked about under the name Panlan, but the samples, e.g. ''ai mi betgo'', are recognizable as the Loglan of the period. The novel also contains a description of another of JCB’s projects, the Jobs Market (seen by some as a practical application of Careers), on which he worked for many years.

==== 1972 ====
* Spring: The first Loglan users group ("Loglan Sogrun") meets at JCB's lake house in Gainesville Florida. Members include Vivian Adkins, James A. Bush, Rush Elkins, J. Michael Gilmer, Tad Hanna, Carolyn Marshall, Michael Pique, Stephen Simmons, Frances Stein and G. Thomas Wells.

==== 1973 ====
* [[Richard Montague]]'s ''The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English'' (PTQ) is postthumously published. PTQ builds on papers published in 1970 to provide a formalization of English semantics using a [[possible worlds semantics|possible-worlds]] [[model theory|model-theoretic]] approach which builds on the work of [[Alfred Tarski|Tarski]] and [[Saul Kripke|Kripke]]. A notable passage from PTQ describes the ambiguity of "John seeks a unicorn" as consisting of a ''de dicto'' ("nonreferential") and ''de re'' ("referential") reading. This would be raised twenty years later in discussions of ''[[sisku]]'' and [[opacity]] on the lojban mailing list, and also popularize the philosophical sport of "[[unicorn|unicorn hunting]]".

==== 1975 ====
* Loglan "goes public again" with the release of the Third Edition of ''[[Loglan 1]]'', as well as the Second Edition of ''[[Loglan 4 & 5]]''. These publications were announced with fanfare ("Loglan is FINALLY ready!") in ads that ran in the August 1975 issue of ''[[Scientific American]]'' and in a December issue of ''Computerworld''. The addresses given for the orders was not quite correct and so there was some delay in shipping.
* In the fall of 1975, Brown visited [[User:John Clifford|John Parks-Clifford]] in St. Louis (a letter had gotten through to him and he had replied, with a dialog ensuing). In the course of the visit or soon thereafter, John was asked to edit a journal of Loglan and accepted.
* Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs publishes ''YACC: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler'' documenting his parser generator, [[YACC]].
* [[Paul Grice]] introduces the "[[cooperative principle]]" in ''Logic and conversation'', building upon the concept of "[[implicature]]" (developed in 1961) to describe how participants in a conversation negotiate meaning.

=== 1976-1981: Loglan's "Years of Invention" ===
* JCB referred to the period from 1976-1981 as the "Years of Invention".
* Along with the discussion of the issues there developed of course people who held different opinions about how things should be done from those that were the official choice. For the most part this was confined to constantly raising the issues, though at least one regular discussant also set up his own alternate language (not directly in competition with Loglan, however).
* Three larger issues had come in for discussion and had moved JCB into action during this period: [[unambiguous grammar]], creating compound words, and the organization of The Institute. The grammar had always been said to be unambiguous, but that claimed had never been proven and the first few attempts to prove it showed it not to be true as matters stood. This was partly due to the fact that the grammar given was not well formalized beyond the pieces that were directly borrowed from the (demonstrably unambiguous) grammar of the language of logic. JCB, guided by [[Jeff Prothero]] and others, set about to write a formal grammar. The target was to get a parser by using [[YACC]], since that would guarantee the language was LALR1 and so (from other considerations) unambiguous. This project continued for several years, with various successes being announced along the way but each failing to be a complete grammar.
* The issue of [[compound predicates]], built up from the [[primitive predicates]] of the language became pressing as more text was developed and new words were needed. ''[[Loglan 1]]'' had left the method of forming such words up in the air and, as a result, several techniques had been used, mainly just ramming (what were taken to be significant or easily identifiable) parts of two (or more) primitives together in a way that seemed likely to be recognizable. So, in the example above, betgo for an English speaker in the context of use pretty clearly means, “go to bed” and is derived from betpu, “bed,” and gotso, “go.” Other cases – particularly those by speakers of languages other than English – were less clear to the usual audience. And some cases were just perverse: the Jenny method, for example. And people were also coining words from non-Loglan sources but also fitting as closely as possible into the CVCCV and CCVCV formats. JCB became convinced that this could not continue and so reworked the whole morphology of the predicates, giving many of them special reduced forms to be used in constructing compounds and insisting that all compounds be made using these forms where possible and full forms where not. This project took a while, being announced finally in 1983.

==== 1976 ====
* August - ''[[The Loglanist]]'' first published. The first issue of bore the nominal date of 1976 (when the editing was mostly done) but actually appeared early the next year. The first issue was largely pc and Brown though there were already some reader- supplied pieces, with responses from JCB and pc. In ''[[The Loglanist]]'' there was a considerable amount of discussion of a sort (and indeed on topics) that are familiar from the Lojban List and wiki of the present. In some cases these convinced JCB to make changes in the language, mainly adding new words or, in one case, a new letter, h, and then reconstruct a few words as a result. There were also a number of translations of short passages. The changes were summed up in a special issue of The Loglanist in the fall of 1980.

==== 1977 ====
* The United States National Science Foundation (NSF) rejects a research grant proposal to use Loglan to test the [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]].
* First partial machine grammar of Loglan using [[YACC]] by [[Doug Landauer]].
* An apprenticeship program where four subjects lived with JCB while receiving Loglan tutoring from him results in the first extended Loglan "conversation" (mostly pauses while people looked up words). The apprentices were [[Robert K. Jenner]], [[Patrick Mears]], [[Scott Layson]], and [[John Parks-Clifford]].
* Anthropologist Conrad Arensberg, who is reading ''[[Loglan 1]]'' writes [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]] about it. Quine, replying, writes, "I am impressed with Loglan. Linguistically, logically, and philosophically it is very sophisticated." Quine forwarded his letter to [[JCB]]. An excerpt appears on the back cover of the Fourth Edition (1989) of L1.

==== 1979 ====
* JCB wanted to make the Institute tax-exempt and most of the participants in the Loglanist wanted it to be a membership organization. In 1979, then, the Institute was reorganized as a membership organization and tax-exempt status as a research organization was applied for. Once the Institute became a membership organization, the board urged JCB to copyright (or whatever turned out to be the appropriate protection) the material: name, lists, examples and so on. He refused to do so at the time (though he did eventually do a part of it).
* Nora Tansky (now [[Nora LeChevalier|Nora LeChevalier]]) becomes first "member" of TLI. By 1981, there were several members and TLI became nominally a "member-controlled corporation".
* [[GMR|Great Morphological Revolution]] work starts. Completed in 1982

==== 1980 ====
* The first election by the members of the board of [[The Loglan Institute]] was held in 1980, JCB still as President but the rest of the board being drawn from the members.
* Gathering of New England Loglanists with JCB visiting - this was the first [[Logfest|Logfest]]. During this period interested people met in informal Logfests, at various places in New England, usually in July (pc was in Maine for estivation, Jenner and several other participants lived in ME, MA or close enough). Some proposals, both about the language and about the Institute arose from these meetings.

==== 1981 ====
* ''[[The Loglanist]]'' was slow to appear usually and so a new publication, ''[[Lognet|Lognet]]'' was started as a communications vehicle for the membership of TLI, carrying intermediate news, including social events, personal information, and business of the Institute that needed membership input. It soon came to also include some discussion of issues.

=== 1982-1985: Political turmoil after the Great Morphological Revolution ===

==== 1982 ====
* In 1982, for the second TLI election, JCB stepped down as President but took the office, Chairman of the Board – ultimate control but freedom from day-to-day matters; pc was President.
* By 1982, JCB's "engineering interventions" have resulted in the "temporary dismantling" of Loglan, with usage coming to a "near halt", as JCB noted in the foreword to 1989's Fourth Edition of ''[[Loglan 1]]''.
* First "complete" machine grammar of Loglan completed by [[Scott Layson]] after significant contributions from [[User:Jeff Prothero|Jeff Prothero]]
* [[Jim Carter]] publishes "[[la metflidjimao vedsia]]" ("The Welding Shop"), the first original short story in Loglan.
* Suzette Haden Elgin begins the construction of [[Láadan]], building a vocabulary based on the [[Swadesh list]] and publishing an original story written in the language in the fall issue of ''Women and Language News''. Láadan would later lend its [[evidential]]s to [[Lojban]].

==== 1983 ====
* JCB turned to completing the [[Great Morphological Revolution]] – already pretty much done – of getting all primitives equipped with affixes to build compound word and of fixing the form for such compounds as well as some rules about borrowings.
* Dissent within the TLI membership over [[GMR]] and other technical issues causes JCB to reassert full control of TLI
* [[User:Jim Carter|Jim Carter]] publishes several variant Loglan materials independently of TLI; this work is labeled [[Nalgol]] by [[pc]] because "it got everything in Loglan backwards". Debates over Carter's work turn JCB's reassertion of control into a major political fight. Most active Loglanists beome inactive over the next year, and ''[[The Loglanist]]'' ceases publication.

==== 1984 ====
* The third TLI election was 1984. For whatever reasons (apparent loss of control?) JCB decided to return to a Board of cronies, but was late in getting his slate out and did not inform the rest of the board that he was preparing one. The board cobbled together a slate drawn entirely from members and presented it simultaneously with JCB presenting his slate. JCB persuaded the membership slate to withdraw and declared that the slate had been presented too late under the bylaws. His slate was elected. He then attacked the people who had put together the other slate in a variety of ways (though never actually accusing them of betrayal). They quit the organization.
* ''[[Loglan 3]]'' is reissued via University Microfilms.

== Lojban (1986-1997): From the fork to CLL ==

=== 1986-1993: LLG's foundation, Lojban's legal defense ===
Lojban is forked from Loglan. The Logical Language Group (LLG) is formed. The mailing list is founded. Sixteen issues of "ju'i lobypli" are published. The Great Rafsi Reallocation. Loglan's trademark is canceled.

==== 1986 ====
* Sometime around 1986, Robert LeChevalier came to aid JCB with computer related projects, tidying up the YACC grammar and computerizing the very haphazard membership and book-order files of the Institute. When LeChevalier moved to the Washington DC area, he took some of the membership data with him to continue trying to bring some order out of it. In Washington LeChevalier started a local Loglan group, which produced some discussion, and eventually a newsletter, which was sent to all the Loglanists in LeChevalier’s database (The Loglanist was still being published with a new editor and joined with the old Institute newsletter to offer a more regular – though less meaty – periodical).
* July - ''[[me la uacintyn loglytuan]]'' (the future ''[[ju'i lobypli]]'') #1 published as an attempt to create a Washington DC area Loglan Users group and reactivate the membership. The concept of the "baseline" is introduced.
* August - ''[[me la uacintyn loglytuan]]'' #2 published.
* September - Joel Shprentz creates a Loglan area on a BBS, with downloadable [[Logflash]] and Loglan wordlists. [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]] restarts the annual gathering of Loglanists at [[Logfest]]. JCB perceives lojbab's efforts as an attempt to take over TLI, threatening legal action when lojbab refuses JCB's authority and TLI claims of ownership of his and Nora's work, particularly [[Logflash]], a computerized version of lojbab's flashcard routine which had been created by [[Nora Tansky]] and never given to the Institute. JCB sought legal protection for all of the elements of the language: the YACC grammar, the whole vocabulary and many of the other programs which were used. Though the members of the Washington group were for the most part also member of the Institute, JCB took the position that the group was unauthorized and was trespassing on Institute business (though the Institute had no other local groups, even in San Diego). He further held that mere membership in the Institute did not entitle a person to make use Loglan material – all under copyright – and so even citing Loglan words was forbidden as were definitely writing Loglan sentences or citing bits of the grammar.
* September 12-14 - Eight loglanists, including lojbab, Nora, Art Wiener and Jack Waugh attend LogFest 3, which had been announced in ''[[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 2 moi|Me la Uacintyn Loglytuan #2]]'', and was later reported in ''[[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 3 moi|Hoi loglypli #3]]''. Loglan notebook #3 (NB3) was reviewed and computer speech generation programs were tested.
* October - [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]] meets [[John Clifford]] during a business trip to St. Louis.

==== 1987 ====
* In response to JCB's hostility as well as the accumulated suggested additions and “corrections” to the Institute’s language, the Washington group – with some remote adherents – decided to create a new version of Loglan from scratch. The outlines were thrashed out in a series of Logfests at LeChevalier’s house in Fairfax VA; the details – the derivation of new primitives from a revised list of the most widely used languages, the reorganization of the phonology and morphology, the revision of the grammar were done by LeChevalier and John Cowan with a variety of helpers in one area and another. The result was launched in 1987 as “Lojban, a realization of Loglan.”
* March - [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]] offers a loglan class in Washington, D.C.
* April - "[[me la uacintyn loglytuan]]" became "[[hoi loglypli]]" with the publication of issue #3.
* May - on Memorial Day weekend, Lojban (then called Loglan-88) is started by [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]], [[Nora LeChevalier|Nora LeChevalier]] (still Tansky at that point), Gary Burgess, and Tommy Whitlock. At this point, it is intended merely as an alternative gismu list and phonology to evade copyright claims by JCB.
* June - The process of gismu creation begins.
* July - [[The Logical Language Group|The Logical Language Group]] founded.
* August 1 - "Lojban - A Realization of Loglan" adopted as the name of the language at LogFest 4.
* October 23 - lojbab and Nora married in [[Tansky-LeChevalier wedding ceremony|a ceremony with vows in primitive Lojban]].
* December - initial [[gismu]] list completed

==== 1988 ====
* January - Lojban publicly announced as Loglan-88 at Evecon science fiction convention
* February - "hoi loglypli" became [[ju'i lobypli|ju'i lobypli]] with the publication of [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 4 moi|issue #4]].
* February - JCB registers trademark for Loglan, threatens to sue lojbab and Nora. The Logical Language Group sues for cancellation of the trademark a year later after negotiations have failed.
* May - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 5 moi|Issue #5 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published. The Logical Language Group incorporated as a non-profit organization.
* May 10 - lojban [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.ai.nlang-know-rep/gFsIwm8EQzo/811QAYXPeWYJ mentioned] in [http://nlp.csie.ncnu.edu.tw/~shin/rocling/lists/nl-kr.list.html NL-KR (Natural Language and Knowledge Representation) mailing list].
* June - Attendees at an organizational meeting vote to incorporate LLG, approving a draft set of Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, and registering a determination to seek 501(c)(3) status. Work on Lojban machine grammar starts.
* August - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 6 moi|Issue #6 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published. It includes "A Long Walk on a Short Whorf" essay by Don Simpson which argued for the introduction of [[observational]]s and [[evidential]]s (such as used in [[Láadan]]) into lojban.
* October - earliest complete cmavo list and machine grammar; Grammar Synopsis written for review intending eventual publication. After severe criticism (e.g. from Dave Cortesi, who said it didn't work as a tutorial), shelved in favor of a textbook and dictionary as higher priorities. [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]] by [[John Cowan|John Cowan]] (1997) was the completion of the Grammar Synopsis.
* 25 October - lojban [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.lang.misc/iBA7IRyrMFc/XlE5FC2HaekJ mentioned in "comp.lang.misc"] usenet news group.
* 3 November - LLG formally incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
* November-December - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 7 moi|Issue #7 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published.

==== 1989 ====
* Loglan "goes public" for the "third and, we trust, final time" as [[TLI]] publishes Fourth Edition of ''[[Loglan 1]]'' incorporating new vocabulary and morphology from "[[Great Morphological Revolution]]" and material from 1987's ''[[Notebook 3]]''. This is the edition cited in ''[[The Complete Lojban Language]]'' as the "founding document" of [[Loglan]], regarded as an "ancestral version" of [[lojban]].
* [[Lojban mailing list]] started by Eric Raymond
* Linguist Laurence Horn publishes ''[[A Natural History of Negation]]'', which would be cited in ''[[The Complete Lojban Language]]'' as the inspiration for Chapter 15 (''"No" Problems: On Lojban Negation'') of that book.
* January - first Lojban class starts, taught by [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]]; draft textbook being written as part of teaching the class, but aborted when the class discovered posed unanswered questions about negation, leading to the "negation paper" which is now a chapter in [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]].
* February - [[lojbo karni number 8|Issue #8 of "lojbo karni"]] is published.
* February 20 - [[Jim Carter]] publishes the ''Gua\spi Reference Manual'' for his constructed language, [[gua\spi]], which took inspiration from [[Loglan]]. [[John Cowan]] claims that he came to [[Lojban]] via gua\spi.
* March - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 8 moi|Issue #8 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published.
* May - [[lojbo karni number 9|Issue #9 of "lojbo karni"]] is published.
* June 14 - lojban [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/sci.lang/-fW416yBDVs/3IzsCchNmRIJ mentioned in "sci.lang" news group].
* June 17 - [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+1989+Annual+Meeting+Minutes First annual members meeting of LLG].
* June-July - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 9 moi|Issue #9 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published.
* August - first extended Lojban conversation by members of the first class. [[lojbo karni number 10|Issue #10 of "lojbo karni"]] is published.
* August 31 - September 4 - lojbab, Nora and Athelstan present lojban at Noreascon 3, the 47th World Science Fiction Convention, held in Boston. On the way back from the conference, a discussion of [[Láadan]] indicators at Art Wiener's house in New Jersey inspires an overhaul of Lojban's indicator system.
* November 17 - Article in Washington Post, "[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-11-17/news/vw-1693_1_artificial-language|Lojban: An Artificial Language Seeks Status as the Lingua Franca]" published; reproduced in JL11 (3/90).
* November/December - "The Open Window" by Saki appears, translated by Athelstan, in [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 10 moi|issue #10 of "ju'i lobypli"]], as well as two articles on Lojban poetry. [[lojbo karni number 11|issue #11 of "lojbo karni"]] is published.

==== 1990 ====
* March - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 11 moi|Issue #11 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published.
* May - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 12 moi|Issue #12 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published.
* May 9 - Jeff Prothero submits his article [[Design and Implementation of a Near-optimal Loglan Syntax]].
* May 12 - Mark Shoulson and Jerry Altzman announce the "Planned Language Server", a file server by email, which becomes an important and early repository for Lojban materials.
* May 22 - A posting to the ''sci.lang'' Usenet newsgroup on various readings of "John seeks a bike or a fish" draws the attention of [[John Cowan]]. [[Lojbab]] has described this as when [[lojban]] first began to confront the problem of [[opacity]]. Four years later, la [[xorxes]] would raise similar issues on the mailing list about a "a box or a bag".
* June 15-18 - [[Logfest]] draws about 18 attendees. Athelstan introduces the "[http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Lojban+Mini-Lesson mini-lesson]".
* June 17 - Second annual members meeting of LLG. A preliminary grammar baseline is approved. "Amicable Settlement Offer" from James Cooke Browne which would require handover of mailing list is rejected.
* August - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 13 moi|Issue #13 of "ju'i lobypli"]] (and [[lojbo karni]] #13) published, including preliminary grammar baseline and machine grammar.

==== 1991 ====
* Beginning of the [['Tweeners|'Tweeners]] generation of Lojbanists, and of substantial growth of community online.
* February 4 - Loglan trademark cancelled. The Loglan Institute appeals.
* February 27 - lojbab [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/sci.lang/Ze7ZmN29kUg/KJEwVeTDo5wJ posts sample gismu etymologies] to "sci.lang" usenet newsgroup, later summarized in [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 14 moi|ju'i lobypli #14]].
* March - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 14 moi|Issue #14 of "ju'i lobypli"]] published. Guy Garnett's design is announced as having received the most votes and is adopted as [[The Lojban Logo]]. Announcement of weekly Washington DC Tuesday night discussion group including Bob, Nora, Athelstan, Sylvia Rutiser, Darren Stalder and Keith Lynch.
* March 20 - lojbab composes an "[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/lojban/LS0hjzwNTp8/O2tkG0_2FyAJ ode to Lojban]", which later gains recognition as the [[Lojban Anthem]].
* June 10 - lojbab posts the official gismu list to the Planned Languages Server.
* June 21-24 - 17 people attend LogFest.
* June 23 - Third annual LLG members meeting passes motion to prioritize the production of a "reference-manual/dictionary". Also moved and passed was a resolution discouraging the expenditure of resources towards reconciling with [[The Loglan Institute]].
* July - Publication of "[[ziryroi|ziryroi]]" (or "ziryro'i" in post-[[The Great Rafsi Reallocation|rafsi-reallocation]] lojban), an original book of poetry by [[Michael Helsem]]. It has been called "the first lojban book".
* August - Lojban mailing list outgrows snark!cbmvax reflector and moves to a Columbia University LISTSERV
* August-September - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 15 moi|Issue #15 of "ju'i lobypli"]] published.
* October 10 - Nick Nicholas translates the text of the "Colossal Cave" text adventure game. In 2002, this translation would be updated and used to complete a [[Colossal Cave|working lojban translation]] of the game.
* December - Perry Smith reviews ''[[Loglan 1]]'' in the ''Journal of Symbolic Logic'', Volume 56, Issue 4.

==== 1992 ====
* ''[http://www.lojban.org/files/texts/ckafybarja/cafe_papers.txt ckafybarja]'' project initiated.
* February: [[Athelstan|Athelstan]] injured.
* April 28: United States Court of Appeals upholds trademark cancellation in "Loglan Institute v. Logical Language Group".
* May 19: [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/lojban/3X_VulU4V3g/woDSHXh49voJ The White Knight's Song] translated into lojban by DC Tuesday night group.
* June: First baselining of the gismu list. [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 16 moi|Issue #16 of "ju'i lobypli"]] announces place structure changes.
* July: Loglanists mailing list started
* August: On the Loglanists mailing list, Gary Rector raises the question of how to say "I am waiting for a taxi" in Loglan when the awaited taxi is not specific, initiating a discussion on how best to describe [[intensional objects]]. Richard Kennaway suggests using the "mass descriptor", "lo" (analogous to "[[loi]]" in lojban). [[JCB]] endorses this solution with reference to the "[[Trobrianders]]". Lojban would also adopt mass description for this case until the development of [[xorlo]].
* August 16: Fourth annual members meeting of LLG.
* October 2-18: lojbab promotes Lojban in Russia while visiting Moscow. First international promotion of the language.

==== 1993 ====
* January - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 17 moi|Issue #17 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published, including a mention of the use of "a software system called 'IRC' (Internet Relay Chat)" for lojban conversation.
* May - [[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 18 moi|Issue #18 of "ju'i lobypli"]] is published. Although there have been attempts to resume publication, this is currently (2014) the last issue to date. ('''le terpra cu denpa da poi balvi''')
* June 1 - [[The Great Rafsi Reallocation|The Great Rafsi Reallocation]] goes into effect.
* July 11 - Fifth annual LLG members meeting.
* August - Erik Rauch announces a lojban FTP archive.

=== 1994-1997: Lojban on the Web and in print ===
Lojban expands on the Internet while John Cowan completes the reference grammar. "The Complete Lojban Language" (CLL) is published and the language design is baselined and frozen for five years.

==== 1994 ====
* First baselining of the machine grammar.
* May 30 - Veijo Vilva publishes the [http://web.archive.org/web/19961212224855/http://xiron.pc.helsinki.fi/lojban/ Lojban WWW server], which eventually became [http://www.lojban.org www.lojban.org].
* July 7 - [[lojbo karni number 18/19|Issue #18/19 of "lojbo karni"]] (dated May 1994) is announced.
* July 15-17 - LogFest
* July 17 - Sixth annual LLG members meeting
* July 26 - Announcement that lojban mailing list surpassed 100 subscribers.
* September - la [[xorxes]] asks how to say "I need either a box or a bag", initiating a discussion of [[opaque reference]]. At some point in the discussion, he proposes ''[[xe'e]]'' as a quantifier to mean "[[any]]".

==== 1995 ====
* August - First reported fluent Lojban conversation, "[[The Glasgow Conversation]]"
* August 18-20 - LogFest
* August 20 - Seventh annual meeting of the LLG.
* December 7 - lojbab, responding to a debate on the conlang listserv, posts the "[http://www.lojban.org/publications/etymology/finprims finprims]" document, detailing the etymology of gismu. Chris Bogart drafts the first version (numbered 0.5) of the [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/lojban/AXax_98mutM/uddISZ-23k8J Lojban list FAQ].
* December 28 - xorxes and Jose Ramon Gallo Vazquez translate the gismu list into Spanish.

==== 1996 ====
* [[la nitcion]] publishes an article [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.5331 Lojban as a Machine Translation Interlanguage in the Pacific].
* The Loglan Academy (''La Keugru'') of [[TLI]] publishes ''[[Loglan Updater 1]]'' on the internet. The ''Updater'' is a compilation of modifications to Loglan endorsed by the Loglan Academy since the 1989 publication of the Fourth Edition of ''Loglan 1'', including the reassignment of ''me'' as the "extensional predifier", a 1994 refinement proposed by Randall Holmes. A new word, ''mea'' was introduced to take over the role of "metaphorical predifier".
* February 15 - Veijo Vilva sets up European mirror of lojban FTP archives.
* August - Wired magazine publishes an [http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/4.08/es.languages_pr.html article about artificial languages] that makes prominent reference to lojban.
* August 10-11 - LogFest
* August 11 - Eight annual meeting of the LLG. With the news that John Cowan had completed writing the reference grammar, a motion is passed to "baseline the contents of the Reference Grammar as of December 31, 1996, and all else as of June 30, 1997".

==== 1997 ====
* January 10 - Electronic publication of the reference grammar is announced: "The Lojban language design is baselined and frozen for a minimum period in excess of 5 years".
* July 3 - Announcement that the lexicon baseline, which had been schedule for release on June 30 per the January announcement, had been postponed.
* November 28 - Publication of [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]] by [[John Cowan|John Cowan]] announced.

== Lojban (1998-Present): Since CLL ==

=== 1998-2000: Lojbanistan debates a sequel ===
Publication of an official guide to the language did not stop discussion of what the language should be, starting with disputes about what the official text actually meant and then what it should have meant – or said. The popular albeit unofficial parser, "jbofihe", is developed. JCB passes away.

==== 1998 ====
* July 11-12 - LogFest
* October 5 - John Cowan posts machine grammar version .300.
* December 3 - lojbab announces acquisition of the "lojban.org" domain.

==== 1999 ====
* ''luryri'e'' published (online only edition).
* A revised web edition ("Revised Fourth Edition") of ''Loglan 1'' is published, integrating material from ''Loglan Updater 1''.
* Jan 12 - Lojban WWW server moves to [http://www.lojban.org www.lojban.org].
* Feb-Nov ''[[lapoi pelxu ku'o trajynobli|lapoi pelxu ku'o trajynobli]]'' serialized on ''la jboste''.
* March 9 - lojbab publishes revised gismu source language weights.
* May 7 - YACC parser .300 and Nora's glosser released as beta software.
* June - Richard Curnow begins work on "[[jbofihe]]", a parser which came to replace the YACC grammar as a de facto standard, and which, in 2003, was recognized as an official project.
* July - [http://www.grsampson.net/VLoj.html A review of "The Complete Lojban Language"] by Geoffrey Sampson is published in the Cambridge "Journal of Linguistics", Vol. 35, Issue 2.
* July 16-18 - LogFest
* [http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/mi-terpa/index.html '''mi terpa'''] by Steve Furlong. First children's book in Lojban.

==== [[Year 2000|2000]] ====
* The "[[Elephant]]" is proposed by John Cowan: An IBIS (Issue-Based Information System) implementation to manage the documentation of discussion around points of contention in lojban. Although never implemented, it would continue to be discussed through 2006.
* February 13 - James Cooke Brown died. Dr. James Cooke Brown, inventor of Loglan and founder of the Loglan Project, died in February while on a cruise around South America. He was 78. On behalf of LLG, Bob LeChevalier expressed personal and official sorrow at his passing. While Lojban and LLG were founded as a result of substantive disagreement with JCB over several issues, he was a creative genius who will be greatly missed. There have been some soundings taken as to the possibility of rapprochement between the TLI Loglan and LLG communities. Both communities seem strongly in favor of the idea, though it is uncertain what types of moves could be made. Discussions will continue over a longer period of time.
* The last issue of ''Lognet'' is published by Alex Leith. It included an essay on "The Future of Loglan" by Leith which was written before JCB's passing, and a number of letters looking back on JCB's life and work and the conflict between TLI and LLG, including submissions by Robert McIvor, Randall Holmes, Robert LeChevalier, John Clifford, Steven Belknap, and Jorge Llambías. Leith passed away in 2001.
* April 29 - Lojban attracts Attention - Lojban was mentioned as [http://slashdot.org/askslashdot/00/04/25/1317255.shtml a discussion item on Slashdot]. The result was an enormous volume of hits on the Lojban website: More traffic than had been seen in two years in the course of a single day, comprising about 1 gigabyte of bandwidth. But the web host CAIS Internet (www.cais.net) stayed up and presumably a lot more people now know about Lojban. After the first week, traffic died down somewhat, but ran for a time at about double the traditional levels.
* May 9 - first Russian Lojban web page created by [[Evgenii Sklyanin|Evgenii Sklyanin]]
* August 5-6 - LogFest 2000: The annual meeting celebrating Lojban, as well as the annual meeting of The Logical Language Group, was held at lojbab's house.

=== 2001-2002: Sustained lojban production ===
"jbovlaste" and the Lojban wiki are started. Large-scale translations: [[xorxes]] did Alice and The Little Prince and a number of other works, including game scripts were made. There was also a serious and growing amount of spontaneous communication in Lojban over IRC, generating another large corpus of usage. The LLG Baseline Policy is proposed and ratified.

==== [[Year 2001|2001]] ====
* "tremendous apparent growth" - Peak traffic on "lojban" email list. Many Lojbanists create web pages.
* April - [[User:Jay Kominek|Jay Kominek]] (jez) announces the development of a web dictionary, "[[jbovlaste]]"
* May 6 - [https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/lojban-common lojban-common debian package] created, including lojban word lists.
* June 13(?) - the first lojban wiki based on phpwiki engine started by [[User:Jay Kominek|jez]]
* August 2001 - And Rosta creates [[jboske]] ("lojbanology") group to support the discussion of technical language issues.
* August 7 - John Cowan registers "art-lojban" as ISO 639-2 code with IANA.
* August 24 - Jay Kominek starts the [[lojban-beginners]] email mailing list. Initially housed on yahoo groups, it later is moved to google groups.
* August 29 - Nick Nicholas releases an [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/anthem.fin.pdf arrangement] and [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/dist/anthem.mp3 recording] of the [[Lojban Anthem]].
* October 3 - A "[[:wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]]" article is created on Wikipedia.
* alt.language.artificial.lojban (?) created.

==== [[Year 2002|2002]] ====
* 4 January 2002 - [[jezrax|jezrax]] started this timeline, little realizing what it would become...
* 10 January 2002 - The minimum freeze period for the original 1997 language design baseline expires.
* 18 April 2002 - The first draft of the Alice In Wonderland translation was completed, or nearly so.
* 1 July 2002 - There was a major (several day) downtime of the Lojban web site, due to bad RAM, which in turn caused file system corruption. The server was upgraded with a much faster processor, a new, larger hard drive, as well as a completely new operating system (NetBSD 1.5.2), and moved into a co-location facility with a connection to the internet that is close to 300Mb/s.
* 26-29 July 2002 - LogFest, the annual gathering of lojbanists, was held at lojbab's house in Fairfax, VA, USA, including the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Members of the LLG, at 1030AM EDT on Sunday July 28, 2002. The membership passed a motion raised by John Cowan providing guidelines for the recognition and maintenance of official LLG projects.
* 15 August 2002 - [http://lojban.livejournal.com lojbanic livejournal] community is founded.
* September 2002 - [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Official+LLG+Projects Official LLG Projects] and [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Official+LLG+Committees Committees] web pages posted.
* October 2002 - Discussion heats up on [[jboske]] ("lojbanology") mailing list, peaking in December. Much of the discussion concerned practical problems that turned up in translation and chat. Some discussion threads will eventually contribute to the definition of xorlo and the formation of BPFK (baupla fuzykamni – the committee responsible for a language plan) to amend CLL to remove doubts or uncertainties, to fill gaps and, if need be, to alter bits to deal better with perceived problems.
* 21 October 2002 - The [http://www.lojban.org/resources/faq.html Lojban FAQ] was updated and moved and revamped and such, mostly by [mailto:daltonG@digitalkingdom.org Dalton Graham].
* 1 November 2002 - Release of a lojban version of the "[[Colossal Cave]]" text adventure game, "nuntalyli'u" on the Inform platform.
* 26 November 2002 - The [[Official Baseline Statement (2002/2003)|Baseline Statement]], as drafted by the LLG Board was submitted to the lojban community for ratification.
* 9 December 2002 - Results of the successful ratification of the Baseline Statement were posted.
* 30 December 2002 - An IRC logging system was set up. See [http://www.lojban.org/resources/forums.html The Lojbanic Forums page].

=== 2003-2006: Xorlo and BPFK 1.0 ===

BPFK begins work. The Camxes parser is implemented. BPFK adopts xorlo. XKCD name checks Lojban.

==== 2003 ====
* [[User:Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] started creating [[camxes]], a new parser for Lojban which will eventually become a new standard.
* February 2003 - Pierre Abbat releases "[https://github.com/phma/valfendi valfendi]", a lexer implementatibg the [http://www.lojban.org/files/software/BRKWORDS.TXT baseline Lojban morphology algorithm].
* 21 February 2003 - [http://mail.lojban.org/lojban-fr/index.html lojban-fr], a French mailing list, is started.
* 3 March 2003 - phpBB forum installed to capture [[BPFK]] discussions and record polls.
* 4 March 2003 - Request Tracker installed to track jbovlaste issues. It was later used for other lojban projects as well.
* 29 March 2003 - [[BPFK]] opened for business.
* 7 April 2003 - The Level 0 book was added to the web site and a [http://www.bestpractical.com/rt/ Request Tracker] was set up to help manage future changes to the site.
* 11 May 2003 - Some bylaw changes from 1992 were incorporated. Split off of Old Projects into a seperate page, many changes (mostly minor) to the projects and committees pages. Markup changes all over the place. The full changes list can be found at [http://www.lojban.org/cgi-bin/aegis.cgi?file@chan_menu+project@lojban-web+change@144 the Aegis change page for change number 144].
* 15 May 2003 - Original deadline for completion of cmavo definitions per 2002 baseline statement. To date (2014), the definitions have not been deemed as completed.
* June 15, 2003 - [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+2003+Annual+Meeting+Minutes Annual meeting of LLG]. The [[Official Baseline Statement (2002/2003)|Baseline Statement]], as drafted by the Board and ratified by the community, is adopted as LLG policy. After fourteen years, lojbab steps down as LLG president. John Cowan, elected by the Board of Directors, becomes president. Nora also resigns her position as secretary/treasurer, and is succeeded by Robin Lee Powell. The Board also appoints Robin as Webmaster. Bob remains on the Board to satisfy requirements of the State of Virginia. LLG membership grows to peak of 36 members.
* 11 August, 2003 - Nick Nicholas posts "Quine vs Montague, the deathmatch" to [[jboske]], declaring that he counts the [[extensional]] interpretation of [[gadri]] as a cornerstone of the definition of lojban and a non-negotiable "axiom".

* September 2003 - [[User:Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] installs tiki wiki, replacing phpwiki and phpBB
* 2 September 2003 - John Cowan registers "jbo" as ISO 639 alpha-3 code, deprecating "art-lojban".
* 10 September 2003 - "What is Lojban?" was published.
* 20 October 2003 - Nick Nicholas (nitcion) resigns his position as chair of BPFK in email to LLG Board of Directors.
* 27 October 2003 - LLG Board of Directors accepts Nick's resignation and announces appointment of [[User:Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] to chair BPFK.

==== 2004 ====
* Large influx of new users on the #lojban [[Lojban IRC|IRC]] channel
* January: John Quijada introduces the first version of [[Ithkuil]], publishing ''Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language'' on the Internet.
* 5 February 2004 [[User:.jexOm.|la jexOm]] (J. Desquilbet, Staff, IBM, Software Group) publishes a paper [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/2740.html Using UML to understand Lojban]
* 18 Mar 2004 [[BPFK]] announces completion of the [http://lojban.org/tiki/tiki-index.php?page=BPFK+Checkpoint%3A+Letterals+%231 first checkpoint], on "letterals"
* 7 Apr 2004 #jbosnu, an IRC channel devoted to discussion exclusively in lojban, is introduced
* 20 Jun 2004 Robin Lee Powell announces the beta release of [[camxes]], a Java/Rats! implementation of a PEG parser for lojban
* 7 Jul 2004 [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+2004+Annual+Meeting+Minutes 2004 annual meeting of LLG] held on IRC.
* 8 Aug 2004 a [https://jbo.wikipedia.org lojban-language version of Wikipedia] is launched.
* 10 Sep 2004 "[http://web.mit.edu/rspeer/Public/jimpe.pdf Meeting the Computer Halfway: Language Processing in the Artificial Language Lojban]" by Rob Speer and Catherine Havasi presented at MIT Student Oxygen Workshop.
* 17 Dec 2004 [[la xorxes]] started working on implementing morphology for [[camxes]].
* 25 Dec 2004 Announcement that the gadri proposal (better known as "[[xorlo]]") was passed by BPFK

==== 2005 ====
* 12 Jan 2005 - Brian Eubanks launches the [http://jorne.org Jorne] project, aimed at developing a semantic web ontology for Lojban.
* 6 March 2005 - Ben Goertzel publishes a paper [http://www.goertzel.org/new_research/lojban_AI.pdf Potential Computational Linguistics Resources for Lojban]
* 10 March 2005 - Ben Goertzel publishes a paper [http://www.goertzel.org/new_research/LojLink.pdf LojLink: A Novel Approach to Knowledge Management]
* 3 May 2005 - Robin Lee Powell's horror novel, "[[la nicte cadzu]]," reaches 32,000 words, surpassing the translation of "[http://alis.lojban.org Alice in Wonderland]" as the longest written work in lojban.
* 5 Sep 2005 - Lojban web site overhaul. Most lojban.org content was moved from a set of static HTML pages to the [http://www.tikiwiki.org/ TikiWiki] content management system.
* 17 Sep 2005 - Matt Arnold launches "[https://soundcloud.com/wizek/lojban-podcast-episode-1 jbocradi]", a lojbanic podcast (read [[jbocradi pamo'o|transcript]]).
* 1 Oct 2005 - Release of [https://soundcloud.com/wizek/lojban-podcast-episode-2 jbocradi #2] (read [[jbocradi remo'o|transcript]]).
* 15 Nov 2005 - Nomination of the LLG board at [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+2005+Annual+Meeting+Minutes the 2005 annual meeting] culminates in the election of LLG's third president, Arnt Richard Johansen. Arnt succeeds John Cowan in this position.
* 21 Nov 2005 - Brandon Wirick submits his Cal Poly San Luis Obispo masters thesis "[[Lojban as a tool for encoding prose on the Semantic Web]]".
* 9-11 Dec 2005 - [[Logfest 2005|Logfest 2005]] was held at PhilCon in Philadelphia.
* 15 Dec 2005 - "[[:File:NaturalLanguageInterfaceUsingFOL.pdf|A Natural Language Interface Using First-Order Logic]]", a major qualifying project report, by Craig Andrews, Michael Itz, Martin Meyer in Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
* 30 Dec 2005 - Release of [https://soundcloud.com/wizek/lojban-podcast-episode-3 jbocradi #3] (read [[jbocradi cimo'o|transcript]]).

==== 2006 ====
* Jan 2006 - Final podcast of [[jbocradi vomo'o|jbocradi #4]] (transcript only available).
* 5 Feb 2006 - "[http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596101534.do Mind Performance Hacks: Tips & Tools for Overclocking Your Brain]" by Ron-Hale Evans is published. It recommends learning lojban as a way to "shoot off your Sapir-Whorfean linguistic shackles and blow your mind open."
* 5 Mar 2006 - [[KBS Knowledge Representation Motivation Objectives Epistemology]], a paper by [[User:Franz J. Kurfess|Franz J. Kurfess]] written.
* 21-23 Apr 2006 - The first session of [[jbonunsla 2006|jbonunsla 2006]], a celebration of the Logical Language, was held in Michigan at [http://www.penguicon.org/ Penguicon], the science fiction convention and open source software expo.
* 23 Apr 2006 - John Clifford, a.k.a. [[pc]], presents a talk entitled [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQx_wc1kieM "Semantic Primes: aUI to Esperanto with Stops Along the Way"] at the [http://conlang.org/language-creation-conference/lcc1/talks/ First Language Creation Conference] in Berkeley, California, sponsored by the [https://conlang.org Language Creation Society]. The handouts [http://conlang.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/Clifford-SemanticPrimes.doc discuss the relationship of lojban and other constructed languages] with the concept of "[[semantic primes for lojban|semantic primes]]" and include [http://conlang.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/Clifford-Handout.doc a mapping between proposed primes and lojban vocabulary].
* June – Thomas McKay, a professor of philosophy at Syracuse University, publishes ''[[Plural Predication]]'' which argues that some predicates are "irreducibly plural" and are inadequately represented in the semantics of traditional [[first-order logic]], where every [[predicate]] is [[distributive]]. McKay proposes an approach to represent these predicates and the [[plural quantification|plurally quantified]] terms that they operate upon without resorting to [[singularizing devices]] such as [[set]]s and [[mass]]es. Many of McKay's arguments would be picked up in the ongoing discussion of [[gadri reform]].
* 7 July 2006 - [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+2006+Annual+Meeting+Minutes 2006 annual meeting of LLG] is called to order.
* 20 July 2006 - [[samxarmuj|samxarmuj]] ("computerized imaginary universe"), the [[The Lojban MOO|Lojban MOO]], was launched.
* 12 September 2006 - Lojban was mentioned in [http://online.wsj.com/google_login.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB115802923001560290.html%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj in an article in the Wall Street Journal], "How Hartmut Pilch, Avid Computer Geek, Bested Microsoft", by Mary Jacoby. An excerpt: ''"BRUSSELS -- A proposal here to create a new European patents court has the support of Microsoft Corp., Siemens AG and many other giants of Western industry. But can it survive an attack from Hartmut Pilch? A 43-year-old linguist from Munich, Mr. Pilch speaks Chinese, Japanese and an artificial language called Lojban intended to eliminate ambiguity and promoted by some programmers. He is the unlikely leader of a movement of self-styled computer geeks out to sink a patents plan they say would stifle software programmers. "Patents on software mean any programmer can be sued at any time," says Mr. Pilch, ...''
* 3 October 2006 - A feed from [http://community.livejournal.com/lojban the Lojban community blog on Livejournal] was added to [http://www.lojban.org/ The Lojban homepage] per [http://community.livejournal.com/lojban/8245.html previous discussion].
* 17-19 November 2006 - The second session of [[jbonunsla 2006|jbonunsla 2006]] was held at [http://www.philcon.org Philcon] in Philadelphia. In attendance was Arika Okrent, who was researching the book published in 2009 as "In the Land of Invented Languages".
* 30 November - 1 December 2006 - [http://xkcd.com/191/ XKCD] mentions Lojban.
* December 2006 - [https://www.facebook.com/groups/lojban/ Lojban facebook group] formed.

=== 2007-2012: A Temporary Baseline in The Land of Invented Languages ===
LLG passes zasni gafyfantymanri (ZG, "temporary baseline") policy. Japanese lojban community grows. ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' is published. Teaching and reference materials developed in multiple languages. Birth of the "jbocifnu".

==== 2007 ====
* 14 May 2007 - Timo and Cizra released their animation short, [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1710885982433758647 "lai citno melbi pinpedi"]. If that title sounds familiar, you may have seen [http://perpetuum-immobile.de/komo.png this comic strip] before.
* 19 Sep 2007 - Robin Lee Powell adds an XML export option to [[jbovlaste]].
* 6 Oct 2007 - [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+2007+Annual+Meeting+Minutes 2007 Annual meeting] is called to order.
* 11 Oct 2007 - lojbab publishes "[[Statement by the Founder on the 20th anniversary of Lojban]]".
* 10 Nov 2007 - [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]], a new rule in Lojban that changes the behaviour of articles and quantification, was given official status.

==== 2008 ====
* Jan - Feb 2008 - Matt Arnold is elected by the LLG Board of Directors as the fourth president of LLG, succeeding Arnt Richard Johansen.
* Mar 2008 - mublin reconstructs the [http://dealloc.org/~mublin/lojban-source-words_zh/README Chinese] etymology of gismu.
* Apr 2008 - mublin reconstructs the [http://dealloc.org/~mublin/lojban-source-words_en/README English], [http://dealloc.org/~mublin/lojban-source-words_es/README Spanish] (with the assistance of xorxes and Pierre Abbat), and [http://dealloc.org/~mublin/lojban-source-words_ru/README Russian] (with Evgeny Sklyanin, Cyril Slobin, Pierre Abbat, Dmitry Shintyakov, and Bob LeChevalier) etymology of gismu.
* May 2008 - mublin reconstructs the [http://dealloc.org/~mublin/lojban-source-words_hi/README Hindi] etymology of gismu.
* Jun - Jul - [http://www.linapersson.se Lina Persson], a Swedish artist, releases «[http://www.linapersson.se/fanmojimte/fanmojimte01.html fanmo jimte]», a film narrated in lojban about a fictional farmer named Nora in the town of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan,_Alberta Vulcan] in Alberta, Canada. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_nKJW_KuK4 Parts I], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvODnSl7V3w II], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I58z6RjUNhc III], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kt79f7vT1-M IV])
* 4 Jul 2008 - gejyspa publishes a translation of the book of [[:jbo:Esther|Esther]] on the lojban tiki.
* 22 Aug 2008 - xorxes translates Franz Kafka's, "The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung)": [[:jbo:lo+nu+binxo|lo nu binxo]]
* 29 Oct 2008 - The 2008 annual meeting of the membership of LLG is called to order. It was adjourned December 21.
* la tijlan starts to promote lojban in Japanese language forums

==== 2009 ====
* 8 Feb 2009 - kamymecraijun announces [http://jwodder.freeshell.org/lojban/jvozba.cgi jvozba], a web application for constructing lujvo.
* 1-3 May 2009 - jbonunsla at Penguicon in Detroit, MI.
* 19 May 2009 - "In the Land of Invented Languages", a book by Arika Okrent, details Lojban and its history
* July 2 2009 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.de/2009/07/loccan.html article] about LoCCan, an imaginary logical language.
* 1 Aug 2009 - [http://www.jbotcan.org/ jbotcan], the lojbanic "channel", featuring anonymous imageboards, an rss feed that collects news from all over, was brought back on line.
* 8 Aug 2009 - The [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+2009+Annual+Meeting+Minutes 2009 annual meeting of LLG] is called to order.
* 30 Nov 2009 - [http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0966028309?seller=A2STSAFJP9WB2P The Complete Lojban Language] by John Woldemar Cowan was made available to buy from Amazon.com. Sales of CLL rise from about 25 copies per year to about 125 per year.
*''[[Knowledge Representation presentation, by Franz J. Kurfess|Knowledge Representation]]'' presentation written by [[User:Franz J. Kurfess|Franz J. Kurfess]].

==== 2010 ====
* 5 Jan 2010 - BBC Radio 4 aired an [[:File:bbc4.ogg|episode of its Word of Mouth program discussing Lojban]] and other constructed languages.
* 3 Feb 2010 - Work started on making [http://smart.fm/ Smart.fm], an adaptive flashcard learning tool, available to students of Lojban vocabulary. A review can be found [http://www.freetech4teachers.com/2009/11/smartfm-independent-learning-platform.html here]. If you already have a basic knowledge of lojban pronunciation and know how gismu work, and would like to contribute to this project, contact [mailto:eyeonus@gmail.com Jon "Top Hat" Jones].
* 19 Feb 2010 - [http://forum.spore.com/jforum/posts/list/51236.page An invitation was posted to The Sporum], the official Spore forum, to discuss Lojban. Spore is a popular multi-genre single-player metaverse god game published by Electronic Arts.
* 2 Mar 2010 - [http://lodockikumazvati.org/ "lo do ckiku ma zvati"], a "Where are your Keys?" web site focused specifically toward learning Lojban, was unveiled. [http://whereareyourkeys.org/ "Where are your Keys?"] is a language game that rapidly builds fluency in a language by making the techniques used to teach language transparent. Contact [mailto:alyn.post@lodockikumazvati.org Alan Post] for more information.
* 10 Mar 2010 - Students at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland started a [mailto:lojban@st-andrews.ac.uk Lojban Society]. Hosting weekly meetings in a local pub, the group had 12 members after its first month.
* 23 Mar 2010 - All of Lojban's root words ('gismu') were added to [http://smart.fm/ smart.fm], alongside 3,500 derived words ('gismu sumti') in three lessons. Development continued on lessons for learning over 600 structure words ('cmavo').
* 25 Mar 2010 - "[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-soudan lojban-soudan]" (ロジバン相談室, "lojban counseling room"), a Japanese language Google Group, is initiated.
* Apr 2010 - James Royston (.djeims.) develops the [http://lojban.org/cgi-bin/corpus Lojban corpus] web application.
* 8 Apr 2010 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pLKShAI1m0 a teaser] to the movie "Conlang" is published with a poem in Lojban.
* 11 Apr 2010 - Matt Arnold resigns as president of LLG and from the LLG Board of Directors. The Board elects lojbab to a second, non-consecutive term as president.
* 18 Apr 2010 - Dag Odenhall begins work on [http://vlasisku.lojban.org vlasisku], a new web-based dictionary application.
* 30 Apr - 2 May 2010 - The Lojban community's annual convention, [[jbonunsla|Logfest]] (known in Lojban as [[jbonunsla]]) was held at [http://www.penguicon.org/ Penguicon 2010] in Troy, Michigan in the USA. Nine serious Lojbanists attended, and we attracted 3 or 4 newbies.
* 3 May 2010 - The popular children's story book [[The Berenstain Bears Get in a Fight]] was translated into Lojban by Andrew Piekarski and reviewed by Michael Turiansky. An [[:File:Berenstain Bears in a Fight.ogg|audio recording]] was made, as well as a [[:File:Berenstain Fight Tengwar.zip|Tengwar script edition]]. Michael Turiansky also did the first translation of "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]]".
* 22 June 2010 - All of Lojban's approximately 1300 'gismu' (root-words), along with their 'rafsi' (short versions of the root-words) were added to the [http://www.quizlet.com Quizlet] flashcard memorization website.
* 4 July 2010 - Lojbanists [[User:xorxes|Jorge Llambias]] and [[User:Leo Molas|Leo Molas]] proposed [[ISO generated cultural fu'ivla|complete sets of Lojban words for all countries, languages and currencies based on ISO codes]]. A systematic approach to the use of the codes enabled a virtually automatic process for producing such words.
* 19 July 2010 - Over 600 of Lojban's structure words ('cmavo') were added to [http://smart.fm/ smart.fm].
* 27 July 2010 - Lojban enthusiasts in the San Francisco area of the USA began meeting together in the home of [mailto:tene@allalone.org Stephen Weeks] in Mountainview to communicate in and about Lojban.
* August 2010 - [[timo]] forms [https://github.com/lojban|The Lojban Coder's Group on Github].
* 16 August 2010 - [mailto:leos.molas@gmail.com Leo Molas] gave a presentation on Lojban at the [http://www.jornadasdelsur.org.ar/2010/ "Jornadas del Sur"] convention on Monday, August 16, in Bahia Blanca, Argentina. The subject of the convention was free software and free culture. Leo's presentation covered: -What is Lojban? -History -Sapir-Whorf Hyphothesis -Why learn Lojban? -Basic grammar.
* 21 August - 12 October 2010 - The 2010 Annual Meeting of the Logical Language Group Inc was held on the [http://lojban.org/lists/llg-members/ llg-members list]. Bob LeChevalier (USA), Arnt Johansen (Norway) and Robin Powell (USA) were re-elected to the [[LLG Members|LLG Members board]], and joined by two new board members: Timo Paulssen (Germany) and Veijo Vilva (Finland). To get access privileges to the llg-members list, non-members should contact LLG Secretary [mailto:rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org Robin Powell], preferably on [[Lojban IRC|IRC Chat]].
* 9 September 2010 - [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=719 le lunra jo'u le mapku], a translation by [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com Remo Dentato] of [http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/pratham-mooncap.pdf The Moon and the Cap], an Indian children's book, was published on-line.
* 1 October 2010 - Polish lojbanists, including [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com Marek Rogalski], started a mailing list, [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-pl/ lojban-pl].
* 5 October 2010 - Alan Post announced support for play-by-email in [http://lodockikumazvati.org/ "lo do ckiku ma zvati]" ("Where are your Keys?"), making it easier for students in different time zones to participate. A [http://groups.google.com/group/lodockikumazvati google group] was also formed to discuss the game. Willem Larsen, one of the creators, published a blog entry called "[http://whereareyourkeys.org/2010/10/05/the-playful-world-of-conlangs/ The Playful World of Conlangs]" to the "[http://whereareyourkeys.org/ Where are your Keys?] blog, making special reference to Lojban.
* October 19 2010 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2010/10/articles-in-logjam.html article] about [[gadri]] in Loglan and Lojban.
* 30 October 2010 - .alyn.post. releases initial version of [https://github.com/alanpost/genturfahi genturfahi], a lojban packrat parser implemented in scheme.
* November - lojban support is added to [http://tatoeba.org/eng/sentences/show_all_in/jbo/none/none/indifferent tatoeba].
* 18 November 2010 - A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map mind map] of [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=759 Lojban word types] was published on the [[jbo_cheat_sheet|cheat sheet page]] of the Lojban website.
* 25 November 2010 - [mailto:janek37@gmail.com Jan Szejko] (ianek) gave a short presentation on Lojban to students at the renowned Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics of the University of Warsaw in Poland.
* December 2010 - Masato Hagiwara, Hattin, and [[la guskant]] meet in Tokyo and begin [http://ponjbogri.github.io/cll-ja a Japanese translation of "The Complete Lojban Language"]
* 18 December 2010 - "[http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=945 If I had a Pet Dinosaur]" by Gil Robles was translated by [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com Remo Dentato].

==== 2011 ====
* 6 January 2011 - All four Lojban Wave lessons were [https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=12wcGRHA08yMlJoGPjFw1z4kQq-HNi0_dpGIJ2cu3VFM translated into Polish].
* 20 January 2011 - In an effort to broaden the appeal of Lojban in India, home pages in the [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8&no_bl=y Hindi] and [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D&no_bl=y Kannada] languages were added to the Lojban web site. Hindi is one of two official languages of India and is spoken by close to 200M people worldwide. Kannada is the official language of the state of Karnataka which is the location of Bangalore and the centre of India's burgeoning IT industry.
* 3 February 2011 - A funny [[Haskell wrong channel story|story]] with wrong mailing happened on Haskell beginners mailing list.
* 5 February 2011 - A [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/lojban+(fr)&no_bl=y French-language home page] was added to the Lojban web site.
* 12 February 2011 - A [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/lojban+(fi)&no_bl=y Finnish version of the home page] was added to the Lojban web site.
* 5 March 2011 - The first anniversary of the inauguration of the Japanese-language Google Group [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-soudan "lojban-soudan"]. At the end of its first year, it had about fifteen members. There is also a Lojban Club at Osaka University, [mailto:lamuk.lalojban.nelci@gmail.com one of whose members] updated the Japanese pages of the Lojban wiki.
* 12 April 2011 - An [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86&no_bl=y Arabic version of the home page] was added to the Lojban web site. This was the last of the world's major languages (the six used for creating "gismu" - Lojban's root words) in which the home page was translated.
* July 2-3 2011 - The Lojban community's annual convention, [[jbonunsla|Logfest]] (known in Lojban as [[jbonunsla|jbonunsla]]), was held on Saturday July 2 and Sunday July 3 at the [http://www.holidayinn.com/hotels/us/en/san-mateo/sfosm/hoteldetail/directions Holiday Inn] in San Mateo, California, USA. Lojbanists from all around the country [[jbonunsla 2011|conversed and gamed in Lojban]].
* 23 August 2011 - [http://courses.rice.edu/admweb/swkscat.main?p_action=COURSE&p_crn=16915&p_term=201210 "Introductory Lojban"] was offered by Joe Anderson (djandus) at [http://www.rice.edu/ Rice University] in Houston, USA as a student-run, 14 week course. Each lesson lasted 1 hour.
* 9 October 2011 - The [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2011 2011 annual meeting of LLG] was called to order. It was adjourned November 14.
* 1 November 2011 - Robin Lee Powell announces the birth of the "jbocifnu" twins.
* 24 November 2011 - Martin Bays announces the first release of [https://gitorious.org/tersmu tersmu], a "semantic parser" implemented in Haskell, for translating lojban to first order logic.
* The first working draft of the new textbook for newbies [[Lojban Wave Lessons Continued|Lojban Wave Lessons Continued]] was presented.

=== 2012-Present ===
IRC usage grows. [[la guskant]] and [[la selpa'i]] sing and rap in lojban. Lojban software proliferates on github. BPFK reauthorized with new charter. CLL republished in print and as e-book.

==== 2012 ====
* 26 January 2012 - [https://twitter.com/LojbanHQ/status/162634983196991488 First tweet] from LLG Twitter account.
* March - la tsani writes a paper on [[tsani's_Interpretations:_Abstractors|abstractors]] arguing (among other things) that {ka} abstractions are a better choice than {nu} in many predicate places
* 7-8 July 2012 - jbonunsla, a not-quite-annual social gathering for members of the Lojban community, [https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/lojban/KtHm8qDKniM was held in San Mateo, California].
* August 26 - [[la guskant]] releases [https://vimeo.com/113181181 la crisa ditcu] on YouTube.
* September 17 - Yoshikuni Jujo released [https://hackage.haskell.org/package/lojysamban lojysamban], Prolog with Lojban.
* September 24 [[User:gleki|la gleki]] starts a new wiki [http://mw.lojban.org/ mw.lojban.org]
* October 1 - Yoshikuni Jujo released [https://hackage.haskell.org/package/cakyrespa cakyrespa], run turtle like LOGO with Lojban. ''[[The Troika Incident]]'' is released for Amazon Kindle.
* October 26 - The [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2012 2012 annual meeting of LLG] is called to order. It was adjourned December 11.
* December 10 - [http://ihmisentila.tumblr.com "Ihmisen tila - The Human Condition", an original play by Jyrki Pylväs] is premiered in Helsinki, Finland. It includes [http://ihmisentila.tumblr.com/post/35208355474/toinen-otto-ja-vahan-eri-meininki a monologue in lojban] translated by [[la selpa'i]].
* December 29 - [[timo]] presents [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdlGxgKt7nc a lightning talk about lojban] at the 29th Chaos Communication C ngress, Hamburg, Germany.
* [[Fancy Generation Lojbanists]] form a unified IRC group approving of some important extensions to Lojban grammar including treating [[''ka'' versus ''du'u'', and ''ce'u'' and ''zo'e''|ce'u]] and bridi relative clause
* Lojban usage in IRC reaches new peak.
* All gismu and cmavo definitions translated to Russian and imported into jbovlaste

==== 2013 ====
* January 2 - [http://www.amazon.com/Transhumanist-Wager-Zoltan-Istvan-ebook/dp/B00AQQSY60 Zoltan Istvan's "Transhumanist Wager"], a science fiction novel which references lojban, is published.
* January 4-6 - 25th anniversary LogFest is celebrated in Fairfax, VA.
* January 22 - Ross Ogilvie publishes a paper [http://rossogilvie.id.au/essays/2013-01-22-fancu-bridi-mekso/ The Sad State of Mex] discussing mathematical part of Lojban grammar.
* February 20 - On the mailing list, v4hn introduces [[Keith Donnellan]]'s distinction between "referential" and "attributive" descriptions, and suggests a relationship with ''le'' and ''lo''.
* Wave Lessons translated to Russian
* Japanese gismu and cmavo definitions imported into jbovlaste
* April 19 - lojbab and Nora are [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/lojban/OWqJt0hcMQY invited] to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zg0pK-8zXA0 speak to the "Artificial Languages" class at the College of William and Mary].
* May - la cogas translates the Lojban Wave Lessons to Japanese. [[la guskant]] completes a series of [http://guskant.github.io/kolojbo.iu audio lessons in Japanese].
* May 6 - Masato Hagiwara creates his [http://mhagiwara.github.io/camxes.js/ camxes.js], a javascript parser.
* [[User:ilmen|la .ilmen.]] creates [[la ilmentufa]], a modified version of Masato Hagiwara's parser.
* June 3 - The song [[ca pa djedi]] relased becoming a hit in Lojban community.
* [[User:gleki|la gleki]] makes huge changes to the new wiki [http://mw.lojban.org/ mw.lojban.org]
* June 7 - [[la guskant]] releases «[https://vimeo.com/113232481 ro roi za'u re'u ji'a]»
* August 2 - Ben Goertzel presents "[http://youtu.be/xxsbpL_GQ9w Lojban++: An Interlingua for Communication Between Humans and AGIs]" at the Sixth Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-13) in Beijing. ([http://goertzel.org/agi-13/Lojban_paper_v1.pdf PDF])
* September - la cogas publishes an elementary lojban course in Japanese, "[http://seesaawiki.jp/hajiloji hajiloji]".
* October 4 - [[la guskant]] releases a recording of «[https://vimeo.com/113351301 la tcungatcangas pe mu sofybakni zi'e noi xorlo je xorla]», a translation of the Russian song «Tcungatcangas», including original artwork
* German definitions of gismu have been imported into jbovlaste.
* December - [[la guskant]] presents "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo Lojban and Quine]" in Japanese
* December 10 - Slate's" Lexicon Alley" podcast features [http://www.slate.com/articles/podcasts/lexicon_valley/2013/12/lexicon_valley_lojban_is_an_invented_language_that_aims_to_be_supremely.html an interview with Arika Okrent about lojban].
* December 24 - ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' has been [http://selpahi.de/oz.html translated] to Lojban by [[User:Selpa'i|la selpa'i]] giving the largest text in Lojban in history by far.

==== 2014 ====
* January 19 - The [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/LLG+Meeting+Summary+2013 2013 annual meeting of the membership of LLG] is called to order. It was adjourned March 21.
* French definitions of gismu earlier [http://jolapache.free.fr/lojban/gismu/g.html translated] by [mailto:jolapache@free.fr Jonathan Derque] have been checked by [[User:Pier.abat|Pierre Abbat]] allowing their import into jbovlaste.
* March - [[la guskant]] completes "[[gadri の論理学的観点からの解説]]", which she later translates into English as "[[gadri: an unofficial commentary from a logical point of view]]".
* March 5 - [[la selpa'i]] releases his second original song, «[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLrmjRIMgAk lo mi jufra]»
* March 23 - Wu Pan translated gismu definitions to Chinese and [[User:mukti|la mukti]] imported them to jbovlaste.
* March 27 - "Simple English", a new language in jbovlaste. Simplified definitions of gismu were imported into it.
* April 5 - danr [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/lojban/sGoK80yVNPI announces] the release of "[http://korp.alexburka.com/ korpora zei sisku]", a new corpus indexing and search system.
* June 9 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2014/06/lojban-is-monoparsing.html article] arguing that monoparsing is one of the main virtues of Lojban (meaning that what in one language might be covered by a single rule (folding together the differences in two parallel sentences, for example) might in Lojban take a number of separate rules).
* June 24 - [[User:mukti|la mukti]] makes fixes to [[jbovlaste]] dictionary to match the contemporary grammar.
* July 5 - [[la guskant]] starts a Lojbanic, biweekly video podcast, "[https://vimeo.com/album/3148016 bripre jikca]".
* August - Gerold Hintz completes masters thesis, "[https://www.lt.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_LangTech/student_theses/_Semantic_parsing_using_Lojban_-_On_the_middle_ground_between_semantic_ontology_and_language.pdf Semantic parsing using lojban - On the middle ground between semantic ontology and language]" at TU Darmstadt (there is [[File:FN-mappings.zip|unofficial complementary stuff]] for the thesis).
* October 6 - [[la selpa'i]] releases another rap song, this time featuring lyrics by various Lojbanists (danr, Ilmen, durka), «[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-Y9eBBTrxU LO JBOBAU CU MO]»
* October 20 - on BBC radio [[User:Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04lpxx9 tells] about communicating with his young daughters using Lojban, and how he tests the creative boundaries of a purely logical language. In the same show [[Arika Okrent]] tells the story of the divide between Loglan and Lojban.
* The mw.lojban.org wiki has a lot of improvements, it posts its changes to Twitter and Facebook.
* November - Patrik Austin, a Finnish Esperantist, publishes "[http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/002272 Predicate logic is a suboptimal basis for real time logical language]" in [http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz LingBuzz], an online linguistics forum.
* November 11 - an autoupdating version of la sutsis made [https://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/index.html#sisku/badna available]. Try opening this address from Chrome (desktop or mobile versions) after you lose connection to the internet. It will still work.
* December 15 - [[la tsani]], la durka, la mukti, [[la guskant]], lai az, [[la selpa'i]], la xalbo, la ilmen and [[la gleki]] become members of [[LLG]]. Veio and la broca leave the Board of Directors of LLG. John Cowan leaves LLG (on various reasons including the abundance of members at this time).

==== 2015 ====
* January - More versions of la sutsis are rolled out: for [https://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/jbo/index.html purely Lojban dictionary], for [https://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/ja/index.html Japanese dictionary], for [https://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/fr-facile/index.html Facile French], for [https://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/eo/index.html Esperanto].
* January 10 - Arkadii Balandin, Craig B. Daniel, Ali Sajid Imani, Riley Martinez-Lynch, and And Rosta were elected to the LLG Board of Directors. Robert LeChevalier and Timo Paulssen were re-elected.
* January 13 - John Cowan was awarded the honorary title of "Archgrammarian" or "balgenpre" in recognition of the magnitude of his contributions to Lojban, and his many years as a member, director and officer of LLG.
* February 21 - Dutch animator [https://twitter.com/Benimation Benimation] releases [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9mQGdvmFUc a cover of «crisa ditcu»], a song by [[la guskant]]. The vocals are software-generated.
* February 24 - LLG Members at the 2014 Annual Meeting approved a [[BPFK Reauthorization|reauthorization of BPFK]].
* March 16 - Lojban becomes the first constructed language fully supported by [https://vivaldi.net/en-US/blogs/teamblog/item/15-weekly-snapshot-1-0-129-2 Vivaldi web browser].
* March 30 - The Lojbanic MediaWiki is promoted to become new main lojban.org web site.
* April 23 - [[Image:La Muplis.png|link=|96px]] [https://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/muplis/index.html#search/gleki La Muplis], a modified version of la sutsis for Tatoeba.org database is published by [[la gleki]]. The advantage over pure search on [http://tatoeba.org tatoeba.org] is speed and that it's bound to Lojban only.
* June 1 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.de/2015/06/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of.html article] discussing whether Loglan and Lojban are spoken logic.
* June 4 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.de/2015/06/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of_4.html article] discussing how prenex is constructed in Lojban and how sentences with it are related to formal logic.
* June 6 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of_6.html article] discussing how in Loglan and Lojban conjunctions are construted and how they reflect formal logic.
* June 9 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of_26.html article] discussing how Loglan and Lojban were designed to test the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
* June 9 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of_26.html article] discussing whether Loglan and Lojban are culturally neutral.
* June 17 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of_17.html article] discussing whether Loglan and Lojban increase rationality.
* June 21 - la djemynai publishes «[https://djemynai.bandcamp.com/album/zao ZA'O]», a full-length rap album of songs in lojban.
* June 28 - The LLG Board of Directors re-elected Robert Lechavalier as President, electing And Rosta as Vice President and Riley Martinez-Lynch as Secretary/Treasurer.
*August 28 - [[la pycyn]] publishes an [http://pckipo.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-role-of-errors-in-history-of.html article "Maxim 4: Loglans are unambiguous."] arguing that Lojban and Loglan are not derived systematically from [[First Order Predicate Logic|FOPL and its extensions]].
* August 28-30 - [[jbonunsla 2015]] is celebrated in Princeton, New Jersey.
*October 4 - [[John Cowan]] [https://youtu.be/lxQjwbUiM9w reads] an extract from ''Alice in Wonderland'' for [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBgWgQyEb5eTzvh4lLcuipQ Wikitongues].
*October 8 - [[la epkat]] makes a new instant messaging place, https://lojban.slack.com
*October 9 - https://lojban.slack.com becomes fully synchronized with Lojban IRC chat thus solving a long standing issue of IRC not being user friendly to many people and not saving history of messages.
*October 10 - Benjamin Gregory Carlisle [http://www.bgcarlisle.com/blog/2015/10/05/lojban-logical-connectives-illustrated-with-venn-diagrams/ prepares] a [[:File:Truth-functions.pdf|cheatsheet]] of Lojban logical connectives illustrated with Venn diagrams.
*December 13 - la gleki installs a [[Lojban IRC]] <=> "Telegram instant messenger" gateway (after enabling a gateway to/from Slack messenger earlier) and in the light of these technically easy but important for the Lojban community achievements [https://groups.google.com/d/topic/lojban/ng0WbJ11RzU/discussion declares] the end of The Era of Lojban IRC Detachment.
*December 26 - Masato Hagiwara [https://groups.google.com/d/topic/lojban/6HQo135bO8I/discussion announces] a statistical based machine translation from English into Lojban and vice versa.

==== 2016 ====
*February 29 - [http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/1.9 Minecraft 1.9] is released, which includes a community-created Lojban translation.
* April 13 - "[[The Complete Lojban Language]]" is republished in hardcover and Kindle e-book format.
* June 1 - [[la selpa'i]] publishes [http://selpahi.weebly.com/jbo/mi-zaho-citno lu mi za'o citno li'u], an original short story in lojban.
* November 12 - [[la guskant]] publishes [https://vimeo.com/190637628 lo vliraitru], an animated documentary in lojban.
* December 7 - [http://youtu.be/KA_s8B9xJBU 'Lojban as an Interlingua'] lecture by Ben Goertzel and Ruiting Lian at OpenCog's 'Hong Cogathon Dec 2016'.

==== 2018 ====

*September - la gleki adds [https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_Live_Chat Mattermost, Facebook messenger] and vk.com board integration to the live chat that is synchronized between those messengers as well as to Telegram, Slack and IRC (synchronization of which was deployed in 2015).

==== 2020 ====

* January - [[la gleki]] starts a [https://lojban.pw/articles/complete-lojban-language/ series of unofficial regular updates] to the [[Complete Lojban Language]] book mostly fixing mistypes and contradictions in the book.
* March 4 - a new channel for French speakers gets opened, immediately gets significant activity and gets bridged between Telegram, Discord, Slack, IRC networks ([https://lojban.pw/articles/live_chat/ links])

* June - la [[zbalermorna]] orthography gets into the unofficial release of the 'Complete Lojban Language' book.
* June - [[la sutysisku]] app now has playable audio for definitions of many words and has visual clues to the structure of [[lujvo]] and words having 'property' places.
* July 13 - la korvo breaks ground on [[brismu|la brismu]] ([https://groups.google.com/g/lojban/c/L8NFx18ZePc/m/y6P-WAMbAgAJ announcement])

==== 2023 ====

* August 1 - la brismu formalizes 1% of baseline; la korvo projects that 40% of baseline valsi can be formalized ([https://groups.google.com/g/lojban/c/AVnd42r-0JQ/m/Wro74oo5AQAJ announcement])

==== 2024 ====

* April 2 - la brismu formalizes 3% of baseline and ontologizes another 12%; la korvo requests that LFK meet and consider some issues raised by the formalization process ([https://groups.google.com/g/lojban/c/g9kp6R8kEU4/m/OkVwxmlOAwAJ announcement])

go, gi

2025-07-14T21:33:06Z

Korvo: /* go ... gi ... */ Bluelink to related page.

=== go ... gi ... ===

Sometimes English "if" means "if and only if". For example, "if you really love me, you'll help me study vocabulary" probably means that both sides of the statement are being taken as having the same truth value. If so, a correct translation can use ''go ... gi ...''.

See also [[ganai, gi]] reasoning.

ganai, gi

2025-07-14T21:32:22Z

Korvo: /* ganai ... gi ... */ Bluelink to related page.

=== ganai ... gi ... ===

This is the logical version of if, i.e. "material implication"; "Either not p or q, or both".

*It indicates correlation, not causality.
*It is exactly equivalent to "nage ... ginai ...", i.e. "not both p and not q". If that paraphrase works as well as "if ... then ..." in a given phrase, then "ganai ... gi ..." is acceptable.

*Lojban is the logical language, as so should say things in the logical way whenever possible.

*.i krinu tadji di'e ''The reason is as follows:''

''X Y not X if X then Y (not X or Y or both)''

bu'a bu'e nabu'a ganai bu'a gi bu'e

1 1 0 1

1 0 0 0 <-- jitfa .iseni'ibo ko toljundi ''False, so ignore it. [[BTW, my ignoring it isn't logically implied by it being false.|BTW, my ignoring it isn't logically implied by it being false.]]'' .ienai .i po'o le sedu'u ko toljundi le 2moi tcini kei cu smuni le sedu'u ganai

0 1 1 1

0 0 1 1

.i po'o 3mei tcini .iseni'ibo le di'e pagbu cu vajni ''Only 3 situations, so these parts (below) are important.''

''X Y''

bu'a bu'e

1 1

0 1

0 0

See also [[go, gi]] reasoning.

----

In reorganizing the terribly cluttered ''if'' page, I'm not sure what to do with the huge chain of responses below. Much of it has been made irrelevant by the existence of [[mu'ei|mu'ei]], or the possibility of using a selbri like [[krinu|krinu]], [[nibli|nibli]], [[mukti|mukti]], or [[rinka|rinka]]. --[[rab.spir|rab.spir]]

----

==== Con: ====

*''If'' as we understand it cannot be reduced to NOT p OR q, for the simple reason that it doesn't behave like it under negation (McCawley p. 224). If ''if'' was the same as NOT p OR q (''naja''), then its negation, ''it is not the case that if...'' should be NOT (NOT p OR q) = p AND NOT q (''genai''). But to use McCawley's example, "It is not the case that: If God is dead, everything is permissible" is not the same thing as "God is dead, and not everything is permissible."

**''mi'e xod .i ganai da'i do ba'o cusku bau la lojban. gi do na pu srera .i le jei lo'u ganai gi le'u cu prije cu traji .i ma'i le pu lojycartu goi L le pu'u natfe tu'a lu ganai bu'a gi bu'e li'u seljalge le L 2moi tcini po'o poi ke'a selsmuni le du'u bu'a jetnu gi'e bu'e jitfa .i ru'a bu'a du mi ricfu .i ru'a bu'e du mi gleki .i ja'o lu ganai bu'a gi bu'e li'u selsmuni le du'u ganai mi ricfu gi mi gleki .i ja'o lu naku ganai bu'a gi bu'e li'u selsmuni le du'u naku ganai mi ricfu gi mi gleki kei poi ma'i L ca'i le 2moi tcini ku ke'a selsmuni le du'u ge mi ricfu gi mi na gleki .i melbi .i le li'i ce'u ricfu jena gleki kei po'o tadji le mu'e jarco le du'u lu ganai mi ricfu gi mi gleki li'u na fatci''

***.i doi xod. mi'e [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]. na'i go'i .i bau le glico zoigy. ''It's not true that, if I'm rich, I'm happy'' gy. ba'e na nibli zoigy. ''I'm rich'' gy. noi li'a se nibli zoigy. ''I'm rich and I'm not happy'' gy. .i seni'ibo zoigy. ''if'' na dunli "lo'u ganai le'u" .i bau la lojban le mupli pe do cu jai snada; ki'u le li'a du'u "lo'u ganai le'u" dunli "lo'u ganai le'u" .i ku'i mi na casnu le smuni be "lo'u ganai le'u" .i mi casnu le smuni be zoigy. ''if'' gy. .e ledu'u jimpygau leri smuni bau la lojban sepi'o makauIn other words: I know that's what ''ganai'' does; it's just not what ''if'' does, so ''ganai'' is not equivalent to ''if''. (I don't think the counterargument is that it's ''na'i'', not ''na''; no, it really is "it is not the case that" which throws ''if'' off like that.) This is one more reason why this ''cannot'' be discussed in [[Lojban]], btw: if ''if'' is not the same as ''ganai'', then what you say about ''ganai'' has no bearing on how to say ''if''. In !McCawley's example above, ''if'' is clearly not ''ganai'' at all, but ''ni'i''. '''''OK you have a point. ganai collapses all the possible worlds into here & now. The only way you can say "It's not true that, if I'm rich, I'm happy" is if you really are rich, and are unhappy. The answer probably lies with da'i and da'inai, but I am afraid I lack the philosophical bone to carry this much further. At least I know how to use it. It sure would be handy to have a nice, slim volume on [[Lojban]] and Logic that I could understand. Perhaps a college Freshman Intro to Logic, but in Lojban. --xod'''''

***An important difference between ''if'' and ''ganai'' is that ''if'' presupposes a preceding universal quantification, and ''ganai'' does not. For example: ''if someone is rich, then they are happy'' means ''roda zo'u ganai da ricfu gi da gleki''. It does '''not''' mean just ''ganai da ricfu gi da gleki''. The negation, ''it is not the case that if someone is rich then they are happy'' is of course ''naku roda ganai da ricfu gi da gleki'', which in turn is equivalent to ''su'oda ge da ricfu ginai da gleki'', i.e. ''there is at least someone who is rich and not happy.'' What about the case with ''mi''? Again we need a universal quantification: ''In every possible world, I am either not rich or I am happy'', that's what ''if I'm rich then I'm happy'' means. So if we insist on translating it with ''ganai'', we must introduce a universal quantification over possible worlds, over possible circumstances, or something similar. Then the negation works fine: ''There is at least one world in which I am rich and not happy''. In English, ''if'' already has this universal quantification included in its meaning, in [[Lojban]] ''ganai'' does not, and it has to be made explicit for it to have the meaning of ''if''. --mi'e [[User:xorxes|xorxes]]
**** Good point. This is why we need tense cmavo for possible worlds. [[Loglan|Loglan]] figured out that they were necessary, yet they are sorely lacking in Lojban. --[[rab.spir|rab.spir]] '''''Watch out, we only get ten indentations, then the Wiki breaks. Is da'i, da'inai good enough for you, Rob? --xod'''''

***** (Well, this is only the 5th indentation, so we're doing okay.) ''da'i'' and ''da'inai'' are okay, but just barely. Other attitudinals have a way to express a similar concept explicitly; there is no such method for ''da'i'' and ''da'inai''. Plus ''da'i'' might have other meanings besides possible worlds. I think that if possible worlds could be tenses but the option of just using the fuzzy ''da'i'' was still available, things would work fine.And, it appears, the tense cmavo which does this is [[mu'ei|mu'ei]]. Now that I understand what the PA is for in its definition, I love it. This is what I'll use for counterfactuals. --[[rab.spir|rab.spir]]
**** Maybe [[bai|bai]].

*It doesn't work for "counterfactuals", as in "If I had a million dollars...". Since we know that the first part is false, the entire statement is necessarily true in [[Lojban]] ("ganai mi megdo rupnu ponse gi co'e")
**''And neither does va'o. ''co'e va'o lenu mi ca megdo rupnu ponse'' cannot say anything about ''co'e'', because ''lenu mi ca megdo rupnu ponse'' does not exist. The sentence reduces to ''co'e va'o noda''.''

*** Sure it does. Events in [[Lojban]] can exist even if they don't happen. After all, would you say that ''mi djica le nu ca megdo rupnu ponse'' reduces to ''mi djica noda''? Some people seem to think it's a problem; xorxes wants to use ''lo'e nu'' when the event doesn't occur, I think. If you pressed me, I would make the distinction with ''ka'e nu'' vs. ''ca'a nu'', but it doesn't overly concern me. If usage has ever decided anything, it's decided that events can exist without occurring. ''Not that "va'o" necessarily works, just that this isn't the reason.''-- [[Adam|Adam]]
**** I would say that, yes. "I want to have a million dollars" would not be translated with a ''ca'' in it. It would be tenseless; "I want to have a million dollars, sometime." It might in fact use ''ba''. Future events exist at least in possibility; saying that I want this event means that I'm not sure whether this event will ever exist, but if it does, I want it. However, I believe that talking about present events which are known not to exist cannot convey anything. --[[rab.spir|rab.spir]]

***** That's begging the question. I may want a million dollars ''sometime'', but I may also want a million dollars ''now'', and there's no reason I can't express this with a tense on the subordinate bridi. I can even say that I (now) want to have had a million dollars: ''mi ca djica le nu mi punau megdo rupnu ponse''. (Though this can't happen, I can still want it.) Not only that, but predications about events that might not actually happen in this world are common and very useful: ''bredi'', ''kakne'', ''pacna'', etc.
****** Of course there '''must''' be constructions available in [[Lojban]] (and any human idiom) where an event "takes place" in a world other than this one, i.e. doesn't really happen and infact '''cannot''' take place, e.g. because of the fact that '''the opportunity to make it true has already been missed'''. This aspect most obviously is part of our existing world, often dealt with by "subjunctive constructions" and uttered in many, many [[exclamations of remorse|exclamations of remorse]] on passed-up opportunities. - mi'e .aulun.

** If you resolve the phrase too soon, replacing the phrase with its value, you end up with nonsense. This is something to watch out for! [[Lojban]] has no cmavo for indicating when to resolve a phrase quickly and when do so later, so you must use common sense and cooperation. This would prevent the above catastrophe. And use '''da'i!''' --xod

''la'e di'u ba'e jitfa .i ganai le 1moi bridi cu jitfa gi na djuno fi le jei 2moi bridi .ini'ibo stura le de'u cmalu lojycartu'' {That is '''false'''. If the first bridi is false, we don't know the truth value of the second bridi [[Actually it says "the truth value of being a second bridi"|Actually it says "the truth value of being a second bridi"]], since [[it's|it's]] the structure of the aforementioned small truth table.}

No, we don't know the truth value of the second bridi, but we do know that the entire sentence is true. Both "ganai mi megdo rupnu ponse gi mi ricfu" (If I have a million dollars, I'm rich) and "ganai mi megdo rupnu ponse gi mi pindi" (If I have a million dollars, I'm poor) are true, since I don't have a million dollars.

** Perhaps we need to look at this from a different angle. In regular arithmetic, division by zero is not allowed, although the notation itself is possible, because that would enable us to prove, among other undesirable things, that any number equals any other number. So, I think the ''jbojbe'' may end up using ''ganai'' with the understanding (call it logical etiquette) that they are not to use this with a counterfactual clause. (There are, after all, other ways to express those kinds of statements. Which also goes for the other kind of statement that in English uses an "if" and in [[Lojban]] cannot as well be handled by ''ganai'' --the sort of command or warning: "if you do this, I will do that".)
*** Yes. Absolutely. In fact, the word ''if'' has the same thing - it refers to the logical if of ''ganai'', but it is used for counterfactuals because otherwise it would be useless outside of discussions of logic. I propose that we agree to do that before any [[native speakers bojbe|native speakers bojbe]] have to even exist. - mi'e. [[.kreig.daniyl.|.kreig.daniyl.]]

''ganai do lanli le 2moi lojycartu gi do zgana le du'u da jitfa kei na bapli dida'o''

''ni'o ma'a sruma le du'u le jufra cu jetnu kei ki'u le du'u cusku le jufra .i sepi'o le jetnu selsruma ma'a lanli le ckini be fa da bei de''

''ni'o le kamlogji ka'enai jimpe le du'u lu ganai mi ponse le megru'u gi mi pindi li'u cu jitfa .i le kamfatci po'o cu kakne .i ba'o le mu'e sruma tu'a le mulno jufra kei ku joi le du'u krici tu'a pa selxu'a to poi pagbu le mulno jufra toi kei ku lanli fi le ka dida'o poi drata cu jetnu''

''ni'o le mu'e do galfi zo da zo bu'a kei zo'u mi pu zmanei zo bu'a .i ku'i la xorxes. cu xlura cusku le sedu'u .ei na pilno zo bu'a ki'u le du'u cizra seltarti ti'a zo zo'u''

*It doesn't specify the the relationship between the two bridi. "ganai le tsani cu blanu gi li pa su'i pa du li re" is true in [[Lojban]], though "If the sky is blue, then 1+1=2" sounds silly in English.

''la'e di'u na vajni .i ji'a bebna cusku lu li pa su'i pa du li re va'o le du'u le tsani cu blanu li'u .i ja'o le kambebna na sarji zo va'o .i ji'a .i'anai do lacri le kamglico'' {That isn't important. You can also sillily say "1+1=2 if [[va'o|va'o]] the sky is blue". Therefore, silliness doesn't support "va'o". Also, you're relying on English.}

Keep in mind also that the sentence is either describing a specific circumstance or a general rule, and it's a fallacy to suddenly switch it. If you mean ''ganai le tsani ca blanu gi li pa su'i pa ca du li re'', then you are making a statement about the state of the world right now -- the sky is blue, and 1+1=2 -- and even rephrasing that with "if" doesn't make it into a general statement. You can make it look like it does when you convert it to English, and convince a lot of people that way, but that doesn't mean it's true.The general statement ''ganai le tsani ca blanu gi li pa su'i pa ca du li re'' (you can make that more explicit with a ''ci'iroiku'') is also true only because of the fact that there is no conceivable time when 1+1 will not equal 2. Try reversing the statement, though:

''ci'iroiku ganai li pa su'i pa du li re gi le tsani cu blanu'' (Always, the sky is blue if 1+1=2.) This is '''not''' true, because there are in fact times when the sky is black, or gray, or red.

''ganai li pa su'i pa ca du li re gi le tsani ca blanu'' (The sky is currently blue if 1+1 currently equals 2.) This is true if the sky happens to be blue, but it has minimal meaning, because you cannot imply a general statement from this.

Is there any reason to use va'o besides assumptions based on incorrect translations into English?

[[rab.spir|rab.spir]]

--------------

Sure, you can say that, but the idea is that "va'o", in addition to claiming the relationship about the truth values of the sentences involved like "ganai ... gi ...", also claims that there is a certain relationship between the events described in the sentences themselves (exactly what hasn't been worked out yet, but it involves more that just having truth values that line up in a table.) Thus, I would consider that the entire sentence "li pa su'i pa du li re va'o le nu le tsani cu blanu" (1+1=2 if [[va'o|va'o]] the sky is blue) is false, since the two sentences have nothing to do with one another, even though both parts are true by themselves. (The translation into English was just an example to show approximately what the problem is. I think that our result in [[Lojban]] needs to be much better defined that English.)''

1+1=2 if '''anything'''. That makes it an extremely bad example for this purpose. That's why above I switched the example around.

''.ie ju'o lo'u ganai le'u selsmuni na'ebo le kamkrinu goi ko'a .e le kamselzgana goi ko'e .i ko'e zmadu ko'a le ka ka'e fatci cusku ce'u''

''.i le fatci ckini be sera'a le 2mei jufra cu selsku le 2moi lojycartu''

ka, du'u, si'o, ce'u, zo'e

2024-11-16T18:35:05Z

Korvo: Fix list formatting so that the numbering on (6) and (7) matches pages which link here.

{{jbocre/en}}{{Featured article}}

{{se inspekte/en}}
[[User:And Rosta|And Rosta]]:
#'''du'u''', '''ka''' and '''si'o''' are logically identical. They all express '''n'''-adic relations, where '''n''' is the number of overt or covert '''ce'u''' within the abstraction. A proposition is a 0-adic relation. A property is a 1-adic relation.
#The difference between '''du'u''', '''ka''' and '''si'o''' is purely grammatical, and concerns the interpretation of elided sumti.
#In '''du'u''' abstractions, all elided sumti are interpreted as '''zo'e'''.
#In '''ka''' abstractions that contain one or more overt '''ce'u''', all elided sumti are interpreted as '''zo'e'''.
#In '''ka''' abstractions that contain no overt '''ce'u''', the default interpretation is that exactly one elided sumti is interpreted as '''ce'u''' and the rest are interpreted as '''zo'e'''. If contextual factors are sufficiently strong, the default can be overridden, and more than one elided sumti is interpreted as '''ce'u''' according to the demands of the discourse context. (Original version: In '''ka''' abstractions that contain no overt '''ce'u''', exactly one elided sumti is interpreted as '''ce'u''' and the rest are interpreted as '''zo'e'''.)
#In a '''ka''' abstraction in which an elided sumti is interpreted as ''' ce'u''', the sumti is normally the leftmost empty sumti, unless this default is overridden by strong contextual factors.
#In '''si'o''' abstractions, all elided sumti are interpreted as '''ce'u'''.

*[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
*:With the modification proposed on the list by xorxes (5: at least one '''ce'u''', except where context strongly indicates more than one, as in '''simxu'''), I think this is eminently sensible, and does not break existing usage.
**[[User:And Rosta|And Rosta]]:
**:It arguably even makes sense of [[Michael Helsem|Michael's]] use of '''si'o'''. That is, it makes formerly iffy usage valid.
**[[User:John Clifford|pc]]:
**:But is an egregious waste of cmavo space for no purpose whatsoever. Assuming for the nonce that '''ce'u''' is actually meant to be used in the way typically done here (the list calls it a pseudo-quantifier -- whatever that means -- not a bound variable, after all), then the only logical way to deal with it is to make it everywhere explicit and then fudge back as context allows, not to have a passle of rules using up cmavo like peanuts at a beer party.
**:So, I suggest that '''du'u''' is the standard form for propositions and thus putting '''ce'u''' in it creates properties and relation, depending on how many you put in. '''ka''' on the other hand is the the qualitative version of '''ni''', giving properties of the enclosed event (another way to do adverbs, if you will). '''si'o''' seems to be about mental or mentalistic critters, complete thoughts or ideals or the corresponding partials related to properties and relations. On Zipfean ground, '''ka''' and '''du'u''' might well be interchanged, though that might affect some mnemonics.
**[[User:xod|la xod]]:
**:This scheme is logically consistent but breaks existing usage too much to get adopted now.
*[[User:xod|la xod]]:
*:There are problems with number five. First, it breaks existing usage (which is unfixably broken) because the Book itself shows that '''ka '''without '''ce'u''' could mean there is one implicit '''ce'u''', or alternatively that there is no '''ce'u''' at all and the intended relationship is an abstraction of a quality fulfilled by a given sumti (not "height", but "my cat's height"), which should really be expressed using '''jei''', not '''ka'''. Agreeing upon an accepted tradition for the interpretation of ka without ce'u will only encourage people to perform that abomination. Instead, we should do what we can to discourage it and advise people to be explicit.
*:When it was discussed in that massive Lojban list thread, (5) seemed to be the best compromise between past usage, current usage, and the need to have something that wouldn't break down too badly. Purists can avoid '''ka''' altogether; [[User:And Rosta|And Rosta]] no longer uses it.
*[[User:xod|la xod]]:
*:And secondly, look how '''ni '''has been forgotten. It's almost completely neglected in the above discussion because it's redundant, only providing a quantitative mirror for '''ka'''. Well, sufficiently determined nerds like us can and usually do think of qualities as quantities, so we really don't need both.
*[[User:And Rosta|And Rosta]]:
*:I've just thrice rewritten a paragraph trying to work out what you're trying to say, but I give up. Can you explain? Maybe move explanation to a separate wiki page & link to it from here?

ralju brivla deep structure

2024-10-21T18:45:10Z

Korvo: /* Gismu Deep Structure */ Part 2: list counterexamples. Lots of links here, folks; if you don't grok, read up before commenting.

{{se inspekte/en}}
{{gl|lo si'o lo ralju brivla cu banzu|The idea that main verbs are enough}}

The ''Ralju Brivla Deep Structure'' hypothesis (RBDS hypothesis) is the hypothesis that the set of main [[verb]]s (mostly [[gismu]]) constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning. In other words: that the Lojban main verbs set is sufficient to express all possible predicates, without separate [[lujvo]], without tanru, and (here's the controversial bit) without [[preposition]]s. It presumes that all of these can be expressed with sentences (inordinately complex and ugly sentences, true) involving just the set of main verbs and cmavo (other than prepositions.)

A more narrow hypothesis is called "''Gismu Deep Structure'' hypothesis" (GDS hypothesis) which states that not main verbs but only gismu (thus a subset of main verbs) are enough. As explained below, GDS is false.

== Gismu Deep Structure ==

The original formulation of gismu deep structure is from [[la nitcion]]:

; GDS (nitcion [http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9305/msg00013.html 1]) : All lujvo can be expressed as tanru.
; GDS (nitcion [http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9303/msg00024.html 2]) : All tanru and lujvo can be expressed as bridi containing only gismu and cmavo.

In (1), la nitcion also says, "And if we admit that not all concepts can be expressed with gismu and cmavo, … well, I'd worry." A [[hardliners|hardliner]] might therefore propose a bolder hypothesis like the one at the top of this page:

; GDS (vector-space) : The set of [[baseline]] gismu generate a vector space covering semantic space.
; GDS (completeness) : The set of baseline gismu can express all semantic concepts.

As originally given by la nitcion, the hypotheses are more like guiding rules for how to define Lojban [[vlaste]] than concrete statements about (baseline) Lojban; they aren't falsifiable. In contrast, the hypotheses about semantics are completely backwards. In [[wikipedia:model theory]], the [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/model models] of a logical system always have a predictable structure: there is an initial model, also called a standard model or [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/term%20model term model], whose semantics are precisely those which are logically required by the syntax; and many non-standard models, which definitionally contain concepts that ''cannot'' be expressed via standard syntax. A standard introduction to this way of thinking is studying [[wikipedia:non-standard model of arithmetic]].

The pedantic type theorists in the audience should note that [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/initiality+conjecture the initiality conjecture] has been proven for Martin-Löf's dependent type theory, which includes Lojban's second-order logic as a special case, so Lojban's categories of models will also have a term model as initial model.

[[Robin Lee Powell]] said in 2024 [https://groups.google.com/g/lojban/c/WXElELpBtAY/m/jHp04ifTAQAJ] that the falsity of GDS "[is] not a point of contention."

=== Counterexamples ===

The following concepts can't be semantically addressed via baseline [[supplicatory model|supplication]], either because supplication was insufficient or because the concept challenges the ambit of second-order logic and must be approached axiomatically.

; {xlane} : [[The proposed fourth tense of Lojban]]; its exclusion from baseline coined the phrase "Whorfian mind-lock", later included in the [[wikipedia:Jargon File]] slang dictionary
; entropy : a generic concept relating knowledge of a system to observations of a system; one of many recent scientific concepts missing from baseline
; SI units : there are gismu for individual units but no baseline mechanism for forming tensor products of units and thus no Abelian group of SI units
; algebra : a system for manipulating syntax with equational reasoning; these aren't in the baseline and can't be built without internalized syntax-manipulation tools which also aren't in baseline
; algebraic theories : systems governing algebras, particularly [[wikipedia:Lawvere theory]]; individual systems are addressed at [[abstract Algebra]], but there is no way to specify additional other systems
; category : like {cmima} but for arrowhood in a category rather than elementhood in a set; must be given as a primitive concept because there are ontological distinctions between Lojban's assumed [[wikipedia:Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory]] and the [[wikipedia:Tarski–Grothendieck set theory]] required for category theory

==Support and criticism==
*It is not known what the minimum set of main verbs is to be. It is nevertheless agreed that most verbs in this set are gismu.
*Some Lojbanists (e.g. [[Adam]] and [[la nitcion|Nick]]) thought most if not all prepositions in Lojban can be paraphrased as [[bridi]]: see [[''pe'' necessary for ''sumti'' plus (BAI-type modifier) Gotcha|''pe'' necessary for ''sumti'' plus (BAI-type modifier) Gotcha]].
* [[seljvajvo|seljvajvo]] suggest ways in which lujvo (and by extension tanru) can be expressed as explicit combinations of gismu ('''be lo, be lo nu, je''').
* most [[fu'ivla]] can be mostly (messily and verbosely) described in terms of pure Lojban, or at the very worst, foisted onto [[cmene]].

==History==
The hypothesis is probably the inception of [[hardliners|hardlinerism]]; it proposes that much of Lojban grammar and semantics can be reduced to a simpler core. It was first formulated explicitly (unsurprisingly) by [[User: Nick Nicholas|Nick Nicholas]], in his lujvo papers<ref>http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9303/msg00024.html</ref><ref>http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9305/msg00013.html</ref>, which formulated [[seljvajvo|seljvajvo]]. However, it is implicit in the very existence of the cmavo [[ta'u|ta'u]], which certainly predates him.

"Deep Structure" is [[la nitcion|Nick's]] allusion to Generative Grammar, particularly in its earlier, explicitly transformational form. The implication is specifically that other facets of Lojban grammar can be explicitly derived from this "Deep Structure", which is semantically primary.
{{quotation|[[User:Nick Nicholas|Nick]]:

This reveals my bias towards Generative Semantics}}

==Discussion==
*[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
*:OK, you can start yelling now :-)
**[[Jay Kominek|Jay]]:
**:Why yell? Seems like its probably right. I don't think its a good reason to do anything special, though. You could express the same things without anaphora, but you're certainly not going to stop using KOhA anytime soon. :)
***[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
***:You're right, of course. This isn't so much a reason to do anything different, as a underlying motivation for why certain things are already being done.
***[[xod]]:
***:If 1350 primitives (times however many places) are "enough to express all meaning", why is that number special? Suppose there are 10 000 different sumti places. Why is 10 000 enough primitives but 10 too few? Such a statement means that the actual number of primitives in reality is some number between 10 and 10 000! Who is prepared to make that claim?
***[[Adam|Adam]]:
***:Of course the actual gismu list is not minimal. There are many gismu which can paraphrased in terms of other gismu. You can't really tell whether any particular set of gismu is minimal, because it's always possible that you overlooked some paraphrase, or that you cut some [[malglico|malglico]] corner in reducing the list. Also, there's always a large number of concepts which need [[fu'ivla|fu'ivla]]. Still, the gismu list appears sufficient for covering the vast majority of semantic space.
****[[xod]]:
****:By introducing the overlapping of certain gismu you are adjusting my extremely hypothetical figure of 10 000. My point holds just the same, whether 10 000 is adjusted down to 1000 or up to 1 000 000 actual unique gismu places. I assume that, as you introduce fu'ivla, and say "vast majority of semantic space" instead of "all of semantic space", you are disagreeing with the notion, proven false above, that "gismu constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning".
****[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
****:The theory, which may or may not be trivially false, is not as important as the ideology:
****#it is not a futile or unilluminating endeavour to find GDS's for concepts (hence, lujvo, rather than fu'ivla, whenever possible);
****#it is possible to disambiguate concepts entirely within Lojban (hence, disambiguation of candidate tanru senses through GDS, and appeal to such disambiguation in seljvajvo)
****#it is possible to understand Lojban grammar and semantics by using a common core of Lojban (i.e. the relation between fi'e and finti is not accidental or irrelevant, but on the contrary formalisable.)
****:Your attitude to this, as with hardlinerism in general, is "it is not possible for all conceivable cases, therefore it is futile." My attitude is "it is possible for just enough cases to make it a worthwhile pursuit." And indeed, that pursuit motivates my interest in Lojban. Wittgenstein passed over in silence whereof he could not speak; that doesn't mean he thought he had been wasting his time. (Actually, maybe he did; he was weird like that. I don't have to. :-) You know, maybe one day I will do the ''Tractatus'' in Lojban.) Similarly, Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem proved that Bertrand Russell's attempt to formulate an internally consistent theory of mathematics in the ''Principia Mathematica'' could not cover everything, because paradoxes are still possible. It did not prove that mathematical logic is pointless.
****:I'm reminded of the Neogrammarians here. The neogrammarians, with typical Teutonic rigour, argued that ''all'' linguistic change was regular. They were wrong factually. But they were very right methodologically: you only throw your hands up in the air, and say that an instance of language change is irregular, when you've made damn sure you've exhausted all regular possibilities. Otherwise, you're not doing historical linguistics.
*****[[Adam]]:
*****:Well said, and I completely agree, but I don't think you pay attention to it enough. I mean, is "skepre" the best you can do for "scientist"? '''.i'o xamgu se cusku'''
******[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
******:I never said I was unwilling to follow constructive criticism, Adam :-) In fact, inasmuch as I was unable at the time to come up with anything better, I strongly urge you to. (And as you know, xorxes pointed out about me that I metatalk hardliner, but use Lojban like a naturalist. Maybe I'm being realistic despite myself; maybe, on the other hand, I'm being lazy. It's hard for me to tell. Like I say, I want nothing more than to discuss this, and what alternatives there might be.)
** Maybe '''skeplicre''' in the sense used in ''Epictetus''.
***[[xod]]:
***:My attitude is rather consistent with Gödel's; I have outlined a proof that shows that no number of semantic primitives is enough to cover all meaning. That ''was'' the position to which I am responding, wasn't it? As for pointlessness, I don't know anything about it. The more interesting question is: are the 10 000 primitives a subset of those commonly used in English? (If so, we are playing with a Simplified English.)
*[[jezrax|jezrax]]:
*:This is an interesting philosophical discussion, but it seems to me that it doesn't quite grapple with the issue. Let me try out a few points:
** People can grasp meanings that are not expressible in natural language.
*** The expression on somebody's face can be described, but the description doesn't convey its full meaning.
** Every natural language can express meanings that are unavailable in other languages.
*** Try to fully explain the German idea of ''Gemütlichkeit'' in another language. You can get close, but you can never nail it.
*** See [http://satirist.org/whale/1999/12/31.html this poem of mine]. The phrase "works and days" in this poem has a literal meaning, makes a literary reference, and makes two internal (punning) references. One can't translate such things in a way that keeps the full meaning.
** Lojban's '''gismu''' are unquestionably capable of expressing everything that's pragmatically necessary.
* '''.i iuro'e uonai''' Let me try to follow out my line of reasoning.
** The hypothesis that "gismu constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning" has two components. First, the ''gismu'' must cover "meaning space", whatever that is.
*** That's easy. '''broda''' covers meaning space all by itself.
** Second, it must be possible to combine '''gismu''' to indicate any meaning in meaning space.
*** That's hard. In fact, I think that my examples above show that it is false.
** This begs the question: What is the meaning space? Is it the set of all ideas that some person could, in principle, grasp? Is it the set of ideas that some one person could in principle communicate to some given other person? Is it the set of ideas that can in principle be communicated by a spoken language? Does it rely on the set of ideas that everyone can understand, that somebody can understand, that some person could in principle understand though in fact nobody living could? Et cetera.
*** I rather think that meaning space itself is ill-defined.
*So I conclude that the Gismu Deep Structure hypothesis, "gismu constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning," is by itself neither true nor false; it is ill-defined (in the mathematician's sense). One needs to decide what it means before one can figure out whether it's true. ('''''zo'o''''' of course, you can say that about anything in philosophy!)
*But I also think that the GDS hypothesis is false under reasonable assumptions about the meaning space. English speakers know when to say "a" and when to say "the" and what they both mean, but I defy anyone to write a complete explanation, of any length, in any language, of what exactly the two words mean. Russian speakers know when to use perfective aspect and when to use imperfective and what they both mean, but again, I defy anyone to make a complete explanation. A language community may come up with a word for any concept they can agree on; I don't see a guarantee that that concept must be even comprehensible to outsiders, much less exactly expressible in an outside language.
*A more general question is whether Lojban has the same level of expressiveness as a natural language. To me it seems to. It loses expressiveness by having a small vocabulary (translate "we dawdled on the scree"), but it gains by precision and flexibility.
*[[la gleki]]:
** IMO, gismu deep structure means you can write a complete definition of any word (or particular word when applied to it) in pure Lojban using only baseline gismu and cmavo.
=Links=
*[[GismuRant|gismu rant]]
=References=
<references />

ralju brivla deep structure

2024-10-21T18:03:32Z

Korvo: GDS is false, part 1: Define the hypotheses, show their flaws, and immediately refute them at a high level.

{{se inspekte/en}}
{{gl|lo si'o lo ralju brivla cu banzu|The idea that main verbs are enough}}

The ''Ralju Brivla Deep Structure'' hypothesis (RBDS hypothesis) is the hypothesis that the set of main [[verb]]s (mostly [[gismu]]) constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning. In other words: that the Lojban main verbs set is sufficient to express all possible predicates, without separate [[lujvo]], without tanru, and (here's the controversial bit) without [[preposition]]s. It presumes that all of these can be expressed with sentences (inordinately complex and ugly sentences, true) involving just the set of main verbs and cmavo (other than prepositions.)

A more narrow hypothesis is called "''Gismu Deep Structure'' hypothesis" (GDS hypothesis) which states that not main verbs but only gismu (thus a subset of main verbs) are enough. As explained below, GDS is false.

== Gismu Deep Structure ==

The original formulation of gismu deep structure is from [[la nitcion]]:

; GDS (nitcion [http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9305/msg00013.html 1]) : All lujvo can be expressed as tanru.
; GDS (nitcion [http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9303/msg00024.html 2]) : All tanru and lujvo can be expressed as bridi containing only gismu and cmavo.

In (1), la nitcion also says, "And if we admit that not all concepts can be expressed with gismu and cmavo, … well, I'd worry." A [[hardliners|hardliner]] might therefore propose a bolder hypothesis like the one at the top of this page:

; GDS (vector-space) : The set of [[baseline]] gismu generate a vector space covering semantic space.
; GDS (completeness) : The set of baseline gismu can express all semantic concepts.

As originally given by la nitcion, the hypotheses are more like guiding rules for how to define Lojban [[vlaste]] than concrete statements about (baseline) Lojban; they aren't falsifiable. In contrast, the hypotheses about semantics are completely backwards. In [[wikipedia:model theory]], the [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/model models] of a logical system always have a predictable structure: there is an initial model, also called a standard model or [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/term%20model term model], whose semantics are precisely those which are logically required by the syntax; and many non-standard models, which definitionally contain concepts that ''cannot'' be expressed via standard syntax. A standard introduction to this way of thinking is studying [[wikipedia:non-standard model of arithmetic]].

==Support and criticism==
*It is not known what the minimum set of main verbs is to be. It is nevertheless agreed that most verbs in this set are gismu.
*Some Lojbanists (e.g. [[Adam]] and [[la nitcion|Nick]]) thought most if not all prepositions in Lojban can be paraphrased as [[bridi]]: see [[''pe'' necessary for ''sumti'' plus (BAI-type modifier) Gotcha|''pe'' necessary for ''sumti'' plus (BAI-type modifier) Gotcha]].
* [[seljvajvo|seljvajvo]] suggest ways in which lujvo (and by extension tanru) can be expressed as explicit combinations of gismu ('''be lo, be lo nu, je''').
* most [[fu'ivla]] can be mostly (messily and verbosely) described in terms of pure Lojban, or at the very worst, foisted onto [[cmene]].

==History==
The hypothesis is probably the inception of [[hardliners|hardlinerism]]; it proposes that much of Lojban grammar and semantics can be reduced to a simpler core. It was first formulated explicitly (unsurprisingly) by [[User: Nick Nicholas|Nick Nicholas]], in his lujvo papers<ref>http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9303/msg00024.html</ref><ref>http://balance.wiw.org/~jkominek/lojban/9305/msg00013.html</ref>, which formulated [[seljvajvo|seljvajvo]]. However, it is implicit in the very existence of the cmavo [[ta'u|ta'u]], which certainly predates him.

"Deep Structure" is [[la nitcion|Nick's]] allusion to Generative Grammar, particularly in its earlier, explicitly transformational form. The implication is specifically that other facets of Lojban grammar can be explicitly derived from this "Deep Structure", which is semantically primary.
{{quotation|[[User:Nick Nicholas|Nick]]:

This reveals my bias towards Generative Semantics}}

==Discussion==
*[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
*:OK, you can start yelling now :-)
**[[Jay Kominek|Jay]]:
**:Why yell? Seems like its probably right. I don't think its a good reason to do anything special, though. You could express the same things without anaphora, but you're certainly not going to stop using KOhA anytime soon. :)
***[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
***:You're right, of course. This isn't so much a reason to do anything different, as a underlying motivation for why certain things are already being done.
***[[xod]]:
***:If 1350 primitives (times however many places) are "enough to express all meaning", why is that number special? Suppose there are 10 000 different sumti places. Why is 10 000 enough primitives but 10 too few? Such a statement means that the actual number of primitives in reality is some number between 10 and 10 000! Who is prepared to make that claim?
***[[Adam|Adam]]:
***:Of course the actual gismu list is not minimal. There are many gismu which can paraphrased in terms of other gismu. You can't really tell whether any particular set of gismu is minimal, because it's always possible that you overlooked some paraphrase, or that you cut some [[malglico|malglico]] corner in reducing the list. Also, there's always a large number of concepts which need [[fu'ivla|fu'ivla]]. Still, the gismu list appears sufficient for covering the vast majority of semantic space.
****[[xod]]:
****:By introducing the overlapping of certain gismu you are adjusting my extremely hypothetical figure of 10 000. My point holds just the same, whether 10 000 is adjusted down to 1000 or up to 1 000 000 actual unique gismu places. I assume that, as you introduce fu'ivla, and say "vast majority of semantic space" instead of "all of semantic space", you are disagreeing with the notion, proven false above, that "gismu constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning".
****[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
****:The theory, which may or may not be trivially false, is not as important as the ideology:
****#it is not a futile or unilluminating endeavour to find GDS's for concepts (hence, lujvo, rather than fu'ivla, whenever possible);
****#it is possible to disambiguate concepts entirely within Lojban (hence, disambiguation of candidate tanru senses through GDS, and appeal to such disambiguation in seljvajvo)
****#it is possible to understand Lojban grammar and semantics by using a common core of Lojban (i.e. the relation between fi'e and finti is not accidental or irrelevant, but on the contrary formalisable.)
****:Your attitude to this, as with hardlinerism in general, is "it is not possible for all conceivable cases, therefore it is futile." My attitude is "it is possible for just enough cases to make it a worthwhile pursuit." And indeed, that pursuit motivates my interest in Lojban. Wittgenstein passed over in silence whereof he could not speak; that doesn't mean he thought he had been wasting his time. (Actually, maybe he did; he was weird like that. I don't have to. :-) You know, maybe one day I will do the ''Tractatus'' in Lojban.) Similarly, Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem proved that Bertrand Russell's attempt to formulate an internally consistent theory of mathematics in the ''Principia Mathematica'' could not cover everything, because paradoxes are still possible. It did not prove that mathematical logic is pointless.
****:I'm reminded of the Neogrammarians here. The neogrammarians, with typical Teutonic rigour, argued that ''all'' linguistic change was regular. They were wrong factually. But they were very right methodologically: you only throw your hands up in the air, and say that an instance of language change is irregular, when you've made damn sure you've exhausted all regular possibilities. Otherwise, you're not doing historical linguistics.
*****[[Adam]]:
*****:Well said, and I completely agree, but I don't think you pay attention to it enough. I mean, is "skepre" the best you can do for "scientist"? '''.i'o xamgu se cusku'''
******[[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]:
******:I never said I was unwilling to follow constructive criticism, Adam :-) In fact, inasmuch as I was unable at the time to come up with anything better, I strongly urge you to. (And as you know, xorxes pointed out about me that I metatalk hardliner, but use Lojban like a naturalist. Maybe I'm being realistic despite myself; maybe, on the other hand, I'm being lazy. It's hard for me to tell. Like I say, I want nothing more than to discuss this, and what alternatives there might be.)
** Maybe '''skeplicre''' in the sense used in ''Epictetus''.
***[[xod]]:
***:My attitude is rather consistent with Gödel's; I have outlined a proof that shows that no number of semantic primitives is enough to cover all meaning. That ''was'' the position to which I am responding, wasn't it? As for pointlessness, I don't know anything about it. The more interesting question is: are the 10 000 primitives a subset of those commonly used in English? (If so, we are playing with a Simplified English.)
*[[jezrax|jezrax]]:
*:This is an interesting philosophical discussion, but it seems to me that it doesn't quite grapple with the issue. Let me try out a few points:
** People can grasp meanings that are not expressible in natural language.
*** The expression on somebody's face can be described, but the description doesn't convey its full meaning.
** Every natural language can express meanings that are unavailable in other languages.
*** Try to fully explain the German idea of ''Gemütlichkeit'' in another language. You can get close, but you can never nail it.
*** See [http://satirist.org/whale/1999/12/31.html this poem of mine]. The phrase "works and days" in this poem has a literal meaning, makes a literary reference, and makes two internal (punning) references. One can't translate such things in a way that keeps the full meaning.
** Lojban's '''gismu''' are unquestionably capable of expressing everything that's pragmatically necessary.
* '''.i iuro'e uonai''' Let me try to follow out my line of reasoning.
** The hypothesis that "gismu constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning" has two components. First, the ''gismu'' must cover "meaning space", whatever that is.
*** That's easy. '''broda''' covers meaning space all by itself.
** Second, it must be possible to combine '''gismu''' to indicate any meaning in meaning space.
*** That's hard. In fact, I think that my examples above show that it is false.
** This begs the question: What is the meaning space? Is it the set of all ideas that some person could, in principle, grasp? Is it the set of ideas that some one person could in principle communicate to some given other person? Is it the set of ideas that can in principle be communicated by a spoken language? Does it rely on the set of ideas that everyone can understand, that somebody can understand, that some person could in principle understand though in fact nobody living could? Et cetera.
*** I rather think that meaning space itself is ill-defined.
*So I conclude that the Gismu Deep Structure hypothesis, "gismu constitute a complete vector space for the expression of all meaning," is by itself neither true nor false; it is ill-defined (in the mathematician's sense). One needs to decide what it means before one can figure out whether it's true. ('''''zo'o''''' of course, you can say that about anything in philosophy!)
*But I also think that the GDS hypothesis is false under reasonable assumptions about the meaning space. English speakers know when to say "a" and when to say "the" and what they both mean, but I defy anyone to write a complete explanation, of any length, in any language, of what exactly the two words mean. Russian speakers know when to use perfective aspect and when to use imperfective and what they both mean, but again, I defy anyone to make a complete explanation. A language community may come up with a word for any concept they can agree on; I don't see a guarantee that that concept must be even comprehensible to outsiders, much less exactly expressible in an outside language.
*A more general question is whether Lojban has the same level of expressiveness as a natural language. To me it seems to. It loses expressiveness by having a small vocabulary (translate "we dawdled on the scree"), but it gains by precision and flexibility.
*[[la gleki]]:
** IMO, gismu deep structure means you can write a complete definition of any word (or particular word when applied to it) in pure Lojban using only baseline gismu and cmavo.
=Links=
*[[GismuRant|gismu rant]]
=References=
<references />

brismu

2024-10-11T17:40:11Z

Korvo: /* External links */ Use the new domain name.

'''la brismu''' is a living book which documents a proposed [[logic]] and [[formal semantics]] for Lojban. It features a collection of proposed axioms of Lojbanic logic, a collection of [[wikipedia:Metamath]] proofs built upon that logic, a schematic ontology which organizes selbri, and logical definitions for several common gismu. As of October 2024, it is the largest and most-formalized approach to logical Lojban, defining over 4% of the baseline and ontologizing another 12%.

== Definitions ==

la brismu supports defining valsi in terms of other valsi via '''go''' bi-implications. For example, the following definition of '''se''', inspired by [[CLL]] examples 11.1 and 11.2, is formalized as [https://mostawesomedude.github.io/brismu/df-se.html ~df-se]:

go ko'e se bu'a ko'a gi ko'a bu'a ko'e

== Ontologies ==

Informal ontologies are given for the following concepts:

* Chemistry
* Colors
* Cultures
* Geometry
* Phylogenetics

In the future, [[wikipedia:olog|ontology logs]] will be provided for readability and maintainability.

== Categories ==

A category is a deductive system. The following categories are defined:

* '''Loj''', whose objects are equivalence classes of bridi and arrows are implications
* '''Core(Loj)''', the [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/core+groupoid core] of '''Loj''', whose objects are equivalence classes of bridi and arrows are bi-implications
* '''Selb''', the [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/bicategory+of+relations bicategory of relations] whose objects are classes of sumti, arrows are binary selbri, and transformations are inclusions of subrelations between selbri

By defining multiple categories, la brismu enables multiple theories of logical reasoning. '''Loj''' corresponds to [[ganai, gi]] reasoning, '''Core(Loj)''' corresponds to [[go, gi]] reasoning, and '''Selb''' corresponds to a sort of reasoning over selbri similar to [[wikipedia:is-a]] or [[wikipedia:has-a]] theories of ontology.

== External links ==

* [https://brismu.systems/ la brismu]

brismu

2024-10-06T17:03:05Z

Korvo: /* Categories */ Correspond categories with existing pages.

brismu

2024-10-06T03:33:02Z

Korvo: Here we go.

'''la brismu''' is a living book which documents a proposed [[logic]] and [[formal semantics]] for Lojban. It features a collection of proposed axioms of Lojbanic logic, a collection of [[wikipedia:Metamath]] proofs built upon that logic, a schematic ontology which organizes selbri, and logical definitions for several common gismu. As of October 2024, it is the largest and most-formalized approach to logical Lojban, defining over 4% of the baseline and ontologizing another 12%.

== Definitions ==

la brismu supports defining valsi in terms of other valsi via '''go''' bi-implications. For example, the following definition of '''se''', inspired by [[CLL]] examples 11.1 and 11.2, is formalized as [https://mostawesomedude.github.io/brismu/df-se.html ~df-se]:

go ko'e se bu'a ko'a gi ko'a bu'a ko'e

== Ontologies ==

Informal ontologies are given for the following concepts:

* Chemistry
* Colors
* Cultures
* Geometry
* Phylogenetics

In the future, [[wikipedia:olog|ontology logs]] will be provided for readability and maintainability.

== Categories ==

The following categories are defined:

* '''Loj''', whose objects are equivalence classes of bridi and arrows are implications
* '''Core(Loj)''', the [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/core+groupoid core] of '''Loj''', whose objects are equivalence classes of bridi and arrows are bi-implications
* '''Selb''', the [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/bicategory+of+relations bicategory of relations] whose objects are classes of sumti, arrows are binary selbri, and transformations are inclusions of subrelations between selbri

== External links ==

* [https://mostawesomedude.github.io/brismu/ development version of la brismu]

CLL

2024-10-06T03:12:58Z

Korvo: Fix redirect.

#REDIRECT [[The Complete Lojban Language]]

formal semantics

2024-10-06T03:11:19Z

Korvo: It's been three decades.

Mentioned under [[hardliners|hardliners]] (some parts of which could be incorporated here).

In linguistics, formal semantics is the business of modeling the meaning of utterances in terms of lower-level units; for example, modeling the meaning of sentences in terms of the meanings of their words. "Formal" means that the models should ideally be rigorous and mathematical.

A complete formal semantics for a language would have to model both individual word meanings (or morphemes, or some other low-level unit) and the language's compositional semantics, which is how bigger meanings are built up out of the small ones. In practice, I get the impression that linguists in this area largely concentrate on the compositional semantics. But it's a big biz in linguistics, and I'm sure there are all kinds.

----

A complete formal semantics is far beyond the state of the art for any natural language. I also happen to believe that it is far beyond the state of the art for Lojban. If it can be done at all with current knowledge, I think it would be necessary to design a new language starting from scratch for the purpose. On the other hand, partial semantic models can still be cool. [[The book|The book]] provides some, here and there, and we may be able to discover or retrofit others into Lojban. But I also believe that too much bending and cutting to retrofit a formal semantic model, no matter how cool, would risk breaking the language. ''mi'e [[jezrax|jezrax]]''

----

And now for something completely different!

In formal logic, the '''semantics''' of some syntax is a homomorphism from that syntax. There can be more than one semantics for a given syntax. As a special case, when syntax and semantics both form [[wikipedia:category (mathematics)|categories]], then the homomorphism is a [[wikipedia:functor (mathematics)|functor]], leading to [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/categorical+semantics categorical semantics]. This can all be generalized to [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/relation+between+type+theory+and+category+theory a more generic connection between type theories and categories].

Lojban can easily be construed to form a syntactic theory. [[CLL]] gives several instances of equivalent bridi which can be used to bootstrap logical implication at the syntactic level. Several common features of such categories are on display, including a lattice of implications under conjunction and disjunction. As type theories go, Lojban doesn't have very strong typing rules, but because Lojban features [[wikipedia:second-order logic|SOL (second-order logic)]], untyped expressions are preferable.

The most obvious target category is [https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Set Set], the category of sets and functions. The selbri can be mapped to relations, which are implemented as spans of functions or (equivalently) as subsets of [[wikipedia:Cartesian product|Cartesian products]]. The terbri would then be mapped to elements of sets. This interpretation has been developed in la [[brismu]].