Lojban - User contributions [en]

la karda

2016-03-23T12:19:37Z

Kalmari: /* Temporal Distance */ Change 'ba' to 'pu' to fit the translations

== PREFACE ==

This is a distilled overview of the Lojban language.

Major concepts of the language are introduced by saying as much with as little
as possible.

That is to say:

* For each concept the most crucial aspects are presented
* However, some details may be glossed over or simplified
* Some details are only mentioned or explained by their mere appearance in example sentences. Look carefully!

''Finally, some aspects of Lojban are omitted entirely!''

However incomplete - the goal of the following is to present, in the most
immediate and expedient manner possible, a *conceptualization* of the language.
Lojban is characterized in many ways from being "logical" and "unambiguous" to
"culturally neutral". The characterization that this text aims to reveal is that
Lojban is both rational (it makes sense) and regular (it always works the same).

From this rationality and regularity comes a simplicity that makes Lojban easier
to learn than anyone really ever expects it to be at first.

'''Tip:'''

If you take the following passages at reading speed you will likely find
yourself lost in the forest very quickly. Each tiny section is a conceptual
neutronium diamond. The slower you go, the better time you'll have at absorbing
what it is trying to tell you.

In the end, if you're confused use that as inspiration to dig deeper and you'll
be fine!

== CORE GRAMMAR ==
=== Parts of Language ===
In Language there are three major parts:
nouns: the things we talk about

verbs: tell us what the nouns do

sentences: says something using nouns and verbs

=== Types of Words ===
Lojban only has two kinds of words:
particles: short words that perform grammar functions

verbs: tell us what nouns do

=== What about Nouns? ===
What about nouns?!

Hold that thought.

=== Standard Form ===
Every sentence follows the form:

i x1 VERB x2 x3 xN

"i" separates multiple sentences the first noun appears before the verb additional nouns follow the verb.

=== Verbs Say What Nouns Do ===
Verbs tell us what the nouns do:

dunda: x1 donates gift x2 to beneficiary x3

[donor] dunda [gift] [benefactor]
├──────┼──────┼────────┤
x1 verb x2 x3

=== Simple Pro-nouns ===
Some particles act like pro-nouns:

mi - me, the speaker

do - you, the listener

ti - this, something nearby

=== Verbs and Nouns ===
You can put nouns in place and the verb says what they do:
mi dunda ti do
[donor] │ [gift] [beneficiary]
├──────┼──────┼────────┤
x1 verb x2 x3

"I give this to you."

=== Rearranging Nouns ===
Putting the nouns into different places changes what they do:
do* dunda ti mi*
[donor] │ [gift] [beneficiary]
├──────┼──────┼────────┤
x1 verb x2 x3

"You give this to me."

=== Converting Verbs to Nouns ===
The particles "lo" and "ku" convert verbs to nouns from the x1 role:

Pattern: lo VERB ku => NOUN from x1

dunda: x1 donates gift x2 to beneficiary x3
▼
verb
┌─┴─┐
lo dunda ku <== [donor] dunda [gift] [benefactor]
─────┬───── ├──────┼──────┼────────┤
noun x1 verb x2 x3

"lo dunda ku" creates a noun-description which refers to "a donor"

mi dunda ti lo dunda ku
[donor] │ [gift] [beneficiary]
├──────┼──────┼────────┤
x1 verb x2 x3

"I gave this to a donor."

=== Complex Sentences ===
Using multiple verbs, complex sentences can be formed:

mlatu: x1 is a cat

pinxe: x1 drinks beverage x2

ladru: x1 is milk

lo mlatu ku pinxe lo ladru ku
[drinker] │ [beverage]
├──────────┼─────────┤
x1 verb x2

"A cat drinks some milk."

=== The Drama of Language ===
You can think of the example in 1:10 as being a stage-play, directed by the Verb and starring the
Nouns.

Breakfast Time, a play by Pinxe!

The Verb Director tells us what Roles are available and What Happens:

Pinxe says, "x1 drinks beverage x2"

Story Outline: [drinker] pinxe [beverage]

SCRIPT:
1. A Drinker drinks!
2. A Beverage is imbibed!

CAST:
The lead Drinker : lo mlatu ku (mlatu's x1 - "a cat")
The supporting Beverage: lo ladru ku (ladru's x1 - "some milk")

STAGE:
lo mlatu ku pinxe lo ladru ku <= actors in the play
[drinker] │ [beverage] <= roles in the play
├──────────┼─────────┤
role1 director role2

"A cat drinks some milk."

=== Rearranging Verbs ===
The particles of the SE family rearrange verbs:

Pattern: SE VERB => VERB'

The roles of the x1 and xN nouns, what they do, is swapped in the new modified verb:

klama: x1 travels to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 in vehicle x5

| X1 | VERB | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 |
| traveler | klama | destination | origin | route | vehicle |
x1◄ ►x2 | destination | se klama | traveler | origin | route | vehicle |
x1◄ ►x3 | origin | te klama | destination | traveler | route | vehicle |
x1◄ ►x4 | route | ve klama | destination | origin | traveler | vehicle |
x1◄ ►x5 | vehicle | xe klama | destination | origin | route | traveler |

se klama: to destination x1, traveler x2 goes from origin x3 via route x4 in vehicle x5
and so on..

=== SE In Action ===
These SE modified verbs are useful both in making nouns and as the main verb of sentences:

fraxu: x1 forgives x2 for x3

vecnu: x1 sells x2 to buyer x3 for price x4

dakfu: x1 is a knife

lo se fraxu ku te vecnu lo dakfu ku
[buyer] | [goods]
└────────────┴───────────┘
"The forgiven buys a knife."

friti: x1 offers x2 to x3

xamgu: x1 is beneficial to x2

ginka: x1 is an encampment of x2

lo se friti ku xamgu lo se ginka ku
[benefit] | [beneficiary]
└───────────┴───────────┘
"The offering is good for the campers."

=== FA Labels ===
The FA family of particles allows for breaking the default noun ordering of sentences without
modifying the verb:

Pattern: FA NOUN => NOUN'

fa : x1 Each particle from the FA family
fe : x2 simply specifies what the following
fi : x3 noun is doing in the sentence. In
fo : x4 other words which role from the verb
fu : x5 it fills.

This allows you put all of the nouns after the verb:

dunda fa mi ti do - "I donate this to you"

Or skip some places entirely:

mi dunda fi do - "I donate to you"

Counting resumes from any FA particle:

fe ti dunda fa mi do - "I donate this to you"
──┬── ──┬── ─┐
x2 x1 x3

=== Cmavo and Brivla ===
Lojban has names for the two kinds of words that make up its dictionary:

"cmavo" - mi, ti, do, lo, ku
- small word that performs a grammatical function
- categorized into families

"brivla" : dunda, klama, mlatu, ladru
- a word that produces a grammatical verb
- has a definition with 1 or more noun roles

=== Selbri Sumti and Bridi ===
It also has names for the different parts of speech that come to life in lojban sentences:

"selbri" - the verb phrases central to sentences and nouns

"sumti" - the noun phrases that take on semantic roles

"bridi" - the combination of a selbri and its sumti

LEGEND:
<> - selbri verb
[] - sumti noun
{} - bridi statement

Notice how selbri verb phrases appear throughout:

lo <se <jdice>> ku <nandu> lo <sonci> ku

Sumti nouns are placed around the root selbri:

[lo se jdice ku] nandu [lo sonci ku]

And the whole structure, a selbri with its sumti, is a bridi:

{lo se jdice ku nandu lo sonci ku}

=== Tanru ===
By combining multiple consecutive independent selbri you can create a "tanru"
which is a compound-selbri verb:

mi <<djica> <citka>> lo <plise> ku
"I want-eat an apple."

Two brivla "cidja" and "dunda" come together below to create a compound-selbri inside a sumti:

Simple Selbri
┌───┴───┐
lo <<cidja> <dunda>> ku <prami> lo <prenu> ku
└───────┬───────┘
Selbri Tanru

"The food-donor loves people."

But what is the definition of a composite-selbri or "tanru"?

Tanru are metaphorical, so their full meaning is ambiguous. However, basic structure of the
definition is that of the *right most* selbri component:

gleki : x1 is happy about x2

cadzu : x1 walks on surface x2

gleki cadzu : x1 happy-walks on surface x2

What does "happy-walk" really mean? Only the speaker knows for sure!

== CONVERSATION ==
=== Proper Nouns ===
Proper nouns are created by using "la" instead of "lo":

mi prami lo rozgu ku
── ──
"I love roses."

mi prami la rozgu ku
── ──
"I love Rose."

Names are sumti just like any other.

=== Introductions ===
Introducing one's own self is done with the cmavo "mi'e":

Pattern: mi'e NAME

mi'e la rozgu ku
────
"I'm Rose."

=== Greetings ===
Greeting another person is done with the cmavo "coi":

Pattern: coi SUMTI

coi la rozgu ku
───
"Hello, Rose."

coi lo tadni ku
───
"Hello, Student"

coi do
───
"Hello, you."

Or just, "coi"

=== Farewells ===
Farewells are offered with the cmavo "co'o":

Pattern: co'o SUMTI

co'o la rozgu ku
────
"Goodbye, Rose."

=== Requesting Attention ===
Requests for attention are made with the cmavo "doi":

Pattern: doi SUMTI

doi la rozgu ku
───
"Hey, Rose."

=== Yes No Questions ===
"Yes or No" questions can be asked by using the "xu" cmavo:

i xu do citka lo plise ku
──
"Did you eat an apple?"

Notice that even though the sentence is now a question rather than a statement the overall structure
hasn't changed.

The "xu" is placed after the sentence separator "i" so as to apply to the whole sentence equally. By
placing "xu" after a specific word emphasis can be placed on it:

i do citka lo xu plise ku
──
"Was it an apple you ate?""

=== Yes No Answers ===
"Yes" and "No" answers can be supplied with the following replies:

In the affirmative, "go'i" is used:
Q: xu do citka lo plise ku
A: go'i
───
The denial is supplied by: na go'i

=== Sumti Questions ===
Sumti specific questions can be asked by using the "ma" cmavo in place of the sumti in question.

do citka ma
──
"What did you eat?"

ma catra ma
── ──
"Who killed who?"

=== Selbri Questions ===
Selbri specific questions can be asked by using the "mo" cmavo in place of the selbri in question.

mo fa mi do ti
──
"What are we doing with this?"

do mo
──
"You are/doing what?"

do mo fengu mi
──
"What kind of angry are you at me?"

=== Attitude Questions ===
A special kind of question using the cmavo "pei" asks the listener to share their feelings or
disposition about some topic:

i pei mi cliva
───
"How do you feel about me leaving?"

"pei" is another word which can direct its emphasis by way of right-attachment:

i mi jukpa lo jipci ku pei
───
"How do you feel that its chicken that I cook.

=== Attitude Cmavo ===
In addition to making an explicit statement about one's self, an answer to "pei"
can be given with cmavo from the UI Family of "attitudinals".

ui - "I'm happy"

a'o - "I hope"

i'e - "I approve"

There are many attitudinals and they all express, in one way or another some
aspect of the speaker's disposition about the speech the attitudinal is
appears in.

i ui do prami mi
──
"You love me, and I'm happy about it."

i a'o do snada
───
"I'm hopeful you succeed."

Like many other cmavo, UI attitudinals give emphasis to the part of speech
they attach to:

do pinxe lo birje ku e'u
───
"I suggest beer to be what you drink."

=== Attitude Ranges ===
Attitudinals have an inherent "range" or "intensity spectrum" which can be altered from the default.

Without any modifier you get the default attitude. However, "nai" and other cmavo can affect the
sense of the UI cmavo:

ui cai - "I'm happy as possible"
ui sai - "I'm very happy"
ui - "I'm happy"
ui ru'e - "I'm kinda/sorta happy"
ui cu'i - "I'm neutral in my happiness"
ui nai - "I'm unhappy"
ui nai sai - "I'm very unhappy"

and so on...

=== Evidential Cmavo ===
A sub-family of the attitudinals, the UI2 Evidentials, express an epistemological claim. In other
words, how the speaker came to know or state whatever it is they are saying:

i ti'e do nelci mi
────
"I hear rumored that you like me."

i pe'i lo plise ku xamgu
────
"It is my opinion that apples are beneficial."

i za'a do mutce xagji
────
"I observe that you are very hungry."

i ba'a la rozgu ku zvati lo xabju ku
────
"I expect Rose is at the house."

=== Discursive Cmavo ===
Another sub-family of the attitudinals, the UI3 "discursives" express the point
or purpose of a part of or a whole statement.

i do citka lo titla ku po'o
────
"You only eat sweets."

i ji'a mi nitcu lo jdini ku
────
"Also, I need money."

i si'a mi terpa lo jukni ku
────
"Similarly, I'm afraid of spiders."

i ku'i lo jenmi ku daspo
────
"However, armys are destructive."

=== Humor ===
Having a sense of humor is key to any conversation:

Sarcasm:
i xo'o lo se platu ku banli
────
"Oh jeeze, great plan."

i xo'o nai lo skaci ku melbi
────────
"Seriously, that skirt is beautiful."

Levity:
i zo'o se ckaji do
────
"Ho! Typical you."

i zo'o nai mi nelci lo cutci
────
"I do like these shoes..."

Amusement:
i u'i xu do mulno
───
"Haha, are you done yet?"

i u'i nai xu do mulno
───────
"Yea.. are you done yet?"

=== Changing the Subject ===
If things get tense you can always change the subject with "ta'o":

i ta'o do klama ma
────
"By the way, where are you going?"

You can also return to a previous topic by adding "nai":

i ta'o nai mi'o casnu ma
────────
"Returning, what were we discussing?"

=== Requests and Commands ===
Ultimately if things go completely sour you may have to request your
interlocutor to leave:

i e'o do cliva
───
"Please, you leave."

Or if they have been particularly offensive you might demand it!

i ko cliva
──
"I implore you to leave."

Any command is possible by using "ko" in place of the normal "do".

== SUMTI MANIPULATION ==
=== Saying "and" and "or" ===
To make statements about different sumti at the same time the connective cmavo
"je" can be used:

Pattern: SUMTI je SUMTI => SUMTI'

i mi nelci [lo plise ku] je [lo perli ku]
──
"I like apples and pears."

Similarly, "ja" can be used for "or":

i ko cuxna [lo dakfu ku] ja [lo mruli ku]
──
"Pick the knife or the spear"

=== Grouping ===
To group multiple sumti together to say that they do something together, "jo'u"
can be used:

Pattern: SUMTI jo'u SUMTI => SUMTI'

i [mi] jo'u [do] bevri lo pipno
────
"You and I carry the piano"

i mi se catra [lo fagri ku] jo'u [lo bisli ku]
────
"I was killed by fire and ice."

=== Ownership ===
To associate one sumti with another by way of ownership the cmavo "po" is used:

Pattern: SUMTI po SUMTI => SUMTI'

i [lo karce ku] po [mi] cu spofu
──
"My car is broken."

i ko cpacu [lo ckiku ku] po [do]
──
"Go get your keys."

=== Association ===
For a weaker association than ownership you can use "pe":

Pattern: SUMTI pe SUMTI => SUMTI'

i mi vasxu [lo vacri ku] pe [do]
──
"I'm breathing your air."

i ko zutse [lo stizu ku] pe [mi]
──
"Sit in my chair."

=== Pluralities ===
To specify how many of a sumti there are, a number can
be placed before the sumti:

Pattern: PA SUMTI => SUMTI'

Numbers:
no pa re ci vo mu xa ze bi so
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i mi viska mu [lo bakni ku]
──
"I see 5 cows."

i mi se raktu so so [lo nabmi ku]
─────
"I am troubled by 99 problems."

=== Subjective Numbers ===
Other kinds of "subjective numbers" exist too which are pretty handy:

i xu do citka du'e [lo plise ku]
────
"Did you eat too many apples?"

so'u lo plise ku - "a few apples"
so'o lo plise ku - "several apples"
so'i lo plise ku - "many apples"
so'e lo plise ku - "most of the apples"
ro lo plise ku - "all the apples"
rau lo plise ku - "enough apples"
mo'a lo plise ku - "not enough apples"
da'a ci lo plise ku - "all but three apples"

== SELBRI MANIPULATION ==
=== Negation and Affirmation ===
Most selbri manipulation is performed via prefix cmavo. For example negation is
done with "na":

Pattern: NA SELBRI => SELBRI'

i mi <na <xagji>>
──
"I'm not hungry"

On the flip-side you can say something is certain:

i mi <ja'a <xagji>>
────
"I am definitely hungry"

=== Scaling Relevance ===
Other cmavo have related effects which specify how strongly the selbri is
applied:

i mi <no'e <xagji>>
────
"I'm not really that hungry."

i mi <to'e <xagji>>
────
"I'm full!"

i mi <na'i <xagji>>
────
"It is not even a question of my hunger."

=== Saying "and" and "or" ===
Similarly to sumti, selbri can be joined with the very same connective words:

i mi <<tatpi> je <xagji>>
──
"I'm tired and hungry"

i mi'o e'u <<citka> ja <cliva>>.
──
"We should eat or leave."

=== Tense ===
While Lojban bridi don't have any implicit tense, selbri can be modified to have
such tense:

mi <pu <visku>> do
──
"I saw you."

mi <ca <viska>> do
──
"I see you."

mi <ba <viska>> do
──
"I will see you."

=== Temporal Distance ===
In addition to direction, temporal distance can also be provided:

mi <pu zi <viska>> do
──
"I just saw you!"

mi <pu za <viska>> do
──
"I saw you a while ago."

mi <pu zu <viska>> do
──
"It has been a long while since I've seen you."

=== Proximity ===
Selbri can also be modified in terms of spatial proximity:

mi <vi <viska>> do
──
"I saw you right here!"

mi <va <viska>> do
──
"I saw you nearby."

mi <vu <viska>> do
──
"I saw you elsewhere."

=== Preloading ===
Using the "be" cmavo, selbri can be "pre-injected" with a sumti removing a sumti
place from the definition:

Pattern: SELBRI be SUMTI => SELBRI'

dunda : x1 donates gift x2 to beneficiary x3
dunda be lo plise ku : x1 donates apples to beneficiary x2

By default "be" injects a sumti into the x2 place of a selbri, but the FA
family can be used to specify which place should be filled:

vecnu be fi lo jecta ku : x1 sells x2 to the state

Additionally, multiple sumti places may be filled, separated by "bei"

vecnu be lo xarci ku bei lo jecta ku : x1 sells weapons to the state

=== Preloaded Sumti ===
Its important to note that with "be" a new selbri is formed even though it incorporates a sumti into
it:

┌──────new selbri──────────┐
<<vecnu> be [lo xarci ku]> = x1 sells weapons to x2
│ │
base selbri injected sumti

This is a little strange when used as the main verb of a sentence:

(who) (sells guns) (the state)
ma <vecnu be lo xarci ku> lo jecta ku
[seller] │ [buyer]
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┘

Since [lo xarci ku] could just have been provided as x2 to a normal <vecnu>. The "be" seems unneeded
here.

However, this is very useful for creating interesting sumti!

┌───preloaded selbri─────┐
mi tavla [lo <<vecnu> be [lo xarci ku]> ku]
"I talk to the seller of weapons.

ko na lebna [lo <<sidbo> be fi [mi]> ku]
"Don't you take ideas of mine."

This is far more explicit than using "pe" or "po".

== SUBORDINATION ==

=== Facts ===
Similar to the transformation of Selbri into Sumti the same can be done for whole Bridi into
Selbri with the help of "du'u" and "kei":

Pattern: du'u BRIDI kei => SELBRI

The definition of such a selbri is something like:

x1 is the fact represented by the inner Bridi

┌───fact selbri────┐
du'u do prami mi kei = x1 is the fact that: you love me
└────┬────┘
inner bridi

With the addition of "lo" and "ku", the selbri is transformed into sumti allowing one to talk
about the fact inside:

[lo <du'u {do prami mi} kei> ku] = "the fact that you love me"

These nested fact sumti can be used as any other:

┌───fact selbri────┐
mi djuno [lo du'u do prami mi kei ku]
└────┬────┘
inner bridi

"I know that you love me."

=== Events ===
=== Properties ===
=== Relative Phrases ===

3000 traji vajni valsi

2016-03-17T14:14:29Z

Kalmari: Add some translations

<tab class="wikitable">
lo a, an indefinite article
abandon v.
abandoned adj.
nu kakne ability n.
kakne able adj.
na kakne unable adj.
pe about adv., prep.
ga'u above prep., adv.
abroad adv.
nu na zvati absence n.
na zvati absent adj.
absolute adj.
absolutely adv.
absorb v.
abuse n., v.
academic adj.
accent n.
accept v.
acceptable adj.
unacceptable adj.
access n.
nu snuti accident n.
snuti by accident
snuti accidental adj.
snuti accidentally adv.
accommodation n.
kansa accompany v.
fi'o jinvi according to prep.
account n., v.
satci accurate adj.
satci accurately adv.
accuse v.
achieve v.
achievement n.
slami acid n.
acknowledge v.
cpacu acquire v.
pa'o across adv., prep.
se zukte act n.
zukte act v.
nu zukte action n.
take action
active adj.
actively adv.
activity n.
actor, actress n.
actual adj.
actually adv.
ad advertisement
adapt v.
add v.
seljmina addition n.
in addition (to)
seljmina additional adj.
address n., v.
adequate adj.
adequately adv.
stika adjust v.
admiration n.
admire v.
admit v.
adopt v.
adult n., adj.
advance n., v.
advanced adj.
in advance
advantage n.
take advantage of
adventure n.
advertise v.
advertising n.
advertisement (also ad, advert) n.
advice n.
advise v.
affair n.
affect v.
nu nelci affection n.
afford v.
terpa afraid adj.
ba'o after prep., conj., adv.
afternoon n.
afterwards (especially BrE; NAmE usually afterward) adv.
again adv.
against prep.
nilnalci'o age n.
aged adj.
agency n.
agent n.
aggressive adj.
ago adv.
tugni agree v.
nu tugni agreement n.
ahead adv.
nu sidju aid n.
sidju aid v.
aim n., v.
vacri air n.
aircraft n.
airport n.
alarm n., v.
alarming adj.
alarmed adj.
xalka alcohol n.
xalka alcoholic adj., n.
jmive alive adj.
ro all det., pron., adv.
curmi allow v.
all right adj., adv., exclamation
ally n., v.
allied adj.
almost adv.
alone adj., adv.
along prep., adv.
alongside prep., adv.
aloud adv.
alphabet n.
alphabetical adj.
alphabetically adv.
already adv.
ji'a also adv.
galfi alter v.
alternative n., adj.
alternatively adv.
ku'i although conj.
altogether adv.
roroi always adv.
a.m. (NAmE also A.M.) abbr.
se manci amaze v.
se manci amazing adj.
manci amazed adj.
ambition n.
ambulance n.
among (also amongst) prep.
amount n., v.
zdile amuse v.
zdile amusing adj.
se zdile amused adj.
lo an a, an
lanli analyse (BrE) (NAmE analyze) v.
nu lanli analysis n.
ancient adj.
and conj.
nu fengu anger n.
jganu angle n.
fengu angry adj.
fengu angrily adv.
danlu animal n.
ankle n.
anniversary n.
announce v.
fanza annoy v.
fanza annoying adj.
se fanza annoyed adj.
annual adj.
annually adv.
another det., pron.
answer n., v.
anti- prefix
anticipate v.
anxiety n.
anxious adj.
anxiously adv.
any det., pron., adv.
anyone (also anybody) pron.
anything pron.
anyway adv.
anywhere adv.
apart adv.
apart from (also aside from especially in NAmE) prep.
apartment n. (especially NAmE)
apologize (BrE also -ise) v.
apparent adj.
apparently adv.
appeal n., v.
appear v.
appearance n.
apple n.
application n.
apply v.
appoint v.
appointment n.
appreciate v.
approach v., n.
appropriate adj.
approval n.
approve (of) v.
approving adj.
approximate adj.
approximately adv.
April n. (abbr. Apr.)
area n.
argue v.
argument n.
arise v.
arm n., v.
arms n.
armed adj.
army n.
around adv., prep.
arrange v.
arrangement n.
arrest v., n.
arrival n.
arrive v.
arrow n.
art n.
article n.
artificial adj.
artificially adv.
artist n.
artistic adj.
as prep., adv., conj.
ashamed adj.
aside adv.
aside from apart from
ask v.
asleep adj.
fall asleep
aspect n.
assist v.
assistance n.
assistant n., adj.
associate v.
associated with
association n.
assume v.
assure v.
at prep.
atmosphere n.
atom n.
attach v.
attached adj.
attack n., v.
attempt n., v.
attempted adj.
attend v.
attention n.
pay attention
attitude n.
attorney n. (especially NAmE)
attract v.
attraction n.
attractive adj.
audience n.
August n. (abbr. Aug.)
aunt n.
author n.
authority n.
automatic adj.
automatically adv.
autumn n. (especially BrE)
available adj.
average adj., n.
avoid v.
awake adj.
award n., v.
aware adj.
away adv.
awful adj.
awfully adv.
awkward adj.
awkwardly adv.
baby n.
back n., adj., adv., v.
background n.
backwards (also backward especially in NAmE) adv.
backward adj.
bacteria n.
bad adj.
go bad
badly adv.
bad-tempered adj.
bag n.
baggage n. (especially NAmE)
bake v.
balance n., v.
ball n.
ban v., n.
band n.
bandage n., v.
bank n.
bar n.
bargain n.
barrier n.
base n., v.
based on
basic adj.
basically adv.
basis n.
bath n.
bathroom n.
battery n.
battle n.
bay n.
be v., auxiliary v.
beach n.
beak n.
bear v.
beard n.
beat n., v.
beautiful adj.
beautifully adv.
beauty n.
because conj.
because of prep.
become v.
bed n.
bedroom n.
beef n.
beer n.
before prep., conj., adv.
begin v.
beginning n.
behalf n.: on behalf of sb, on sb’s behalf (BrE) (NAmE in behalf of sb, in sb’s behalf)
behave v.
behaviour (BrE) (NAmE behavior) n.
behind prep., adv.
belief n.
believe v.
bell n.
belong v.
below prep., adv.
belt n.
bend v., n.
bent adj.
beneath prep., adv.
benefit n., v.
beside prep.
bet v., n.
betting n.
better, best good, well
between prep., adv.
beyond prep., adv.
bicycle (also bike) n.
bid v., n.
big adj.
bill n.
bin n. (BrE)
biology n.
bird n.
birth n.
give birth (to)
birthday n.
biscuit n. (BrE)
bit n. (especially BrE)
a bit
bite v., n.
bitter adj.
bitterly adv.
black adj., n.
blade n.
blame v., n.
blank adj., n.
blankly adv.
blind adj.
block n., v.
blonde adj., n., blond adj.
blood n.
blow v., n.
blue adj., n.
board n., v.
on board
boat n.
body n.
boil v.
bomb n., v.
bone n.
book n., v.
boot n.
border n.
bore v.
boring adj.
bored adj.
born: be born v.
borrow v.
boss n.
both det., pron.
bother v.
bottle n.
bottom n., adj.
bound adj.: bound to
bowl n.
box n.
boy n.
boyfriend n.
brain n.
branch n.
brand n.
brave adj.
bread n.
break v., n.
broken adj.
breakfast n.
breast n.
breath n.
breathe v.
breathing n.
breed v., n.
brick n.
bridge n.
brief adj.
briefly adv.
bright adj.
brightly adv.
brilliant adj.
bring v.
broad adj.
broadly adv.
broadcast v., n.
broken break
brother n.
brown adj., n.
brush n., v.
bubble n.
budget n.
build v.
building n.
bullet n.
bunch n.
burn v.
burnt adj.
burst v.
bury v.
bus n.
bush n.
business n.
businessman, businesswoman n.
busy adj.
but conj.
butter n.
button n.
buy v.
buyer n.
by prep., adv.
bye exclamation
c abbr. cent
cabinet n.
cable n.
cake n.
calculate v.
calculation n.
call v., n.
be called
calm adj., v., n.
calmly adv.
camera n.
camp n., v.
camping n.
campaign n.
can modal v., n.
cannot
could modal v.
cancel v.
cancer n.
candidate n.
candy n. (NAmE)
cap n.
capable (of) adj.
capacity n.
capital n., adj.
captain n.
capture v., n.
car n.
card n.
cardboard n.
care n., v.
take care (of)
care for
career n.
careful adj.
carefully adv.
careless adj.
carelessly adv.
carpet n.
carrot n.
carry v.
case n.
in case (of)
cash n.
cast v., n.
castle n.
cat n.
catch v.
category n.
cause n., v.
CD n.
cease v.
ceiling n.
celebrate v.
celebration n.
cell n.
cellphone (also cellular phone) n. (especially NAmE)
cent n. (abbr. c, ct)
centimetre (BrE) (NAmE centimeter) n. (abbr. cm)
central adj.
centre (BrE) (NAmE center) n.
century n.
ceremony n.
certain adj., pron.
certainly adv.
uncertain adj.
certificate n.
chain n., v.
chair n.
chairman, chairwoman n.
challenge n., v.
chamber n.
chance n.
change v., n.
channel n.
chapter n.
character n.
characteristic adj., n.
charge n., v.
in charge of
charity n.
chart n., v.
chase v., n.
chat v., n.
cheap adj.
cheaply adv.
cheat v., n.
check v., n.
cheek n.
cheerful adj.
cheerfully adv.
cheese n.
chemical adj., n.
chemist n.
chemist’s n. (BrE)
chemistry n.
cheque n. (BrE) (NAmE check)
chest n.
chew v.
chicken n.
chief adj., n.
child n.
chin n.
chip n.
chocolate n.
choice n.
choose v.
chop v.
church n.
cigarette n.
cinema n. (especially BrE)
circle n.
circumstance n.
citizen n.
city n.
civil adj.
claim v., n.
clap v., n.
class n.
classic adj., n.
classroom n.
clean adj., v.
clear adj., v.
clearly adv.
clerk n.
clever adj.
click v., n.
client n.
climate n.
climb v.
climbing n.
clock n.
close /kl??s, NAmE klo?s/ adj.
closely adv.
close /kl??z, NAmE kl??z/ v.
closed adj.
closet n. (especially NAmE)
cloth n.
clothes n.
clothing n.
cloud n.
club n.
cm abbr. centimetre
coach n.
coal n.
coast n.
coat n.
code n.
coffee n.
coin n.
cold adj., n.
coldly adv.
collapse v., n.
colleague n.
collect v.
collection n.
college n.
colour (BrE) (NAmE color) n., v.
coloured (BrE) (NAmE colored) adj.
column n.
combination n.
combine v.
come v.
comedy n.
comfort n., v.
comfortable adj.
comfortably adv.
uncomfortable adj.
command v., n.
comment n., v.
commercial adj.
commission n., v.
commit v.
commitment n.
committee n.
common adj.
in common
commonly adv.
communicate v.
communication n.
community n.
company n.
compare v.
comparison n.
compete v.
competition n.
competitive adj.
complain v.
complaint n.
complete adj., v.
completely adv.
complex adj.
complicate v.
complicated adj.
computer n.
concentrate v.
concentration n.
concept n.
concern v., n.
concerned adj.
concerning prep.
concert n.
conclude v.
conclusion n.
concrete adj., n.
condition n.
conduct v., n.
conference n.
confidence n.
confident adj.
confidently adv.
confine v.
confined adj.
confirm v.
conflict n., v.
confront v.
confuse v.
confusing adj.
confused adj.
confusion n.
congratulations n.
congress n.
connect v.
connection n.
conscious adj.
unconscious adj.
consequence n.
conservative adj.
consider v.
considerable adj.
considerably adv.
consideration n.
consist of v.
constant adj.
constantly adv.
construct v.
construction n.
consult v.
consumer n.
contact n., v.
contain v.
container n.
contemporary adj.
content n.
contest n.
context n.
continent n.
continue v.
continuous adj.
continuously adv.
contract n., v.
contrast n., v.
contrasting adj.
contribute v.
contribution n.
control n., v.
in control (of)
under control
controlled adj.
uncontrolled adj.
convenient adj.
convention n.
conventional adj.
conversation n.
convert v.
convince v.
cook v., n.
cooking n.
cooker n. (BrE)
cookie n. (especially NAmE)
cool adj., v.
cope (with) v.
copy n., v.
core n.
corner n.
correct adj., v.
correctly adv.
cost n., v.
cottage n.
cotton n.
cough v., n.
coughing n.
could can
council n.
count v.
counter n.
country n.
countryside n.
county n.
couple n.
a couple
courage n.
course n.
of course
court n.
cousin n.
cover v., n.
covered adj.
covering n.
cow n.
crack n., v.
cracked adj.
craft n.
crash n., v.
crazy adj.
cream n., adj.
create v.
creature n.
credit n.
credit card n.
crime n.
criminal adj., n.
crisis n.
crisp adj.
criterion n.
critical adj.
criticism n.
criticize (BrE also -ise) v.
crop n.
cross n., v.
crowd n.
crowded adj.
crown n.
crucial adj.
cruel adj.
crush v.
cry v., n.
ct abbr. cent
cultural adj.
culture n.
cup n.
cupboard n.
curb v.
cure v., n.
curious adj.
curiously adv.
curl v., n.
curly adj.
current adj., n.
currently adv.
curtain n.
curve n., v.
curved adj.
custom n.
customer n.
customs n.
cut v., n.
cycle n., v.
cycling n.
dad n.
daily adj.
damage n., v.
damp adj.
dance n., v.
dancing n.
dancer n.
danger n.
dangerous adj.
dare v.
dark adj., n.
data n.
date n., v.
daughter n.
day n.
dead adj.
deaf adj.
deal v., n.
deal with
dear adj.
death n.
debate n., v.
debt n.
decade n.
decay n., v.
December n. (abbr. Dec.)
decide v.
decision n.
declare v.
decline n., v.
decorate v.
decoration n.
decorative adj.
decrease v., n.
deep adj., adv.
deeply adv.
defeat v., n.
defence (BrE) (NAmE defense) n.
defend v.
define v.
definite adj.
definitely adv.
definition n.
degree n.
delay n., v.
deliberate adj.
deliberately adv.
delicate adj.
delight n., v.
delighted adj.
deliver v.
delivery n.
demand n., v.
demonstrate v.
dentist n.
deny v.
department n.
departure n.
depend (on) v.
deposit n., v.
depress v.
depressing adj.
depressed adj.
depth n.
derive v.
describe v.
description n.
desert n., v.
deserted adj.
deserve v.
design n., v.
desire n., v.
desk n.
desperate adj.
desperately adv.
despite prep.
destroy v.
destruction n.
detail n.
in detail
detailed adj.
determination n.
determine v.
determined adj.
develop v.
development n.
device n.
devote v.
devoted adj.
diagram n.
diamond n.
diary n.
dictionary n.
die v.
dying adj.
diet n.
difference n.
different adj.
differently adv.
difficult adj.
difficulty n.
dig v.
dinner n.
direct adj., v.
directly adv.
direction n.
director n.
dirt n.
dirty adj.
disabled adj.
disadvantage n.
disagree v.
disagreement n.
disappear v.
disappoint v.
disappointing adj.
disappointed adj.
disappointment n.
disapproval n.
disapprove (of) v.
disapproving adj.
disaster n.
disc (also disk, especially in NAmE) n.
discipline n.
discount n.
discover v.
discovery n.
discuss v.
discussion n.
disease n.
disgust v., n.
disgusting adj.
disgusted adj.
dish n.
dishonest adj.
dishonestly adv.
disk n.
dislike v., n.
dismiss v.
display v., n.
dissolve v.
distance n.
distinguish v.
distribute v.
distribution n.
district n.
disturb v.
disturbing adj.
divide v.
division n.
divorce n., v.
divorced adj.
do v., auxiliary v.
undo v.
doctor n. (abbr. Dr, NAmE Dr.)
document n.
dog n.
dollar n.
domestic adj.
dominate v.
door n.
dot n.
double adj., det., adv., n., v.
doubt n., v.
down adv., prep.
downstairs adv., adj., n.
downwards (also downward especially in NAmE) adv.
downward adj.
dozen n., det.
Dr (BrE) (also Dr. NAmE, BrE) abbr. doctor
draft n., adj., v.
drag v.
drama n.
dramatic adj.
dramatically adv.
draw v.
drawing n.
drawer n.
dream n., v.
dress n., v.
dressed adj.
drink n., v.
drive v., n.
driving n.
driver n.
drop v., n.
drug n.
drugstore n. (NAmE)
drum n.
drunk adj.
dry adj., v.
due adj.
due to
dull adj.
dump v., n.
during prep.
dust n., v.
duty n.
DVD n.
each det., pron.
each other (also one another) pron.
ear n.
early adj., adv.
earn v.
earth n.
ease n., v.
east n., adj., adv.
eastern adj.
easy adj.
easily adv.
eat v.
economic adj.
economy n.
edge n.
edition n.
editor n.
educate v.
educated adj.
education n.
effect n.
effective adj.
effectively adv.
efficient adj.
efficiently adv.
effort n.
e.g. abbr.
egg n.
either det., pron., adv.
elbow n.
elderly adj.
elect v.
election n.
electric adj.
electrical adj.
electricity n.
electronic adj.
elegant adj.
element n.
elevator n. (NAmE)
else adv.
elsewhere adv.
email (also e-mail) n., v.
embarrass v.
embarrassing adj.
embarrassed adj.
embarrassment n.
emerge v.
emergency n.
emotion n.
emotional adj.
emotionally adv.
emphasis n.
emphasize (BrE also -ise) v.
empire n.
employ v.
unemployed adj.
employee n.
employer n.
employment n.
unemployment n.
empty adj., v.
enable v.
encounter v., n.
encourage v.
encouragement n.
end n., v.
in the end
ending n.
enemy n.
energy n.
engage v.
engaged adj.
engine n.
engineer n.
engineering n.
enjoy v.
enjoyable adj.
enjoyment n.
enormous adj.
enough det., pron., adv.
enquiry (also inquiry especially in NAmE) n.
ensure v.
enter v.
entertain v.
entertaining adj.
entertainer n.
entertainment n.
enthusiasm n.
enthusiastic adj.
entire adj.
entirely adv.
entitle v.
entrance n.
entry n.
envelope n.
environment n.
environmental adj.
equal adj., n., v.
equally adv.
equipment n.
equivalent adj., n.
error n.
escape v., n.
especially adv.
essay n.
essential adj., n.
essentially adv.
establish v.
estate n.
estimate n., v.
etc. (full form et cetera)
euro n.
even adv., adj.
evening n.
event n.
eventually adv.
ever adv.
every det.
everyone (also everybody) pron.
everything pron.
everywhere adv.
evidence n.
evil adj., n.
ex- prefix
exact adj.
exactly adv.
exaggerate v.
exaggerated adj.
exam n.
examination n.
examine v.
example n.
excellent adj.
except prep., conj.
exception n.
exchange v., n.
in exchange (for)
excite v.
exciting adj.
excited adj.
excitement n.
exclude v.
excluding prep.
excuse n., v.
executive n., adj.
exercise n., v.
exhibit v., n.
exhibition n.
exist v.
existence n.
exit n.
expand v.
expect v.
expected adj.
unexpected adj.
unexpectedly adv.
expectation n.
expense n.
expensive adj.
experience n., v.
experienced adj.
experiment n., v.
expert n., adj.
explain v.
explanation n.
explode v.
explore v.
explosion n.
export v., n.
expose v.
express v., adj.
expression n.
extend v.
extension n.
extensive adj.
extent n.
extra adj., n., adv.
extraordinary adj.
extreme adj., n.
extremely adv.
eye n.
face n., v.
facility n.
fact n.
factor n.
factory n.
fail v.
failure n.
faint adj.
faintly adv.
fair adj.
fairly adv.
unfair adj.
unfairly adv.
faith n.
faithful adj.
faithfully adv.
Yours faithfully (BrE)
fall v., n.
fall over
false adj.
fame n.
familiar adj.
family n., adj.
famous adj.
fan n.
fancy v., adj.
far adv., adj.
further adj.
farm n.
farming n.
farmer n.
farther, farthest far
fashion n.
fashionable adj.
fast adj., adv.
fasten v.
fat adj., n.
father n.
faucet n. (NAmE)
fault n.
favour (BrE) (NAmE favor) n.
in favour/favor (of)
favourite (BrE) (NAmE favorite) adj., n.
fear n., v.
feather n.
feature n., v.
February n. (abbr. Feb.)
federal adj.
fee n.
feed v.
feel v.
feeling n.
fellow n., adj.
female adj., n.
fence n.
festival n.
fetch v.
fever n.
few det., adj., pron.
a few
field n.
fight v., n.
fighting n.
figure n., v.
file n.
fill v.
film n., v.
final adj., n.
finally adv.
finance n., v.
financial adj.
find v.
find out sth
fine adj.
finely adv.
finger n.
finish v., n.
finished adj.
fire n., v.
set fire to
firm n., adj., adv.
firmly adv.
first det., ordinal number, adv., n.
at first
fish n., v.
fishing n.
fit v., adj.
fix v.
fixed adj.
flag n.
flame n.
flash v., n.
flat adj., n.
flavour (BrE) (NAmE flavor) n., v.
flesh n.
flight n.
float v.
flood n., v.
floor n.
flour n.
flow n., v.
flower n.
flu n.
fly v., n.
flying adj., n.
focus v., n.
fold v., n.
folding adj.
follow v.
following adj., n., prep.
food n.
foot n.
football n.
for prep.
force n., v.
forecast n., v.
foreign adj.
forest n.
forever (BrE also for ever) adv.
forget v.
forgive v.
fork n.
form n., v.
formal adj.
formally adv.
former adj.
formerly adv.
formula n.
fortune n.
forward (also forwards) adv.
forward adj.
found v.
foundation n.
frame n., v.
free adj., v., adv.
freely adv.
freedom n.
freeze v.
frozen adj.
frequent adj.
frequently adv.
fresh adj.
freshly adv.
Friday n. (abbr. Fri.)
fridge n. (BrE)
friend n.
make friends (with)
friendly adj.
unfriendly adj.
friendship n.
frighten v.
frightening adj.
frightened adj.
from prep.
front n., adj.
in front (of)
frozen freeze
fruit n.
fry v., n.
fuel n.
full adj.
fully adv.
fun n., adj.
make fun of
function n., v.
fund n., v.
fundamental adj.
funeral n.
funny adj.
fur n.
furniture n.
further, furthest far
future n., adj.
g abbr. gram
gain v., n.
gallon n.
gamble v., n.
gambling n.
game n.
gap n.
garage n.
garbage n. (especially NAmE)
garden n.
gas n.
gasoline n. (NAmE)
gate n.
gather v.
gear n.
general adj.
generally adv.
in general
generate v.
generation n.
generous adj.
generously adv.
gentle adj.
gently adv.
gentleman n.
genuine adj.
genuinely adv.
geography n.
get v.
get on
get off
giant n., adj.
gift n.
girl n.
girlfriend n.
give v.
give sth away
give sth out
give (sth) up
glad adj.
glass n.
glasses n.
global adj.
glove n.
glue n., v.
gm abbr. gram
go v.
go down
go up
be going to
goal n.
god n.
gold n., adj.
good adj., n.
good at
good for
goodbye exclamation, n.
goods n.
govern v.
government n.
governor n.
grab v.
grade n., v.
gradual adj.
gradually adv.
grain n.
gram (BrE also gramme) n. (abbr. g, gm)
grammar n.
grand adj.
grandchild n.
granddaughter n.
grandfather n.
grandmother n.
grandparent n.
grandson n.
grant v., n.
grass n.
grateful adj.
grave n., adj.
gray (NAmE) grey
great adj.
greatly adv.
green adj., n.
grey (BrE) (NAmE usually gray) adj., n.
grocery (NAmE usually grocery store) n.
groceries n.
ground n.
group n.
grow v.
grow up
growth n.
guarantee n., v.
guard n., v.
guess v., n.
guest n.
guide n., v.
guilty adj.
gun n.
guy n.
habit n.
hair n.
hairdresser n.
half n., det., pron., adv.
hall n.
hammer n.
hand n., v.
handle v., n.
hang v.
happen v.
happiness n.
unhappiness n.
happy adj.
happily adv.
unhappy adj.
hard adj., adv.
hardly adv.
harm n., v.
harmful adj.
harmless adj.
hat n.
hate v., n.
hatred n.
have v., auxiliary v.
have to modal v.
he pron.
head n., v.
headache n.
heal v.
health n.
healthy adj.
hear v.
hearing n.
heart n.
heat n., v.
heating n.
heaven n.
heavy adj.
heavily adv.
heel n.
height n.
hell n.
hello exclamation, n.
help v., n.
helpful adj.
hence adv.
her pron., det.
hers pron.
here adv.
hero n.
herself pron.
hesitate v.
hi exclamation
hide v.
high adj., adv.
highly adv.
highlight v., n.
highway n. (especially NAmE)
hill n.
him pron.
himself pron.
hip n.
hire v., n.
his det., pron.
historical adj.
history n.
hit v., n.
hobby n.
hold v., n.
hole n.
holiday n.
hollow adj.
holy adj.
home n., adv..
homework n.
honest adj.
honestly adv.
honour (BrE) (NAmE honor) n.
in honour/honor of
hook n.
hope v., n.
horizontal adj.
horn n.
horror n.
horse n.
hospital n.
host n., v.
hot adj.
hotel n.
hour n.
house n.
housing n.
household n., adj.
how adv.
however adv.
huge adj.
human adj., n.
humorous adj.
humour (BrE) (NAmE humor) n.
hungry adj.
hunt v.
hunting n.
hurry v., n.
in a hurry
hurt v.
husband n.
I pron.
ice n.
ice cream n.
idea n.
ideal adj., n.
ideally adv.
identify v.
identity n.
i.e. abbr.
if conj.
ignore v.
ill adj. (especially BrE)
illegal adj.
illegally adv.
illness n.
illustrate v.
image n.
imaginary adj.
imagination n.
imagine v.
immediate adj.
immediately adv.
immoral adj.
impact n.
impatient adj.
impatiently adv.
implication n.
imply v.
import n., v.
importance n.
important adj.
importantly adv.
unimportant adj.
impose v.
impossible adj.
impress v.
impressed adj.
impression n.
impressive adj.
improve v.
improvement n.
in prep., adv.
inability n.
inch n.
incident n.
include v.
including prep.
income n.
increase v., n.
increasingly adv.
indeed adv.
independence n.
independent adj.
independently adv.
index n.
indicate v.
indication n.
indirect adj.
indirectly adv.
individual adj., n.
indoors adv.
indoor adj.
industrial adj.
industry n.
inevitable adj.
inevitably adv.
infect v.
infected adj.
infection n.
infectious adj.
influence n., v.
inform v.
informal adj.
information n.
ingredient n.
initial adj., n.
initially adv.
initiative n.
injure v.
injured adj.
injury n.
ink n.
inner adj.
innocent adj.
inquiry enquiry
insect n.
insert v.
inside prep., adv., n., adj.
insist (on) v.
install v.
instance n.
for instance
instead adv.
instead of
institute n.
institution n.
instruction n.
instrument n.
insult v., n.
insulting adj.
insurance n.
intelligence n.
intelligent adj.
intend v.
intended adj.
intention n.
interest n., v.
interesting adj.
interested adj.
interior n., adj.
internal adj.
international adj.
Internet n.
interpret v.
interpretation n.
interrupt v.
interruption n.
interval n.
interview n., v.
into prep.
introduce v.
introduction n.
invent v.
invention n.
invest v.
investigate v.
investigation n.
investment n.
invitation n.
invite v.
involve v.
involved in
involvement n.
iron n., v.
irritate v.
irritating adj.
irritated adj.
-ish suffix
island n.
issue n., v.
it pron., det.
its det.
item n.
itself pron.
jacket n.
jam n.
January n. (abbr. Jan.)
jealous adj.
jeans n.
jelly n.
jewellery (BrE) (NAmE jewelry) n.
job n.
join v.
joint adj., n.
jointly adv.
joke n., v.
journalist n.
journey n.
joy n.
judge n., v.
judgement (also judgment especially in NAmE) n.
juice n.
July n. (abbr. Jul.)
jump v., n.
June n. (abbr. Jun.)
junior adj., n.
just adv.
justice n.
justify v.
justified adj.
k abbr. kilometre
keen adj.
keen on
keep v.
key n., adj.
keyboard n.
kick v., n.
kid n.
kill v.
killing n.
kilogram (BrE also kilogramme) (also kilo) n. (abbr. kg)
kilometre (BrE) (NAmE kilometer) n. (abbr. k, km)
kind n., adj.
kindly adv.
unkind adj.
kindness n.
king n.
kiss v., n.
kitchen n.
km abbr. kilometre
knee n.
knife n.
knit v.
knitted adj.
knitting n.
knock v., n.
knot n.
know v.
unknown adj.
well known adj.
knowledge n.
l abbr. litre
label n., v.
laboratory, lab n.
labour (BrE) (NAmE labor) n.
lack n., v.
lacking adj.
lady n.
lake n.
lamp n.
land n., v.
landscape n.
lane n.
language n.
large adj.
largely adv.
last det., adv., n., v.
late adj., adv.
later adv., adj.
latest adj., n.
latter adj., n.
laugh v., n.
launch v., n.
law n.
lawyer n.
lay v.
layer n.
lazy adj.
lead /li:d/ v., n.
leading adj.
leader n.
leaf n.
league n.
lean v.
learn v.
least det., pron., adv.
at least
leather n.
leave v.
leave out
lecture n.
left adj., adv., n.
leg n.
legal adj.
legally adv.
lemon n.
lend v.
length n.
less det., pron., adv.
lesson n.
let v.
letter n.
level n., adj.
library n.
licence (BrE) (NAmE license) n.
license v.
lid n.
lie v., n.
life n.
lift v., n.
light n., adj., v.
lightly adv.
like prep., v., conj.
unlike prep., adj.
likely adj., adv.
unlikely adj.
limit n., v.
limited adj.
line n.
link n., v.
lip n.
liquid n., adj.
list n., v.
listen (to) v.
literature n.
litre (BrE) (NAmE liter) n. (abbr. l)
little adj., det., pron., adv.
a little det., pron.
live /la?v/ adj., adv.
live /l?v/ v.
living adj.
lively adj.
load n., v.
unload v.
loan n.
local adj.
locally adv.
locate v.
located adj.
location n.
lock v., n.
logic n.
logical adj.
lonely adj.
long adj., adv.
look v., n.
look after (especially BrE)
look at
look for
look forward to
loose adj.
loosely adv.
lord n.
lorry n. (BrE)
lose v.
lost adj.
loss n.
lot: a lot (of) (also lots (of)) pron., det., adv.
loud adj., adv.
loudly adv.
love n., v.
lovely adj.
lover n.
low adj., adv.
loyal adj.
luck n.
lucky adj.
unlucky adj.
luggage n. (especially BrE)
lump n.
lunch n.
lung n.
machine n.
machinery n.
mad adj.
magazine n.
magic n., adj.
mail n., v.
main adj.
mainly adv.
maintain v.
major adj.
majority n.
make v., n.
make sth up
make-up n.
male adj., n.
mall n. (especially NAmE)
man n.
manage v.
management n.
manager n.
manner n.
manufacture v., n.
manufacturing n.
manufacturer n.
many det., pron.
map n.
March n. (abbr. Mar.)
march v., n.
mark n., v.
market n.
marketing n.
marriage n.
marry v.
married adj.
mass n., adj.
massive adj.
master n.
match n., v.
matching adj.
mate n., v.
material n., adj.
mathematics (also maths BrE, math NAmE) n.
matter n., v.
maximum adj., n.
may modal v.
May n.
maybe adv.
mayor n.
me pron.
meal n.
mean v.
meaning n.
means n.
by means of
meanwhile adv.
measure v., n.
measurement n.
meat n.
media n.
medical adj.
medicine n.
medium adj., n.
meet v.
meeting n.
melt v.
member n.
membership n.
memory n.
in memory of
mental adj.
mentally adv.
mention v.
menu n.
mere adj.
merely adv.
mess n.
message n.
metal n.
method n.
metre (BrE) (NAmE meter) n.
mg abbr. milligram
mid- combining form
midday n.
middle n., adj.
midnight n.
might modal v.
mild adj.
mile n.
military adj.
milk n.
milligram (BrE also milligramme) n. (abbr. mg)
millimetre (NAmE millimeter) n. (abbr. mm)
mind n., v.
mine pron., n.
mineral n., adj.
minimum adj., n.
minister n.
ministry n.
minor adj.
minority n.
minute n.
mirror n.
miss v., n.
Miss n.
missing adj.
mistake n., v.
mistaken adj.
mix v., n.
mixed adj.
mixture n.
mm abbr. millimetre
mobile adj.
mobile phone (also mobile) n. (BrE)
model n.
modern adj.
mom (NAmE) mum
moment n.
Monday n. (abbr. Mon.)
money n.
monitor n., v.
month n.
mood n.
moon n.
moral adj.
morally adv.
more det., pron., adv.
moreover adv.
morning n.
most det., pron., adv.
mostly adv.
mother n.
motion n.
motor n.
motorcycle (BrE also motorbike) n.
mount v., n.
mountain n.
mouse n.
mouth n.
move v., n.
moving adj.
movement n.
movie n. (especially NAmE)
movie theater n. (NAmE)
Mr (BrE) (also Mr. NAmE, BrE) abbr.
Mrs (BrE) (also Mrs. NAmE, BrE) abbr.
Ms (BrE) (also Ms. NAmE, BrE) abbr.
much det., pron., adv.
mud n.
multiply v.
mum (BrE) (NAmE mom) n.
murder n., v.
muscle n.
museum n.
music n.
musical adj.
musician n.
must modal v.
my det.
myself pron.
mysterious adj.
mystery n.
nail n.
naked adj.
name n., v.
narrow adj.
nation n.
national adj.
natural adj.
naturally adv.
nature n.
navy n.
near adj., adv., prep.
nearby adj., adv.
nearly adv.
neat adj.
neatly adv.
necessary adj.
necessarily adv.
unnecessary adj.
neck n.
need v., modal v., n.
needle n.
negative adj.
neighbour (BrE) (NAmE neighbor) n.
neighbourhood (BrE) (NAmE neighborhood) n.
neither det., pron., adv.
nephew n.
nerve n.
nervous adj.
nervously adv.
nest n., v.
net n.
network n.
never adv.
nevertheless adv.
new adj.
newly adv.
news n.
newspaper n.
next adj., adv., n.
next to prep.
nice adj.
nicely adv.
niece n.
night n.
no exclamation, det.
No. (also no.) abbr. number
nobody (also no one) pron.
noise n.
noisy adj.
noisily adv.
non- prefix
none pron.
nonsense n.
no one nobody
nor conj., adv.
normal adj., n.
normally adv.
north n., adj., adv.
northern adj.
nose n.
not adv.
note n., v.
nothing pron.
notice n., v.
take notice of
noticeable adj.
novel n.
November n. (abbr. Nov.)
now adv.
nowhere adv.
nuclear adj.
number (abbr. No., no.) n.
nurse n.
nut n.
obey v.
object n., v.
objective n., adj.
observation n.
observe v.
obtain v.
obvious adj.
obviously adv.
occasion n.
occasionally adv.
occupy v.
occupied adj.
occur v.
ocean n.
o’clock adv.
October n. (abbr. Oct.)
odd adj.
oddly adv.
of prep.
off adv., prep.
offence (BrE) (NAmE offense) n.
offend v.
offensive adj.
offer v., n.
office n.
officer n.
official adj., n.
officially adv.
often adv.
oh exclamation
oil n.
OK (also okay) exclamation, adj., adv.
old adj.
old-fashioned adj.
on prep., adv.
once adv., conj.
one number, det., pron.
one another each other
onion n.
only adj., adv.
onto prep.
open adj., v.
openly adv.
opening n.
operate v.
operation n.
opinion n.
opponent n.
opportunity n.
oppose v.
opposing adj.
opposed to
opposite adj., adv., n., prep.
opposition n.
option n.
or conj.
orange n., adj.
order n., v.
in order to
ordinary adj.
organ n.
organization (BrE also -isation) n.
organize (BrE also -ise) v.
organized adj.
origin n.
original adj., n.
originally adv.
other adj., pron.
otherwise adv.
ought to modal v.
our det.
ours pron.
ourselves pron.
out (of) adv., prep.
outdoors adv.
outdoor adj.
outer adj.
outline v., n.
output n.
outside n., adj., prep., adv.
outstanding adj.
oven n.
over adv., prep.
overall adj., adv.
overcome v.
owe v.
own adj., pron., v.
owner n.
p abbr. page, penny
pace n.
pack v., n.
package n., v.
packaging n.
packet n.
page n. (abbr. p)
pain n.
painful adj.
paint n., v.
painting n.
painter n.
pair n.
palace n.
pale adj.
pan n.
panel n.
pants n.
paper n.
parallel adj.
parent n.
park n., v.
parliament n.
part n.
take part (in)
particular adj.
particularly adv.
partly adv.
partner n.
partnership n.
party n.
pass v.
passing n., adj.
passage n.
passenger n.
passport n.
past adj., n., prep., adv.
path n.
patience n.
patient n., adj.
pattern n.
pause v., n.
pay v., n.
payment n.
peace n.
peaceful adj.
peak n.
pen n.
pence n.
penny
pencil n.
penny n. (abbr. p)
pension n.
people n.
pepper n.
per prep.
per cent (NAmE usually percent) n., adj., adv.
perfect adj.
perfectly adv.
perform v.
performance n.
performer n.
perhaps adv.
period n.
permanent adj.
permanently adv.
permission n.
permit v.
person n.
personal adj.
personally adv.
personality n.
persuade v.
pet n.
petrol n. (BrE)
phase n.
philosophy n.
phone telephone
photocopy n., v.
photograph n., v. (also photo n.)
photographer n.
photography n.
phrase n.
physical adj.
physically adv.
physics n.
piano n.
pick v.
pick sth up
picture n.
piece n.
pig n.
pile n., v.
pill n.
pilot n.
pin n., v.
pink adj., n.
pint n. (abbr. pt)
pipe n.
pitch n.
pity n.
place n., v.
take place
plain adj.
plan n., v.
planning n.
plane n.
planet n.
plant n., v.
plastic n., adj.
plate n.
platform n.
play v., n.
player n.
pleasant adj.
pleasantly adv.
unpleasant adj.
please exclamation, v.
pleasing adj.
pleased adj.
pleasure n.
plenty pron., adv., n., det.
plot n., v.
plug n.
plus prep., n., adj., conj.
p.m. (NAmE also P.M.) abbr.
pocket n.
poem n.
poetry n.
point n., v.
pointed adj.
poison n., v.
poisonous adj.
pole n.
police n.
policy n.
polish n., v.
polite adj.
politely adv.
political adj.
politically adv.
politician n.
politics n.
pollution n.
pool n.
poor adj.
pop n., v.
popular adj.
population n.
port n.
pose v., n.
position n.
positive adj.
possess v.
possession n.
possibility n.
possible adj.
possibly adv.
post n., v.
post office n.
pot n.
potato n.
potential adj., n.
potentially adv.
pound n.
pour v.
powder n.
power n.
powerful adj.
practical adj.
practically adv.
practice n. (BrE, NAmE), v. (NAmE)
practise v. (BrE)
praise n., v.
prayer n.
precise adj.
precisely adv.
predict v.
prefer v.
preference n.
pregnant adj.
premises n.
preparation n.
prepare v.
prepared adj.
presence n.
present adj., n., v.
presentation n.
preserve v.
president n.
press n., v.
pressure n.
presumably adv.
pretend v.
pretty adv., adj.
prevent v.
previous adj.
previously adv.
price n.
pride n.
priest n.
primary adj.
primarily adv.
prime minister n.
prince n.
princess n.
principle n.
print v., n.
printing n.
printer n.
prior adj.
priority n.
prison n.
prisoner n.
private adj.
privately adv.
prize n.
probable adj.
probably adv.
problem n.
procedure n.
proceed v.
process n., v.
produce v.
producer n.
product n.
production n.
profession n.
professional adj., n.
professor n.
profit n.
program n., v.
programme n. (BrE)
progress n., v.
project n., v.
promise v., n.
promote v.
promotion n.
prompt adj., v.
promptly adv.
pronounce v.
pronunciation n.
proof n.
proper adj.
properly adv.
property n.
proportion n.
proposal n.
propose v.
prospect n.
protect v.
protection n.
protest n., v.
proud adj.
proudly adv.
prove v.
provide v.
provided (also providing) conj.
pt abbr. pint
pub n.
public adj., n.
in public
publicly adv.
publication n.
publicity n.
publish v.
publishing n.
pull v., n.
punch v., n.
punish v.
punishment n.
pupil n. (especially BrE)
purchase n., v.
pure adj.
purely adv.
purple adj., n.
purpose n.
on purpose
pursue v.
push v., n.
put v.
put sth on
put sth out
qualification n.
qualify v.
qualified adj.
quality n.
quantity n.
quarter n.
queen n.
question n., v.
quick adj.
quickly adv.
quiet adj.
quietly adv.
quit v.
quite adv.
quote v.
race n., v.
racing n.
radio n.
rail n.
railway (BrE) (NAmE railroad) n.
rain n., v.
raise v.
range n.
rank n., v.
rapid adj.
rapidly adv.
rare adj.
rarely adv.
rate n., v.
rather adv.
rather than
raw adj.
re- prefix
reach v.
react v.
reaction n.
read v.
reading n.
reader n.
ready adj.
real adj.
really adv.
realistic adj.
reality n.
realize (BrE also -ise) v.
really real
rear n., adj.
reason n.
reasonable adj.
reasonably adv.
unreasonable adj.
recall v.
receipt n.
receive v.
recent adj.
recently adv.
reception n.
reckon v.
recognition n.
recognize (BrE also -ise) v.
recommend v.
record n., v.
recording n.
recover v.
red adj., n.
reduce v.
reduction n.
refer to v.
reference n.
reflect v.
reform v., n.
refrigerator n.
refusal n.
refuse v.
regard v., n.
regarding prep.
region n.
regional adj.
register v., n.
regret v., n.
regular adj.
regularly adv.
regulation n.
reject v.
relate v.
related (to) adj.
relation n.
relationship n.
relative adj., n.
relatively adv.
relax v.
relaxed adj.
relaxing adj.
release v., n.
relevant adj.
relief n.
religion n.
religious adj.
rely on v.
remain v.
remaining adj.
remains n.
remark n., v.
remarkable adj.
remarkably adv.
remember v.
remind v.
remote adj.
removal n.
remove v.
rent n., v.
rented adj.
repair v., n.
repeat v.
repeated adj.
repeatedly adv.
replace v.
reply n., v.
report v., n.
represent v.
representative n., adj.
reproduce v.
reputation n.
request n., v.
require v.
requirement n.
rescue v., n.
research n.
reservation n.
reserve v., n.
resident n., adj.
resist v.
resistance n.
resolve v.
resort n.
resource n.
respect n., v.
respond v.
response n.
responsibility n.
responsible adj.
rest n., v.
the rest
restaurant n.
restore v.
restrict v.
restricted adj.
restriction n.
result n., v.
retain v.
retire v.
retired adj.
retirement n.
return v., n.
reveal v.
reverse v., n.
review n., v.
revise v.
revision n.
revolution n.
reward n., v.
rhythm n.
rice n.
rich adj.
rid v.: get rid of
ride v., n.
riding n.
rider n.
ridiculous adj.
right adj., adv., n.
rightly adv.
ring n., v.
rise n., v.
risk n., v.
rival n., adj.
river n.
road n.
rob v.
rock n.
role n.
roll n., v.
romantic adj.
roof n.
room n.
root n.
rope n.
rough adj.
roughly adv.
round adj., adv., prep., n.
rounded adj.
route n.
routine n., adj.
row /r??, NAmE ro?/ n.
royal adj.
rub v.
rubber n.
rubbish n. (especially BrE)
rude adj.
rudely adv.
ruin v., n.
ruined adj.
rule n., v.
ruler n.
rumour n.
run v., n.
running n.
runner n.
rural adj.
rush v., n.
sack n., v.
sad adj.
sadly adv.
sadness n.
safe adj.
safely adv.
safety n.
sail v., n.
sailing n.
sailor n.
salad n.
salary n.
sale n.
salt n.
salty adj.
same adj., pron.
sample n.
sand n.
satisfaction n.
satisfy v.
satisfied adj.
satisfying adj.
Saturday n. (abbr. Sat.)
sauce n.
save v.
saving n.
say v.
scale n.
scare v., n.
scared adj.
scene n.
schedule n., v.
scheme n.
school n.
science n.
scientific adj.
scientist n.
scissors n.
score n., v.
scratch v., n.
scream v., n.
screen n.
screw n., v.
sea n.
seal n., v.
search n., v.
season n.
seat n.
second det., ordinal number, adv., n.
secondary adj.
secret adj., n.
secretly adv.
secretary n.
section n.
sector n.
secure adj., v.
security n.
see v.
seed n.
seek v.
seem linking v.
select v.
selection n.
self n.
self- combining form
sell v.
senate n.
senator n.
send v.
senior adj., n.
sense n.
sensible adj.
sensitive adj.
sentence n.
separate adj., v.
separated adj.
separately adv.
separation n.
September n. (abbr. Sept.)
series n.
serious adj.
seriously adv.
servant n.
serve v.
service n.
session n.
set n., v.
settle v.
several det., pron.
severe adj.
severely adv.
sew v.
sewing n.
sex n.
sexual adj.
sexually adv.
shade n.
shadow n.
shake v., n.
shall modal v.
shallow adj.
shame n.
shape n., v.
shaped adj.
share v., n.
sharp adj.
sharply adv.
shave v.
she pron.
sheep n.
sheet n.
shelf n.
shell n.
shelter n., v.
shift v., n.
shine v.
shiny adj.
ship n.
shirt n.
shock n., v.
shocking adj.
shocked adj.
shoe n.
shoot v.
shooting n.
shop n., v.
shopping n.
short adj.
shortly adv.
shot n.
should modal v.
shoulder n.
shout v., n.
show v., n.
shower n.
shut v., adj.
shy adj.
sick adj.
be sick (BrE)
feel sick (especially BrE)
side n.
sideways adj., adv.
sight n.
sign n., v.
signal n., v.
signature n.
significant adj.
significantly adv.
silence n.
silent adj.
silk n.
silly adj.
silver n., adj.
similar adj.
similarly adv.
simple adj.
simply adv.
since prep., conj., adv.
sincere adj.
sincerely adv.
Yours sincerely (BrE)
sing v.
singing n.
singer n.
single adj.
sink v.
sir n.
sister n.
sit v.
sit down
site n.
situation n.
size n.
-sized
skilful (BrE) (NAmE skillful) adj.
skilfully (BrE) (NAmE skillfully) adv.
skill n.
skilled adj.
skin n.
skirt n.
sky n.
sleep v., n.
sleeve n.
slice n., v.
slide v.
slight adj.
slightly adv.
slip v.
slope n., v.
slow adj.
slowly adv.
small adj.
smart adj.
smash v., n.
smell v., n.
smile v., n.
smoke n., v.
smoking n.
smooth adj.
smoothly adv.
snake n.
snow n., v.
so adv., conj.
so that
soap n.
social adj.
socially adv.
society n.
sock n.
soft adj.
softly adv.
software n.
soil n.
soldier n.
solid adj., n.
solution n.
solve v.
some det., pron.
somebody (also someone) pron.
somehow adv.
something pron.
sometimes adv.
somewhat adv.
somewhere adv.
son n.
song n.
soon adv.
as soon as
sore adj.
sorry adj.
sort n., v.
soul n.
sound n., v.
soup n.
sour adj.
source n.
south n., adj., adv.
southern adj.
space n.
spare adj., n.
speak v.
spoken adj.
speaker n.
special adj.
specially adv.
specialist n.
specific adj.
specifically adv.
speech n.
speed n.
spell v., n.
spelling n.
spend v.
spice n.
spicy adj.
spider n.
spin v.
spirit n.
spiritual adj.
spite n.: in spite of
split v., n.
spoil v.
spoken speak
spoon n.
sport n.
spot n.
spray n., v.
spread v.
spring n.
square adj., n.
squeeze v., n.
stable adj., n.
staff n.
stage n.
stair n.
stamp n., v.
stand v., n.
stand up
standard n., adj.
star n., v.
stare v., n.
start v., n.
state n., adj., v.
statement n.
station n.
statue n.
status n.
stay v., n.
steady adj.
steadily adv.
unsteady adj.
steal v.
steam n.
steel n.
steep adj.
steeply adv.
steer v.
step n., v.
stick v., n.
stick out
sticky adj.
stiff adj.
stiffly adv.
still adv., adj.
sting v., n.
stir v.
stock n.
stomach n.
stone n.
stop v., n.
store n., v.
storm n.
story n.
stove n.
straight adv., adj.
strain n.
strange adj.
strangely adv.
stranger n.
strategy n.
stream n.
street n.
strength n.
stress n., v.
stressed adj.
stretch v.
strict adj.
strictly adv.
strike v., n.
striking adj.
string n.
strip v., n.
stripe n.
striped adj.
stroke n., v.
strong adj.
strongly adv.
structure n.
struggle v., n.
student n.
studio n.
study n., v.
stuff n.
stupid adj.
style n.
subject n.
substance n.
substantial adj.
substantially adv.
substitute n., v.
succeed v.
success n.
successful adj.
successfully adv.
unsuccessful adj.
such det., pron.
such as
suck v.
sudden adj.
suddenly adv.
suffer v.
suffering n.
sufficient adj.
sufficiently adv.
sugar n.
suggest v.
suggestion n.
suit n., v.
suited adj.
suitable adj.
suitcase n.
sum n.
summary n.
summer n.
sun n.
Sunday n. (abbr. Sun.)
superior adj.
supermarket n.
supply n., v.
support n., v.
supporter n.
suppose v.
sure adj., adv.
make sure
surely adv.
surface n.
surname n. (especially BrE)
surprise n., v.
surprising adj.
surprisingly adv.
surprised adj.
surround v.
surrounding adj.
surroundings n.
survey n., v.
survive v.
suspect v., n.
suspicion n.
suspicious adj.
swallow v.
swear v.
swearing n.
sweat n., v.
sweater n.
sweep v.
sweet adj., n.
swell v.
swelling n.
swollen adj.
swim v.
swimming n.
swimming pool n.
swing n., v.
switch n., v.
switch sth off
switch sth on
swollen swell
symbol n.
sympathetic adj.
sympathy n.
system n.
table n.
tablet n.
tackle v., n.
tail n.
take v.
take sth off
take (sth) over
talk v., n.
tall adj.
tank n.
tap v., n..
tape n.
target n.
task n.
taste n., v.
tax n., v.
taxi n.
tea n.
teach v.
teaching n.
teacher n.
team n.
tear /te?(r), NAmE ter/ v., n.
tear /t??(r), NAmE t?r/ n.
technical adj.
technique n.
technology n.
telephone (also phone) n., v.
television (also TV) n.
tell v.
temperature n.
temporary adj.
temporarily adv.
tend v.
tendency n.
tension n.
tent n.
term n.
terrible adj.
terribly adv.
test n., v.
text n.
than prep., conj.
thank v.
thanks exclamation, n.
thank you exclamation, n.
that det., pron., conj.
the definite article
theatre (BrE) (NAmE theater) n.
their det.
theirs pron.
them pron.
theme n.
themselves pron.
then adv.
theory n.
there adv.
therefore adv.
they pron.
thick adj.
thickly adv.
thickness n.
thief n.
thin adj.
thing n.
think v.
thinking n.
thirsty adj.
this det., pron.
thorough adj.
thoroughly adv.
though conj., adv.
thought n.
thread n.
threat n.
threaten v.
threatening adj.
throat n.
through prep., adv.
throughout prep., adv.
throw v.
throw sth away
thumb n.
Thursday n. (abbr. Thur., Thurs.)
thus adv.
ticket n.
tidy adj., v.
untidy adj.
tie v., n.
tie sth up
tight adj., adv.
tightly adv.
till until
time n.
timetable n. (especially BrE)
tin n.
tiny adj.
tip n., v.
tire v. (BrE, NAmE), n. (NAmE) (BrE tyre)
tiring adj.
tired adj.
title n.
to prep., infinitive marker
today adv., n.
toe n.
together adv.
toilet n.
tomato n.
tomorrow adv., n.
ton n.
tone n.
tongue n.
tonight adv., n.
tonne n.
too adv.
tool n.
tooth n.
top n., adj.
topic n.
total adj., n.
totally adv.
touch v., n.
tough adj.
tour n., v.
tourist n.
towards (also toward especially in NAmE) prep.
towel n.
tower n.
town n.
toy n., adj.
trace v., n.
track n.
trade n., v.
trading n.
tradition n.
traditional adj.
traditionally adv.
traffic n.
train n., v.
training n.
transfer v., n.
transform v.
translate v.
translation n.
transparent adj.
transport n. (BrE) (NAmE transportation)
transport v. (BrE, NAmE)
trap n., v.
travel v., n.
traveller (BrE) (NAmE traveler) n.
treat v.
treatment n.
tree n.
trend n.
trial n.
triangle n.
trick n., v.
trip n., v.
tropical adj.
trouble n.
trousers n. (especially BrE)
truck n. (especially NAmE)
true adj.
truly adv.
Yours Truly (NAmE)
trust n., v.
truth n.
try v.
tube n.
Tuesday n. (abbr. Tue., Tues.)
tune n., v.
tunnel n.
turn v., n.
TV television
twice adv.
twin n., adj.
twist v., n.
twisted adj.
type n., v.
typical adj.
typically adv.
tyre n. (BrE) (NAmE tire)
ugly adj.
ultimate adj.
ultimately adv.
umbrella n.
unable able
unacceptable acceptable
uncertain certain
uncle n.
uncomfortable comfortable
unconscious conscious
uncontrolled control
under prep., adv.
underground adj., adv.
underneath prep., adv.
understand v.
understanding n.
underwater adj., adv.
underwear n.
undo do
unemployed employ
unemployment employment
unexpected, unexpectedly expect
unfair, unfairly fair
unfortunate adj.
unfortunately adv.
unfriendly friendly
unhappiness happiness
unhappy happy
uniform n., adj.
unimportant important
union n.
unique adj.
unit n.
unite v.
united adj.
universe n.
university n.
unkind kind
unknown know
unless conj.
unlike like
unlikely likely
unload load
unlucky lucky
unnecessary necessary
unpleasant pleasant
unreasonable reasonable
unsteady steady
unsuccessful successful
untidy tidy
until (also till) conj., prep.
unusual, unusually usual
unwilling, unwillingly willing
up adv., prep.
upon prep.
upper adj.
upset v., adj.
upsetting adj.
upside down adv.
upstairs adv., adj., n.
upwards (also upward especially in NAmE) adv.
upward adj.
urban adj.
urge v., n.
urgent adj.
us pron.
use v., n.
used adj.
used to sth/to doing sth
used to modal v.
useful adj.
useless adj.
user n.
usual adj.

o usually adv.
o unusual adj.
o unusually adv.
vacation n.
valid adj.
valley n.
valuable adj.
value n., v.
van n.
variation n.
variety n.
various adj.
vary v.
varied adj.
vast adj.
vegetable n.
vehicle n.
venture n., v.
version n.
vertical adj.
very adv.
via prep.
victim n.
victory n.
video n.
view n., v.
village n.
violence n.
violent adj.
violently adv.
virtually adv.
virus n.
visible adj.
vision n.
visit v., n.
visitor n.
vital adj.
vocabulary n.
voice n.
volume n.
vote n., v.
wage n.
waist n.
wait v.
waiter, waitress n.
wake (up) v.
walk v., n.
walking n.
wall n.
wallet n.
wander v., n.
want v.
war n.
warm adj., v.
warmth n.
warn v.
warning n.
wash v.
washing n.
waste v., n., adj.
watch v., n.
water n.
wave n., v.
way n.
we pron.
weak adj.
weakness n.
wealth n.
weapon n.
wear v.
weather n.
web n.
the Web n.
website n.
wedding n.
Wednesday n. (abbr. Wed., Weds.)
week n.
weekend n.
weekly adj.
weigh v.
weight n.
welcome v., adj., n., exclamation
well adv., adj., exclamation
as well (as)
well known know
west n., adj., adv.
western adj.
wet adj.
what pron., det.
whatever det., pron.
wheel n.
when adv., pron., conj.
whenever conj.
where adv., conj.
whereas conj.
wherever conj.
whether conj.
which pron., det.
while conj., n.
whilst conj. (especially BrE)
whisper v., n.
whistle n., v.
white adj., n.
who pron.
whoever pron.
whole adj., n.
whom pron.
whose det., pron.
why adv.
wide adj.
widely adv.
width n.
wife n.
wild adj.
wildly adv.
will modal v., n.
willing adj.
willingly adv.
unwilling adj.
unwillingly adv.
willingness n.
win v.
winning adj.
wind /wa?nd/ v.
wind sth up
wind /w?nd/ n.
window n.
wine n.
wing n.
winner n.
winter n.
wire n.
wise adj.
wish v., n.
with prep.
withdraw v.
within prep.
without prep.
witness n., v.
woman n.
wonder v.
wonderful adj.
wood n.
wooden adj.
wool n.
word n.
work v., n.
working adj.
worker n.
world n.
worry v., n.
worrying adj.
worried adj.
worse, worst bad
worship n., v.
worth adj.
would modal v.
wound n., v.
wounded adj.
wrap v.
wrapping n.
wrist n.
write v.
writing n.
written adj.
writer n.
wrong adj., adv.
go wrong v.
wrongly adv.
yard n.
yawn v., n.
yeah exclamation
year n.
yellow adj., n.
yes exclamation, n.
yesterday adv., n.
yet adv., conj.
do you pron.
citno young adj.
your det.
yours pron.
yourself pron.
no youth n.
zero number
zone n.
</tab>
[[Category:vlaste saske]]