2021-09-23T22:30:31Z

Jivan:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Lojban letteral !! Accepted phonemes (IPA) !! Hindi equivalents
|-
| ' || [h] || ह
|-
| , || [.] || syllable break
|-
| . || [ʔ] || [glottal stop, TODO: add note/explanation of what this is, maybe with reference to Arabic/Khasi words]
|-
| a || [ɑ] || आ (not अ)
|-
| b || [b] || ब (not भ)
|-
| c || [ʃ] preferred, [ʂ] acceptable || श preferred, ष acceptable
|-
| d || [d] or any variant || ड, द (not ढ or ध)
|-
| e || [ɛ], [e] || ए (not ऐ)
|-
| f || [f], [ɸ] || फ (strictly फ़ [f]; the modern pronunciation of फ is somewhere between [f] and [ɸ], usually closer to [f], and is thus acceptable; whereas the historic/Sanskrit pronunciation is [pʰ], which maps to Lojban 'p', and thus is not acceptable)
|-
| g || [g] || ग (not घ)
|-
| i || [i] || ई (not इ)
|-
| j || [ʒ] || TODO: Difficult for Hindi speakers, make reference to foreign words?
|-
| k || [k] || क, ख
|-
| l || [l] || ल
|-
| m || [m] || म
|-
| n || [n] || न (not ण)
|-
| o || [o], [ɔ] || ओ, औ
|-
| p || [p] || प (not फ)
|-
| r || [r] preferred, [ɾ] acceptable || र preferred, ड़ (not ड) acceptable
|-
| s || [s] || स
|-
| t || [t] or any variant || ट, ठ, त, थ
|-
| u || [u] || उ, ऊ
|-
| v || [v] || As in English "v" (not व [ʋ], which does not appear in Lojban)
|-
| x || [x] || ख़ (not ख), as in the Arabic/Persian pronunciation of अख़बर (the name "Akhbar"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers.
|-
| y || [ə] || The sound of अ (not आ) when it appears by the juxtaposition of consonants, e.g. the sound transliterated as 'a' in कर ''kar'', but notably not as in the start of अंदर/अन्दर ''andar'', which is [ʌ].
|-
| z || [z] || ज़ (not ज), as in the Arabic/Persian pronunciation of मेज़ (''mez'', meaning "desk"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers.
|}

'' I just want to give it a try and start this chart with my - admittedly - poor knowledge of the language Hindi. I'm having available here a narrow vocabulary and some knowledge of Hindi phonology.''

''First, we'd have to decide which contrasts should match the Lojban voiced/unvoiced consonant pairs, since most Hindi consonants can be distinguished according voiced/unvoiced, aspirated/unaspirated, retroflex/'normal', which e.g. for the dental stops or labial plosives means:''

'''d - dh - d(retro) - dh(retro) - t - th - t(retro) - th(retro)'''

'''b - bh - b(retro) - bh(retro) - p - ph - p(retro) - ph(retro)'''

''etc.''

''The vowels are:''

'''a, i, u, e, o''' ''- each coming in pairs: short-open (a, i, u) or moreorless long-moreorless closed (e, o). There are still two diphtongs'' '''ae-e''' ''and'' '''o-o''' ''with pretty different articulation according different local pronunciation. So what?''

a r'''a'''str-bh'''a'''s'''a''' (national language)

e d'''e'''n'''e''' (give)

i pahl'''i''' (first)

o praj'''o'''g (application), h'''o''' (of)

u p'''u'''ri tarah (fully, full manner/way)

y -

ai sth'''ai''' prakriti (enduring nature)

au -

ei -

oi -

ia kri'''ja'''tmak (effective), '''ja'''tha (namely)

ie li'''je''' (for)

ii -

io pra'''jo'''g (application)

iu -

ua -

ue -

ui -

uo -

uu -

b '''bh'''arat (India) -''there's no 'normal' '''b''' in my sample text, sorry!''

c ki'''sh'''t (rate, instalment?)

d '''d'''ene (give), '''d'''ija/'''di'''je (given), hin'''d'''i (Hindi)

f -

g a'''g'''ja-patra (laws)

j -

k sar'''k'''ari (official)

l '''l'''e '''l'''egi (will take/occupy/replace)

m kra'''m''' (system)

n '''n'''ishcaj (decision)

p '''p'''arivartan (conversion)

r '''r'''up (form)

s '''s'''than (place, location), '''s'''ath-'''s'''ath (together with)

t '''t'''arah (manner, form, way)

v '''v'''ikas (developement), patra-'''v'''ja'''v'''ahar (correspondence)

x -

z �'gre'''z'''i (English)

' '''h'''indi (the language Hindi)

''Comments, corrections and improvements are highly welcome :-) and - needed! :[[-- [.aulun.|.aulun.]]''

Needed urgently, folks; if I don't get what I need soon, I'm going to Berlitz. By soon, I mean end of November 2002. -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]

pronunciation guide in Hindi

2021-09-23T22:17:00Z

Jivan: Added pronunciation table to beginning of article

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Lojban letteral !! Accepted phonemes (IPA) !! Hindi equivalents
|-
| ' || [h] || ह
|-
| , || [.] || syllable break
|-
| . || [ʔ] || [glottal stop, TODO: add note/explanation of what this is, maybe with reference to Arabic/Khasi words]
|-
| a || [ɑ] || आ (not अ)
|-
| b || [b] || ब (not भ)
|-
| c || [ʃ] preferred, [ʂ] acceptable || श preferred, ष acceptable
|-
| d || [d] or any variant || ड, द (not ढ or ध)
|-
| e || [ɛ], [e] || ए (not ऐ)
|-
| f || [f], [ɸ] || फ (strictly फ़ [f]; the modern pronunciation of फ is somewhere between [f] and [ɸ], usually closer to [f], and is thus acceptable; whereas the historic/Sanskrit pronunciation is [pʰ], which maps to Lojban 'p', and thus is not acceptable)
|-
| g || [g] || ग (not घ)
|-
| i || [i] || ई (not इ)
|-
| j || [ʒ] || TODO: Difficult for Hindi speakers, make reference to foreign words?
|-
| k || [k] || क, ख
|-
| l || [l] || ल
|-
| m || [m] || म
|-
| n || [n] || न (not ण)
|-
| o || [o], [ɔ] || ओ, औ
|-
| p || [p] || प (not फ)
|-
| r || [r] preferred, [ɾ] acceptable || र preferred, ड़ (not ड) acceptable
|-
| s || [s] || स
|-
| t || [t] or any variant || ट, ठ, त, थ
|-
| u || [u] || उ, ऊ
|-
| v || [v] || As in English "v" (not व [ʋ], which does not appear in Lojban)
|-
| x || [x] || ख़ (not ख), as in the Arabic/Persian pronunciation of अख़बर (the name "Akhbar"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers.
|-
| y || [ə] || The sound of अ (not आ) when it appears by omission between consonants, e.g. the sound transliterated as 'a' in कर ''kar'', but notably not as in the start of अंदर/अन्दर ''andar'', which is [ʌ].
|-
| z || [z] || ज़ (not ज), as in the Arabic/Persian pronunciation of मेज़ (''mez'', meaning "desk"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers.
|}

'' I just want to give it a try and start this chart with my - admittedly - poor knowledge of the language Hindi. I'm having available here a narrow vocabulary and some knowledge of Hindi phonology.''

''First, we'd have to decide which contrasts should match the Lojban voiced/unvoiced consonant pairs, since most Hindi consonants can be distinguished according voiced/unvoiced, aspirated/unaspirated, retroflex/'normal', which e.g. for the dental stops or labial plosives means:''

'''d - dh - d(retro) - dh(retro) - t - th - t(retro) - th(retro)'''

'''b - bh - b(retro) - bh(retro) - p - ph - p(retro) - ph(retro)'''

''etc.''

''The vowels are:''

'''a, i, u, e, o''' ''- each coming in pairs: short-open (a, i, u) or moreorless long-moreorless closed (e, o). There are still two diphtongs'' '''ae-e''' ''and'' '''o-o''' ''with pretty different articulation according different local pronunciation. So what?''

a r'''a'''str-bh'''a'''s'''a''' (national language)

e d'''e'''n'''e''' (give)

i pahl'''i''' (first)

o praj'''o'''g (application), h'''o''' (of)

u p'''u'''ri tarah (fully, full manner/way)

y -

ai sth'''ai''' prakriti (enduring nature)

au -

ei -

oi -

ia kri'''ja'''tmak (effective), '''ja'''tha (namely)

ie li'''je''' (for)

ii -

io pra'''jo'''g (application)

iu -

ua -

ue -

ui -

uo -

uu -

b '''bh'''arat (India) -''there's no 'normal' '''b''' in my sample text, sorry!''

c ki'''sh'''t (rate, instalment?)

d '''d'''ene (give), '''d'''ija/'''di'''je (given), hin'''d'''i (Hindi)

f -

g a'''g'''ja-patra (laws)

j -

k sar'''k'''ari (official)

l '''l'''e '''l'''egi (will take/occupy/replace)

m kra'''m''' (system)

n '''n'''ishcaj (decision)

p '''p'''arivartan (conversion)

r '''r'''up (form)

s '''s'''than (place, location), '''s'''ath-'''s'''ath (together with)

t '''t'''arah (manner, form, way)

v '''v'''ikas (developement), patra-'''v'''ja'''v'''ahar (correspondence)

x -

z �'gre'''z'''i (English)

' '''h'''indi (the language Hindi)

''Comments, corrections and improvements are highly welcome :-) and - needed! :[[-- [.aulun.|.aulun.]]''

Needed urgently, folks; if I don't get what I need soon, I'm going to Berlitz. By soon, I mean end of November 2002. -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]