Lojban - User contributions [en]

User:Gleki/CLL unofficial

2025-12-18T08:02:07Z

Gleki:

{{jbocre/en}}
'''CLL unofficial''' (colloquially, '''UnCLL''', '''InCLL''', '''ILG-CLL''') is a project by [[la gleki]] of regular experimental unofficial (not necessarily approved by [[LLG]]) builds of the [[CLL|Complete Lojban Language]] book.

== Links ==

* [https://lojban.pw/en/articles/complete-lojban-language/ Latest revisions]

Template:Lojban StackExchange

2025-02-14T15:35:38Z

Gleki:

<div class=plainlinks style="width:auto !important;box-shadow:4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);width:calc(450px);background-color:white;padding:5px;margin:8px auto;text-align:center;font-size:120%;">
<p style="width: 100%; margin: 2px auto">Join our live chat (all linked by chat bridge bots):</p><p style="margin:0;font-size: 120%">
[[File:Telegram-logo.svg|50px|link=https://t.me/joinchat/BLVsYz3hCF8mCAb6fzW1Rw|Telegram]]

[[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|50px|link=https://discord.gg/BVm4EYR|Discord]]
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</p>
<div style="margin-top:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;">Join [[Lojban Live Chat|channels for beginners and advanced users]].</div>

</div>

Welcome!/en

2025-02-14T15:35:19Z

Gleki:

<div style="box-sizing: border-box; width:100%; background-color: #eef; padding: 15px 20px; border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.4);">

<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif">Welcome to the lojban wiki!</div>

{{Lojban StackExchange}}
==What is lojban?==
{{Side box|style=width:300px;|text=<table>
<tr><td>'''nelci'''</td><td>⬚ likes ⬚.</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''patfu'''</td><td>⬚ is a father of ⬚.</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''mi nelci do'''</td><td>I like you.</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''mi patfu do'''</td><td>I'm your father.</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''do nelci ma'''</td><td>What do you like?</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''ma nelci mi'''</td><td>Who likes me?</td></tr>
<tr><td>'''do patfu ma'''&emsp;</td><td>Who are you a father of?</td></tr>
</table>}}
[[Image:yt-evarusar.png|240x134px|'''Beauty in the artifice''': an introduction to Lojban by [http://bitsfair.com/ Ewa]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kI__OTFn0o|thumb]]

Lojban is a carefully constructed spoken language. It has been built for over 50 years by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters.

*Lojban's grammar is based on simple rules, and its linguistic features are inspired by predicate logic. 
*Lojban allows the expression of nuances in emotion using words called [[attitudinals]], which are like spoken emoticons. '''ue''' marks that you're surprised; '''ba'u''' marks that you're exaggerating.
*You can be as vague or detailed as you like when speaking lojban. For example, specifying tense (past, present or future) or number (singular or plural) is optional when they're clear from context.
*Lojban is machine parsable, so the syntactic structure and validity of a sentence is unambiguous, and can be analyzed using computer tools.

*There is a live community of speakers expanding the lojban vocabulary day by day.

===Lojban means different things to different people===
* a linguistic curiosity - a test-bed for language experimentation
* a challenging way to expand their minds or discipline their thoughts
* a new perspective on languages
* an entertaining medium to communicate with friends or create art
* a domain for exploring the intersection of human language and software

What will lojban mean for you?

{{clear}}
</div>

== Official publications ==
[[File:cll-1.1.png|thumb|The Complete Lojban Language|link=http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_book.pdf]]
'The Complete Lojban Language' book is an official publication by The Logical Language Group and is available in several formats:
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0966028325/ As a hardcover book]
* [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_book.pdf CLL v1.1 PDF] and [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_cover.pdf CLL v1.1 PDF Cover] ; these are the actual files used to produced the hardcover version, so it's exactly what you get if you buy a copy
* [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1.epub CLL v1.1 EPUB] (the ebook format) and [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1.mobi CLL v1.1 MOBI] (another ebook format, generated from the EPUB using Kindle's tools, so it should work on all Kindle devices)
* In HTML: [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-no-chunks/ CLL v1.1 HTML One Big File], [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-chapter-chunks/ CLL v1.1 HTML One File Per Chapter], [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-section-chunks/ CLL v1.1 HTML One File Per Section]

This book will help those who already understand some lojban. It's the most complete reference of lojban language by far. It does not, however, teach vocabulary, style, colloquial language or other possible variations of the language.

== Related documents ==
* A [[How to use xorlo|description of the xorlo reform]].
This reform was approved by the Logical Language Group in 2003.

== Unofficial methods to learn lojban ==
These are learning resources that are made by people speaking lojban and that represent personal views of those authors:
{| style="width: auto;border-collapse:collapse;border: 1px solid #ccc;"
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;">A set of [[pronunciation|pronunciation guides]]</div>
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| [[la karda|la karda]], a rapid-fire overview of the grammar in small pieces
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;"><span class="plainlinks">search the [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#sisku=coi_munje dictionary]<br/>[[Image:la_sutysisku.png|100px|link=https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#sisku=coi_munje]]</span></div>
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html la camxes] is an automatic grammar checker of Lojban utterances. It can help you to understand the structure and correctness of sentences.
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;">[[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]], a popular textbook
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;">[https://daeldir.github.io/jbogidva/ Lojban guide]<br/>Provides hover translations of both sentences/phrases and words they contain. </div>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;"><span class="plainlinks">[[File:slaide.png|100px|link=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000]]</span><br/><span class="plainlinks">[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases]</span><br/>Also available in [http://mw.lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf PDF]. Or try flashcards: [http://www.memrise.com/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com] offers on-line Lojban vocabulary flashcards, [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] is a downloadable alternative.
</div>
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;"><span class="plainlinks">try searching for arbitrary words in<br/>[https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#seskari=catni&sisku=pluka&bangu=muplis&versio=masno the database of sentences]<br/>[[Image:La Muplis.png|150px|link=https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#seskari=catni&sisku=pluka&bangu=muplis&versio=masno]]<br/>Some of the sentences are not proofread by fluent speakers of Lojban.</span></div>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| <div style="text-align:center;"><span class="plainlinks">Join [https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_IRC the chat]<br/>[[Image:lo-se-irci.svg|100px|link=https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_IRC]]<br/> and try talking to other Lojbanists when they appear there. Try asking them questions.</span></div>
|style="padding:3px;border:1px solid black;width: 50%;"| [[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI]]<br/>«Lessons in Lojban» by Dustin Lacewell
|}

Also check out:

* the [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1_vkiwqOIOIJPqZTiomzd4ApUSEQXhEY6CeyZD_6c-PA/edit#gid=0 translation of 'Alice in Wonderland'] by xorxes with a parallel text in English.


=== Dictionaries ===
* [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/ la sutysisku] is an online multilingual Lojban dictionary (including English) that also works offline. [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ la vlasisku] is an alternative for English speakers only that is regularly updated.
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ la jbovlaste] is an editable, multilingual dictionary. It is considered by many to be the current de-facto standard dictionary of Lojban. Many other dictionaries and tools are based on it.
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Stardict dictionaries in some languages] (usable with [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal], etc.)
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html Multilingual gismu (root word) and cmavo (particle) lists in tsv and html formats]
* [[Word frequency lists|Word lists ordered by frequency of use]]
* An unofficial [[Simple gismu|list of simple definitions of gismu]]


=== [[Learning materials. Secondary links|Other learning materials ...]] ===

== Connect with the community ==

[[Image:yt-ro lo maha datka.png|240x160px|«ro lo ma'a datka» and other Lojban songs by [[la guskant]]|link=https://vimeo.com/album/3152276|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-bripre jikca 9.png|240x160px|«bripre jikca», a community literary vlog|link=https://vimeo.com/112783041|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-baho.png|240x160px|«ba'o», a song by [https://djemynai.bandcamp.com La Djemynai]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4jyHG-hv8|thumb]]

Lojban is spoken by a vibrant community, producing literature, music, and art, and discussing questions about language and thought. The web comic [https://www.xkcd.com/191/ xkcd] said that, if you spoke Lojban, you'd have to speak with Lojbanists. That may not be such a bad thing!

=== Instant messaging (text chat) ===


* <span class="plainlinks">[{{Webchat url qwebirc}} QWebIRC] browser-based clients, or</span>
* [[Lojban_IRC#Trickier_ways_of_connecting|connect with the IRC client of your choice]].
There are three main channels (chat rooms):
# #lojban for discussion about Lojban in any language
# #ckule for the teaching of Lojban and questions from beginners in any Language
# #jbosnu for discussions exclusively in Lojban

The channels sometimes move slowly, so don't lose hope if you don't get a response immediately -- wait around a bit and someone is likely to see your message. Here is an [[IRC cheat sheet|cheat sheet]] for those unfamiliar with IRC.-->

====Connecting to the chat====
Use <u>any</u> of the following messengers (your and others' messages will be available in all of them no matter from which messenger you are sending your questions).

Answers from members of the community will arrive soon.

====Telegram====
Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat since the beginning of 2016.

# Install the free [https://telegram.org Telegram messenger] on your Apple, Android or your desktop device
# join main Lojban chat groups by following these links:
#*<span class="plainlinks">[https://t.me/joinchat/BLVsYz3hCF8mCAb6fzW1Rw Lojban], [https://telegram.me/joinchat/BLVsYz4hC9ulWahupDLovA ckule], [https://telegram.me/joinchat/BLVsYz20Boixl0xN-0TrPw jbosnu]</span>
# Ask questions on Lojban in '''ckule''' group, talk in or about Lojban in '''Lojban''' group and talk only in Lojban in '''jbosnu''' group.

====Discord====
The chat is also connected to a [https://discord.gg/BVm4EYR Discord server].
# Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule channel, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban channel and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu channel.
# Freely chat about anything to like-minded Lojbanists in the #jboselbau channel.

====Other methods====

You may alternately try [[Lojban_Live_Chat#Direct_web_access|other methods of connecting]].

=== Social media ===
Lojban has a presence on many of the most popular web sites: [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] [http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ Facebook], [[Image:reddit-12.png|12px|link=http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/]] [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit], [[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

=== Mailing lists ===
The [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics lojban-beginners mailing list] is for questions about learning and understanding Lojban. You can subscribe to the list by sending a question to [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

The general-purpose [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics lojban mailing list], which covers anything else related to Lojban, was founded in 1989, and has about 500 subscribers. You can subscribe to it by sending an email to [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

=== International Contacts ===

[[Image:yt higher logic.png|240x160px|an exposition by [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] in Japanese|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Languages spoken
|-
| [[User:Selpahi|la selpa'i]]<br/> [mailto:seladwa@gmx.de seladwa@gmx.de] || English, German
|-
| [[User:Gleki|la gleki]]<br/> [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org] || English, Russian
|-
| [[User:Ilmen|la ilmen]]<br/> [mailto:ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:Tsani|la tsani]]<br/> [mailto:nictytan@gmail.com nictytan@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:xorxes|la xorxes]]<br/> [mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com jjllambias@gmail.com] || English, Spanish
|-
| [[User:Guskant|la guskant]]<br/> [mailto:gusni.kantu@gmail.com gusni.kantu@gmail.com] || English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Esperanto
|-
| [[User:Remod|la remod]]<br/> [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com rdentato@gmail.com] || English, Italian
|}

=== [[Lojban around the world]] - other ways of communication ... ===

== What's next? ==
* Try reading Lojban [[te gerna la lojban|texts]]. Start with something shorter and easier such as "[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry the Tiger]]" (audio is available) or "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]]" ([http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/maltufa-1.1.html a parser suitable to those two texts]). When you're ready, move on to "[[le cmalu noltru|The Little Prince]]" (suitable parser: [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html camxes]) and "[http://selpahi.de/oz.html The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]" (suitable parser: [[maftufa]]).

* Try your hand at translating into Lojban, or write your own original texts: Poetry, prose, blogs, tweets, etc.
* Continue learning vocabulary using [[Lojbanic Software|memorization software]].
* Help expand the [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ dictionary] by translating Lojban words into other languages, or coin new compound words and add them.

===[[What's next?|More info ...]]===

----
<div style="font-size:90%;">This web site is dedicated to documenting Lojban and the activities of the Lojban-using community, and also serves as the official web site of the [[Logical Language Group]] (LLG), a non-profit organization founded in 1987 to promote the scientific study of the relationships between language, thought and human culture.</div>

<noinclude>[[Category:tadni]][[Category:nu jikca]][[Category:jbopre]]</noinclude>__NOTOC__

Bem-vindo! (Português brasileiro)

2025-02-14T15:35:08Z

Gleki:

<div style="font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif">Lojban <small>(se pronuncia [ˈloʒban])</small> é uma experiência relacionada a expressão humana pela linguagem – uma língua construída baseada na lógica formal.</div>{{clear}}
==O que é Lojban?==
[[Image:yt-lightning talk.png|240x160px|uma apresentação rápida do idioma por Timo Paulssen|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdlGxgKt7nc|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-ro lo maha datka.png|240x160px|«ro lo ma'a datka» e outros sons de Lojban por [[la guskant]]|link=https://vimeo.com/album/3152276|thumb]]

Lojban é uma língua cuidadosamente construída, sendo construída durante 50 anos por dezenas de profissionais e centenas de apoiadores.

*Lojban possui uma gramática simples, muito mais simples que a maior parte das línguas naturais, porém, é complexo do seu próprio jeito. Lojban é uma experiência de pensamento, como também seus usuários visam ver como as suas estruturas linguísticas únicas afetam o pensamento e a compreensão.
*Lojban permite a expressão de pequenas nuances de emoção, usando palavras chamados [[atitudinal|atitudinais]], que é essencialmente emoções expressadas pela fala.
*Lojban permite a você a comunicação concisa, sem haver a necessidade de ter detalhes a mais ou indesejaveis. Por exemplo, você não precisa pensar em um tempo verbal específico (passado, presente, futuro, pretérito, condicional) sempre que for se expressar de uma forma que, dentro do contexto, é claro o que se deseja expressar.
*Lojban é uma máquina para ser analisada, por haver um enorme potencial para explorar os campos da inteligência artificial e máquinas de tradução automática.

*Lojban dispõe de uma comunidade de falantes o qual expande o vocabulária dia após dia.
*Lojban foi projetado com o objetivo de ser neutro entre as culturas.
===Lojban: para diferentes pessoas, diferentes significados; pode significar===
* uma curiosidade linguística - um banco de ensaio para a experiência linguística
* um jeito desafiante de expandir a mente ou disciplinar os pensamentos
* uma nova perspectiva sobre as línguas
* um meio divertido de se comunicar com amigos ou criar arte
* um domínio para explorar a intersecção da linguagem humano e do meio virtual, como software

Qual é o significado que Lojban tem para você?
===[[Apresentando Lojban|Mais informações básicas ...]]===
{{clear}}
== Aprendizado de Lojban ==
=== Materiais e recursos não-oficiais e suplementares (em inglês) ===
Para os novatos, há vários materiais. Entretanto, há pouco material em Português, podendo dificultar o aprendizado para aqueles que não dominam o idioma inglês.
[[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|240x160px|«Lessons in Lojban» por Dustin Lacewell (em inglês)|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI|thumb]][[Image:yt-the perfect-lang.png|240x160px|«The Perfect Language», uma introdução a Lojban por [https://twitter.com/WesleyWilson00 Wesley Wilson]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIpn0OEpT40|thumb]]
Alguns materiais não oficiais foram criados. São conhecidos por serem mais amigáveis para o aprendizado para o inciante.
* Um conjunto de [[pronunciation|guias de pronunciação]]
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases], uma introdução em inglês (disponível também em [http://mw.lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf PDF])
** Disponível parcialmente em Português [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1tIYWlsDRKPqIZOrFaIn9dkXo0aY3Wj_wQHu2J9BQCK8/edit#slide=id.p aqui].
* [[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]], um livreto popular.
* [[The Crash Course (a draft)|"The Crash Course"]], um material em criação por [[La Gleki]].
=== Materiais oficiais ===
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ "The Complete Lojban Language", a reference grammar of Lojban]. Esse livro ensinará como ler e usar Lojban; quais são os diferentes tipos de palavras e construções gramaticais que podem ser feitas, como usar e interpretar; como expressar-se em Lojban. Entretanto, esse livro não ensinará vocabulário e aspectos envolvidos no aprendizado e uso de uma língua humana.
:'''NOTA IMPORTANTE:''' Desde a publicação deste livro, houve uma mudança na semântica dos artigos de Lojban conhecidos como [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]]. Essas mudanças simplificaram a gramática e não são difíceis de entender. Por favor, mantenha esta reforma em mente ao consultar esse livro, uma vez que foi publicado antes da aprovação de xorlo.
:'''NOTA IMPORTANTE 2:''' Houve já planos de tradução para a língua Portuguesa. Entretanto, os planos de tradução se mostram inviáveis ou caros para o padrão de qualidade exigido.

=== Dicionários ===
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ la jbovlaste], um dicionário editável e com suporte a vários idiomas. É considerado por muitos como o dicionário padrão do idioma. Outros vários dicionários e ferramentas são baseadas neste.
* [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ la vlasisku] é um dicionário online Inglês-Lojban, baseado no la jbovlaste; objetivo é ser mais amigável para o usuário (note que as atualizações deste dicionário são irregulares e la jbovlaste possui mais regularidade nas atualizações).
* [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/ la sutysisku] é um dicionário multilíngue online que funciona offline. Sofre atualizações pelo menos uma vez por mês.
* [https://sites.google.com/site/slovlacukt/file-cabinet la slovlacukt], um dicionário offline alternativo.
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Dicionários Stardict em alguns idiomas] (para ser usado no [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dicionário Universal] ou outros que aceitam os formatos do site)
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html listas multilíngues de gismu (radicais) e cmavo (partículas) em formatos tsv e html]
* [[Word frequency lists|Listas de palavras ordenadas por frequência de uso]]

==== Relacionados ====
* Uma [[Simple gismu|lista de simples definições de gismu]] não oficial
* Exemplo de frases no site [http://tatoeba.org Tatoeba.org]

=== Programas e Ferramentas de Software ===
* [http://www.memrise.com/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com] oferece flashcards do vocabulário de Lojban virtualmente. [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] é uma alternativa para baixar.
* [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/ la camxes] é um site para checar automaticamente a gramática de Lojban. Ele pode ajudar a entender a estrutura do idioma e corrigir frases.
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ Tradutor automático Lojban-para-Inglês]. Um tradutor impreciso que traduz automaticamente a língua inglesa para Lojban. Pode ajudar a entender como Lojban funciona.

=== [[Recursos de aprendizado|Outros materiais e recursos de aprendizado...]] ===

== Conexão com a comunidade ==
[[Image:yt-bripre jikca 9.png|240x160px|«bripre jikca», um vlog comunitário de leitura|link=https://vimeo.com/112783041|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-baho.png|240x160px|«ba'o», uma música de [https://djemynai.bandcamp.com La Djemynai]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4jyHG-hv8|thumb]]

Lojban é falado por uma vibrante comunidade, o qual produz literatura, música e artes em geral. Há também discussões a respeito do idioma e do pensamento. A HQ online [https://www.xkcd.com/191/ xkcd] diz justamente isso; se você falar Lojban, você deveria falar com os Lojbanists (Lojbanistas). Isso pode não ser uma coisa tão ruim!

=== Conversas em texto ===
A qualquer momento do dia, provavelmente haverá falantes de Lojban disponíveis em IRC (Internet Relay Chat) para responder dúvidas ou encorajar conversas em tempo real em Lojban. Junte-se ao chat pelo seu navegador através da(o)
<--* <span class="plainlinks">the [https://join.slack.com/t/lojban/shared_invite/zt-k3s96tvq-4mtkvG0ZlW2rFIwTPb4rIg Versão Slack do chat],</span>-->
* <span class="plainlinks">[{{Webchat url qwebirc}} QWebIRC] cliente baseado em navegador, ou</span>
* [[Lojban_IRC#Trickier_ways_of_connecting|conecte-se com o cliente IRC de sua preferência]].
Há três canais principais (salas de bate-papo):
# #lojban - para discussões sobre Lojban em qualquer idioma.
# #ckule - para ensinar Lojban e responder perguntas e dúvidas dos novatos, em qualquer idioma
# #jbosnu - para conversas exclusivas no idioma Lojban

Aqui está um [[IRC cheat sheet|cheat sheet]] (praticamente uma colinha) para quem não está familiarizado com IRC.

=== Listas de discussões ===
{{Quote box
|title = Alguma pergunta sobre Lojban?<br>Pergunte para [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners mailing list]!
|qalign = center
|align = right
|width = 50%
|border = 1px
|bgcolor = #FAEFCF
}}

A [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics lista de discussão para novatos em Lojban] é destinado para dúvidas a respeito do aprendizado e entender Lojban. Você pode inscrever-se nesta lista mandando uma solicitação para [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

A [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics lista de discussão de Lojban] para objetivos gerais, que aborda qualquer coisa que possui relação com Lojban, foi fundado em 1989 e possui 500 inscritos. Você pode se inscrever nele mandando um e-mail para [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

=== Nas redes sociais ===
Lojban está presente em vários sites populares: [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] [http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ Facebook], [[Image:Google plus icon.svg|12px|link=https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740]] [https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740 Google+], [[Image:reddit-12.png|12px|link=http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/]] [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit], [[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

[http://jbotcan.org/ la jbotcan] é um boletim informal que hospeda imagens e discussões em Lojban e Inglês.

=== Contatos Internacionais ===

[[Image:yt higher logic.png|240x160px|um exposição de [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] em Japonês|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Línguas que falam
|-
| [[User:Selpahi|la selpa'i]]<br/> [mailto:seladwa@gmx.de seladwa@gmx.de] || Inglês, Alemão
|-
| [[User:Gleki|la gleki]]<br/> [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org] || Inglês, Russo
|-
| [[User:Ilmen|la ilmen]]<br/> [mailto:ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com] || Inglês, Francês
|-
| [[User:Tsani|la tsani]]<br/> [mailto:nictytan@gmail.com nictytan@gmail.com] || Inglês, Francês
|-
| [[User:xorxes|la xorxes]]<br/> [mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com jjllambias@gmail.com] || Inglês, Espanhol
|-
| [[User:Guskant|la guskant]]<br/> [mailto:gusni.kantu@gmail.com gusni.kantu@gmail.com] || Inglês, Francês, Chinês, Japonês, Esperanto
|-
| [[User:Remod|la remod]]<br/> [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com rdentato@gmail.com] || Inglês, Italiano
|}

=== [[Lojban pelo mundo]] - outras maneiras de comunicação ... ===

== E depois? ==
* Tente ler [[te gerna la lojban|textos]] em Lojban. Comece com algo pequeno, como "[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry, o Tigre]]" (leitura em áudio disponível) ou "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]]". Quando estiver pronto, direcione-se para "[[le cmalu noltru|O Pequeno Príncipe]]" e "[http://selpahi.de/oz.html O Maravilhoso Mágico de Oz]" com [[maftufa|um bom analisador]].

* Tente por si mesmo traduzir qualquer coisa para Lojban. Ou melhor: escreva seu próprio texto: Poesia, prosa, blog, tweets, etc.
* Continue aprendendo o vocabulário com [[Lojbanic Software|software de memorização]].
* Ajude a expandir o [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ principal dicionário] de Lojban, traduzindo palavras de Lojban para outros idiomas; ou invente novas palavras compostas e adicione elas no dicionário.

===[[E depois?|Mais informações ...]]===

----
<div style="font-size:90%;">Este web site é dedicado a documentar a língua Lojban e as atividades da comunidade, como também servir como o site oficial de [[Logical Language Group]] (LLG) (Grupo da Língua Lógica), uma organização sem fins lucrativos fundada em 1987, criada para promover o estudo científico das relações entre a linguagem, o pensamento e a cultura humana.</div>

<noinclude>[[Category:tadni]][[Category:nu jikca]][[Category:jbopre]]</noinclude>__NOTOC__

Babilejo en Loĵbano

2025-02-14T15:34:46Z

Gleki:

Interreta relajsa babilo (aka [http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC IRC]) estas loko por homoj tekste babili en reala tempo.
==Rapida konektado==
Por konektiĝi al Loĵbana babilejo bonvolu uzi la sekvan. Notu ke per la unuaj du ebloj vi povas legi la historion de la babilejo por pluraj tagoj (kiam vi uzas Telegream aŭ iscord) aŭ la tuta historio post de tempo kiam vi aliĝis (kiam vi uzas Telegramo). Personoj de Loĵbana komunumo kutime legas historion de ĉiu tago.




# Bonvolu instali [https://telegram.org ilon Telegramo por babili] kaj aliĝi la grupon <span class="plainlinks">[https://t.me/lojban Lojban]</span>.

# Alternative, navigu por [{{webchat url qwebirc}} alia kliento (Qwebirc)], elektu kromnomon ke vi volas esti nomata, kaj klaku "Start". Facile!
#* Alklaku la kanalon kiun vi volas (langetoj sur la supro de la paĝo) kaj tajpu vian tekston en la teksta breto malsupre - la lastan linion ĉe la malsupro de la babilejo paĝo.

Demandu pri Loĵbano kaj diskutu Loĵbanon en Esperanto en #ckule aŭ #spero kanalo, parolu en aŭ pri Loĵbano en #lojban kaj parolu nur en Loĵbano en #jbosnu langeto.

Lojban around the world

2025-02-14T15:34:01Z

Gleki:

[[Image:redit2.png|thumb|link=]]
==1. Chats==
Improve, learn, teach Lojban in chats: text or audio/video chats. The overall goal being to establish a broad level of conversational fluency in the Lojban community.

Here are the tools to be used as primary.
=== [[Lojban Live Chat|Live chat on IRC / Telegram / Discord]]===
This is the main place of chat activity.

=== Mailing lists ===
{{Quote box
|title = Got a question about Lojban?<br>Ask the the [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners mailing list]!
|qalign = center
|align = right
|width = 50%
|border = 1px
|bgcolor = #FAEFCF
}}

The [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics lojban-beginners mailing list] is for questions about learning and understanding Lojban. You can subscribe to the list by sending a question to [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

The general-purpose [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics lojban mailing list], which covers anything else related to Lojban, was founded in 1989, and has about 500 subscribers. You can subscribe to it by sending an email to [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

===Skype and QQ ===
==== Technical rules of using Skype/QQ ====
Some people have trouble operating Skype. So here are the basic rules of a successful voice chat for Skype
# Use a group where all potential speakers share their interest in the forthcoming conference in text form only. This group already exists. It's called {ko ciska po'o tavla ...} (meaning "Talk by writing only...") This group is only for planning, not for actual talking. Ask in this mail thread to add you there.
# One person runs a desktop version of Skype and has good incoming and outcoming internet connection (~1Mbit/sec in both directions is fine).
# This person must add all interested people to his/her friend list and those people must confirm "friendship".
# This person calls the first person and after successful connection drops other people into the chat window.
# Please, everyone switch off your video by pressing on the video button so that it becomes crossed out.
# Before any conference check your microphone and audio settings of Skype. Add "echo123" user (it's a bot) to your friend list, call it and follow the instruction. Change settings of your Skype client if necessary.
# If you have noise around you during the conference or if other members notice a noise from your side switch off your microphone by pressing on the Microphone button so that it becomes crossed out.

I think that as of now Skype is preferable since it has better voice compression and buffering mechanisms preventing clicks/pauses during conversation due to unstable internet connection. As of now it's unlikely that 100% of potential students of Lojban get normal internet connection. Many even change to mobile connection dropping the level of fast + stable internet connection even more.

QQ messenger used in China tested several times with mainland China residents and non-residents works okay. Just like Skype.

==== Skype Phone Group Topics ====
Read more: [[Skype|Skype and important issues of it]].

You can arrange a voice call (phone or VoIP) with another Lojban speaker at any skill level. A <u>lot</u> of people have expressed concern about the phone group with respect to the "well, what would we talk about?" issue. I'm pretty sure that discussions about that will take up a lot of space, so please see the [[Phone Group Topics|Phone Group Topics]] page.

We welcome <u>anyone</u>, regardless of expertise, physical location or monetary resources.

To join, just add people above to your Skype friends' list and ask who might be available to talk with you.

In an ideal universe, [[Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]]'d like to see people matched up with people of very different levels of ability, to spread the expertise around as quickly as possible, but I'm not hugely attached to that.

==== Lojban On The Phone ====
Please bear in mind, everyone, that collision avoidance is hard on the phone. Please become familiar with ta'a, re'i, be'e, je'e, ki'a and ke'o. Especially that last one. :-)

Here's a [[vlaselyle'u|phonetic alphabet]] for spelling words on the phone.

==== Other tools ====
*[https://plus.google.com/111885648105308968553/posts A group] in Google+ where you can videochat in real-time with other Lojbanists less popular tools:
*[[Mumble|Mumble]]: a vocal chatroom
* [http://cinchcast.com/ Cinch] is an audio-blogging service which allows its users to record directly to the website or phone in to record.
*direct browser-to-browser chats like [http://appear.in/ appear.in].

==== About Expertise ====
The "expertise" field in the members table is currently rather informal, and you are welcome to alter yours as you feel appropriate. However, [[User:Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] and [[User:Nick Nicholas|Nick Nicholas]] have had their expertise certified in person. The reason behind such system is the option of making the phone group into a ranking system, similar to Chess rankings. In other words, if you want to be certified Expert level, you ask Robin or Nick to take some time to call you up and basically hammer away at you for an hour. You, in turn, can then certify people at rankings below Expert (or, possibly, at or below expert).

Note that any use of word lists in any such tests would be cheating.

{{See_also|Lojban Expertise Test}}

==2. Real life clubs==
Organize in real life Lojban clubs based on your physical location on the planet:
*[[southeast Michigan Lojban group|Southeast Michigan Lojban Group]] - A group of about half a dozen Lojban enthusiasts met at [[Matt Arnold|Matt Arnold]]'s house in Redford, Michigan about every two weeks (except when college is in session, because so many of them are undergrads, grad students, or teachers). Regular attendees include [[Bruce Webber|Bruce Webber]], TheRomp, Shaun Klein, Neil Eppstein, and Alex Martini. The group has been going in one form or another since March 2005.
*A Lojban group started at Grinnell College in Iowa, in October 2006.
*[[Jay Kominek|Jay Kominek]] is interested in starting one at the University of Colorado, let him know if you're in the area.
*[[Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]] used to teach a class in the Silicon Valley area, in Northern California. He'd be willing to do so again if enough people were interested. I know two people here that would attend, but I'd be interested in other jbopre joining.
*Anagram is interested in informally gathering for a workshop of beginners in the Bakersfield, California area. Try contacting him via irc.freenode.net. My registered nick is Anagram, you may leave me a memo via memoserv.
*[[User:tsali|Arnt Richard Johansen]] will teach anyone in 'Trondheim, NO' who is interested. Contact him at arj ATT nvg dot org.
*There has been talk of some of us Southern Californian jbopre getting together in Pomona monthly. More info at [[SoCalLojbanists|SoCalLojbanists]].
* For Aussies in and around Sydney, I ([[la .djunias.]]) am looking to start a Lojban club near Macquarie University. If you're interested, please contact me!
* In Hong Kong, I ([[sorpa'as plat]]) am trying to start the [http://www.facebook.com/groups/lojbanhk Hong Kong Lojbanist Group]. [http://www.facebook.com/groups/cuhkoil/ Open Innovation Lab] once helped us organized a Lojban meetup.
Here are some of the places known to have a high concentration of Lojbanists, or some influential Lojbanists:
* Fairfax, Virginia
* New York, New York
* California
===Mark yourself on the world map===
For now a Google map is used to mark Lojbanists' location on the planet to figure out where new clubs can be organized.

[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zsu6INucCzOM.kxkof_dbS3ZY&msa=0&ll=47.195778%2C27.590103&spn=0.254281%2C0.676346 Don't be shy to mark your location on the planet].

==3. Festivals==
Organize conferences and festivals. The only annual festival by far is [[jbonunsla]].

==Database of Lojbanists==
For fulfilling the first two goals:
{{mu|i ko jmina le cmene e lei tcila va'o le nu do se cinri le nu penmi loi drata jbopli vi le se xabju be do|Put your name and contact information here if you're interested in getting together with other Lojbanists in your area or talking via audio/video chat.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!lo cmene
!fluency
!lo gugde
!also speaks
!e-mail/id on Skype
!more precise location
! style="width: 15%;" |notes
|-
|la [[User:Bob LeChevalier|lojbab]] (lobja'a)
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:lojbab@lojban.org mrilu]
|Fairfax VA, near DC, and that's where [[Logfest|Logfest]] is always held
|a founder of the [[LLG]]. This language might not exist without him and the others he worked with to make Lojban public domain.
|-
|[[Nora LeChevalier|Nora LeChevalier]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:lojbab@lojban.org mrilu]
|Fairfax VA, near DC, and that's where [[Logfest|Logfest]] is always held
|[[lojbab]]'s wife, and has done huge amounts of work on Lojban, largely on the wordlists and software.

|-
|[[Jay Kominek|Jay Kominek]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|Boulder, Colorado
|

|-
|[[User:djunias|la .djunias.]]
|
|'''gugde'a'u''' ''(Australia)''
|
|
|Sydney
|I am looking to start a Lojban club near Macquarie University, Sydney. If you're interested, please contact me!

|-
|[[User:Nick Nicholas|Nick Nicholas]]
|
|'''gugde'a'u''' ''(Australia)''
|
|
|
|was the first fluent Lojban speaker (he insists that he was the second, but he's known to be excessively modest). He also has done a lot of Lojbanic writing, both writing in lojban and about it.
|-
|[[Pierre Abbat|.pier. abat.]] = Pierre Abbat
|medium
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|Francais
|[mailto:phma@phma.hn.org mrilu], skype: pierre.abbat
|North Carolina, [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=412 EST]
|
|-
|[[User:.kreig.daniyl.|.kreig.daniyl.]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|North Carolina
|lojbo pemci finti
|-
|[[User:John Cowan|John Cowan]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|New York City
|the author of the [[CLL|Complete Lojban Language]]. What more can you say?
|-
|[[User:xod|la xod]] = [[InventYourself|InventYourself]]
|Intermediate
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:xod@balvi.org mrilu]
|New York City, [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=43 EST]
|
|-
|Edward Blevins
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:thedward@barsoom.net mrilu]
|''(Austin, TX)'') / 512.796.6661
|
|-
|Adam Raizen
|
|'''gugde'ilu''' ''<nowiki>(Israel)</nowiki>''
|
|[mailto:araizen@softhome.net mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[Ivan Derzhanski|Ivan Derzhanski]]
|
|'''lo gugdebugu''' ''(Болгария)''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User: Broca|Arnt Richard Johansen]] = [[User:tsali|tsali]] = Broca
|intermediate
|'''lo gugdenu'o''' ''(Norway)''
|
|[mailto:arj@nvg.org mrilu]
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=288 CET]
|
|-
|Raphaël Poss
|
|'''lo gugdefuru''' ''(France)''
|
|[mailto:r.poss@online.fr mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[User:.jexOm.|jexOm.]] = JérômeDesquilbet
|
|'''lo gugdefuru''' ''(France)''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:Ilmen|la .ilmen.]]
|
|'''lo gugdefuru''' ''(France)''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:Mark Shoulson|Mark Shoulson]] aka '''clsn''', '''.mark.'''
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|in New Jersey
|
|-
|[[Theodore Reed|Theodore Reed]] = rizen = bancus
|medium
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto: rizen@surreality.us mrilu], skype: tedreed
|Ontario, Southern California, [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=865 PST]
|
|-
|[[User:John Clifford|John Clifford]] = [[pc]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|St. Louis, MO
|
|-
|[[djin|djin]].meiz.
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:emaas@hotpop.com mrilu]
|Tidewater/Hampton Roads, VA
|
|-
|[[Robin Lee Powell]]
|expert
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org mrilu], skype: rlpowell
|Northern California, the Silicon Valley area, [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=900 PST]
|[http://www.digitalkingdom.org/~rlpowell/ his web site]. Yours truly, is the current webmaster of this site and the provider of the machine and bandwidth it is served from.
|-
|[[Xavier|xavier]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|school is in Rochester, NY, but himself is from Newton, MA.
|
|-
|stevo
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:MorphemeAddict@wmconnect.com mrilu]
|Cincinnati, OH
|
|-
|[[Matt Arnold|Matt Arnold]] = '''epkat''' = Eppcott
|beginner
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:matt.mattarn@gmail.com mrilu], skype: matt_arnold
|Detroit/Ann Arbor, Michigan, [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=77 EST]
|
|-
|[[User:Björn Gohla|Björn Gohla]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|
|http://www.digitalkingdom.org/~bjoern/
|-
|[[User:Lindar|Lindar Greenwood]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:lindarthebard@yahoo.com mrilu]
|Hollywood, California, willing to travel to (almost) any part of LA county for meetings.
|
|-
|[[Jeremy Way|rem.klajis]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|Phoenixville, Chester County, pa
|
|-
|la [[.alyn.post.|.alyn.post.]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|
|xabju lo la'o .gy. Rio Grande .gy. rirxe ma'arbi'i pe la'o .gy. New Mexico .gy.
|
|-
|Mike Fairhurst
|
|
|
|[mailto:michaelrfairhurst@hotmail.com mrilu]
|looking for Lojbanists around Portland, Oregon
|or facebook me
|-
|Twitch
|
|
|
|[mailto:sirrustemplar@madriver.com mrilu]
|learning lojban in Montpelier, Vermont
|would love to work with others
|-
|cizyprijev
|
|
|
|[mailto:osiris_hades_deathland@hotmail.com mrilu]
|
|https://twitter.com/#!/cizyprijev
|-
|[[James Cooke Brown|Dr. James Cooke Brown]]
|
|
|
|
|lived in the US
|
|-
|Avital Oliver
|
|'''gugde'ilu''' ''<nowiki>(Israel)</nowiki>''
|
|[mailto:olivera@macs.biu.ac.il mrilu]
|
|
|-
|Alex (Sasha) Gontmakher
|
|'''gugde'ilu''' ''<nowiki>(Israel)</nowiki>''
|
|[mailto:gsasha@cs.technion.ac.il mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[User:xorxes|Jorge Llambías]] aka '''la .xorxes.'''
|
|'''lo gugde'aru''' ''(Argentina)''
|
|[mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[User:Tsani|la tsani]]
|
|'''lo gugdecu'a''' ''(Canada)''
|
|
|Montreal
|
|-
|[[Adam Lopresto|Adam Lopresto]] = Eimi = '''la xalbo'''
|expert
|'''lo gugdecu'a''' ''(Canada)''
|
|[mailto:adam@pubcrawler.org mrilu], skype: adamlopresto
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=605 CDT]
|
|-
|[[User:nonong|Viktor Medrano]]
|
|'''lo gugdecu'a''' ''(Canada)''
|
|
|.i mi zvati le lulus. zei daplu
|
|-
|[[User:Gleki|la gleki]]
|
|'''lo gugderu'u''' ''(Россия)''
|русский
|
|
|основной контакт для русскоговорящих
|-
|[[Russian Lojban community|Русскоязычное сообщество]]
|
|'''lo gugderu'u''' ''(Россия)''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:Cyril Slobin|Cyril Slobin]]
|
|'''lo gugderu'u''' ''(Россия)''
|русский
|[mailto:cyril@slobin.pp.ru mrilu]
|Москва
|http://slobin.pp.ru/english.html
|-
|Ark Balandin
|expert
|'''lo gugderu'u''' ''(Россия)''
|русский
|skype: ark.balandin
|GMT + 4
|
|-
|A. W. Tüting ([[.aulun.|.aulun.]])
|
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|
|[mailto:Ti@fa-kuan.muc.de mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[Timo Paulssen|Timo Paulssen]] = timonator
|
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|Deutsch
|[mailto:timonator@perpetuum-immobile.de mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[User:Björn Gohla|Björn Gohla]]
|
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|
|[mailto:b.gohla@gmx.de mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[Philip Newton|Philip Newton]] = [[pne|pne]] = .filip.
|beginner
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|
|[mailto:pne@writeme.com mrilu]
|Hamburg, [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=307 CEST]
|
|-
|Jens Gutzeit = [[.iens.|.iens.]]
|
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|
|[mailto:jens@jgutzeit.de mrilu]
|Berlin
|
|-
|[[User:Iesk|.iesk.]]
|
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|
|[mailto:pa.fae@gmx.de mrilu]
|berti dotygu'e
|
|-
|[[User:selpa'i|la selpa'i]]
|
|'''lo gugdedu'e''' ''(Deutschland'')
|
|
|Berlin
|
|-
|[[User:And Rosta|And Rosta]] = [[And Rosta|And Rosta]] = AndRosta
|
|'''lo gugdegubu''' ''(United Kingdom)''
|
|
|London & Preston.
|No point meeting me if you want to practice Lojban conversation! I have never really got round to learning such conversationally vital stuff as gismu, BAI, tense, UI... That doesn't mean I'm not willing to try a bit, tho.
|-
|[[Colin Fine|Colin Fine]]
|
|'''lo gugdegubu''' ''(United Kingdom)''
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:.evgenis.|Evgenii Sklyanin]] = la .evgenis.
|
|'''lo gugdegubu''' ''(United Kingdom)''
|
|[mailto:eks2@york.ac.uk mrilu]
|York
|earlier in St. Petersburg
|-
|[[.greg.|greg.]], Gryon, Gregory Dyke
|Beginner
|'''lo gugdecuxe''' ''(Switzerland)''
|
|[mailto:gvd@easy.com mrilu], [mailto: epfl@lojban.org mrilu]
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=945 CET]
|
|-
|Veijo Vilva (veion)
|
|'''lo gugdefu'i''' ''(Suomi)''
|
|[mailto:veijo.vilva@gmail.com mrilu]
|Porvoo/Borgå
|http://galactinus.net/vilva/
|-
|Martin Norbäck, G?org, norpan on irc
|beginner
|'''lo gugrsferie''' ''(Sweden)''
|
|[mailto:d95mback@dtek.chalmers.se mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[ShaeErisson]]
|
|'''lo gugrsferie''' ''(Sweden)''
|
|[mailto:shae@ScannedInAvian.com mrilu]
|Boden
|
|-
|Roger Norling
|
|'''lo gugrsferie''' ''(Sweden)''
|
|[mailto:r_norling@bredband.net mrilu]
|Sundsvall
|
|-
|Marek Rogalski
|
|'''lo gugdepulu''' ''(Polska)''
|polska
|[mailto:mafikpl@gmail.com mrilu]
|
|
|-
|[[User:solri|Robin Turner]] aka '''la solri'''
|
|'''lo gugdeturu''' ''(Türkiye)''
|
|
|
|finti la'oi [[L4B]]
|-
|[[User:durka42|Alex Burka]] aka '''la durka'''
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|español
|[mailto:lojban@alexburka.com mrilu]
|Philadelphia
|

|-
|[[Jordan DeLong|Jordan DeLong]]
|
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|
|[mailto:fracture@allusion.net mrilu]
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=75 CST]
|

|-
|[[selckiku|selckiku]] = Brett Douglas Williams = mungojelly
|expert
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|[mailto:selckiku@gmail.com mrilu], skype: selckiku
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=43 EST]
|
|-
|[[User:Stephen Weeks|Stephen Weeks]] = Tene
|intermediate
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|[mailto:tene@allalone.org mrilu], skype: srweeks
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=220 MST]
|
|
|-
|[[Xavier|Steve Pomeroy]] = ?
|Beginner
|
|
|[mailto:steve@staticfree.info mrilu]
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=43 EST]
|
|-
|Kevin Reid = kpreid
|Intermediate
|
|
|[mailto:kpreid@mac.com mrilu], skype: kpreid
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=179 EDT]
|
|-
|Alex Martini = aleks
|Beginner/Intermediate
|
|
|[mailto:alexjm@umich.edu mrilu], skype: amartini51
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=43 EST]
|
|-
|Jonathan Strickland = djanatyn
|Beginner/Intermediate
|
|
|[mailto:djanatyn@gmail.com mrilu]
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=179 EDT]
|
|-
|William McMillian = Very_Bill
|Beginner
|
|
|[mailto: mrilu], skype: William McMillian
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=220 MDT]
|
|-
|[[User:.rem.klajis.|Remy Way]] = remklajis
|Beginner/Intermediate
|
|
|[mailto:rem.klajis@gmail.com mrilu], skype: rem.klajis
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=43 EST]
|
|-
|Gianmarco Molino = mercrutio
|Beginner
|
|
|[mailto:mercrutio.undefined@gmail.com mrilu], skype: mercrutio.11235813
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=220 MDT]
|
|-
|Ashley P. = eclen
|Beginner
|
|
|[mailto:ashley.akakuro@gmail.com mrilu], skype: kiriel.ambar
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=43 EST]
|
|-
|[[User:Cein|cein]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:Michael Helsem|.maiky'elsym.]] = graywyvern
|
|
|
|
|
|finti lo lojbo pemci
|-
|la [[rab.spir|rab.spir]]
|
|
|
|
|
|finti lo [[jbozgiMusic|jbozgi]]
|-
|[[John Schock|John Schock]] = '''.djancak.'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:.aionys.|.aionys.]] = eyeonus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Athelstan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Goran Topic|Goran Topic]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[.iusris.|.iusris.]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[jemna|John Leuner]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[jezrax|jezrax]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:Adam Cooper|komfo,amonan]] = Adam Cooper = adamgarrigus
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:.lidaniyl.|.lidaniyl.]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[LordBrain|LordBrain]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[marktillinghast|marktillinghast]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:PlasticRaven|Plastic Raven]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[User:skaryzgik|skaryzgik]] = Marjorie Scherf
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[tinkit|tinkit]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Oren Robinson
|
|
|普通话
|[mailto:get.oren@gmail.com mrilu]
|
|
|-
|Leonardo Molas
|
|
|español
|[mailto:leos.molas@gmail.com mrilu]
|
|
|-
|rprije
|Intermediate
|
|
|skype: robreim3
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/china/beijing UTC+8]
|
|-
|Brendan (Tang Wei), ahbrendan
|Beginner
|
|
|[mailto:ahbrendan@gmail.com mrilu], skype: ahbrendan
|[http://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/china/beijing UTC+8]
|
|-
|la .dzyLON. (Zilong Li)
|Beginner
|lo gugdecunu (中國)
|English, 中文, 한국어, español, Deutsch
|[mailto:zilongli@protonmail.com mrilu],
|[https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/germany/berlin UTC+2]
|
|-
|[[User:Ramcinfo|la ramcinfo]], Dmitry Kourmyshov, mindszenty on irc
|beginner
|'''lo gugderu'u''' ''(Россия)''
|English
|[mailto:mantycore@gmail.com mrilu]
|St.Petersburg
|
|
|-
|[[User:mark.xafirkamp.|mark.xafirkamp]]
|panoce'i lo gismu .e xo lo cmavo ''(10% of gismu and ??? cmavo)''
|'''lo gugde'usu''' ''(USA)''
|'''lo glibau''' ''(English)'' '''mi milxe lo sanbau djuno''' ''(Español, pero solamente un poco)''
|
|Flagstaff, Arizona
|I'm interested in meeting any jbopre in Flagstaff and talking with technology/computer/programming-oriented jbopre around the world. .i mi nintadni lo jbobau .i mi na kakne lo nu tavla fo lo jbobau kei ku lo nu na ralte lo jbobau vlacku
|-
|[[User:Ractu|la uakci]] = Bruno Panasiewicz
|fluent
|'''lo gugdepulu''' ''(Polska)''
|'''lo bangupulu''' ''(Polski)'', '''lo glibau''' ''(English)'', '''lo ponbau sei tolcre''' ''(Japanese, kind of)''
|[mailto:ciuak.prog@gmail.com mrilu], Skype: bruno.panasiewicz, Discord: uakci, Twitter: @la_ractu
|UTC+1 (Krakow) (DST: UTC+2)
|

|-
|[[User:timoteios|timoteios]]
|very basic
|'''lo gugde'a'u''' ''(Australia)''
|'''lo glibau''' (English)
'''lo fasybau''' (très mal français)
|[[User:timoteios|timoteios]]
|Brisbane, Australia
|A room would be available if you wanted to stay in Australia for a holiday.

|-
|[[User:Lalxu|la lalxu]] = Lynn
|certu
|'''la beljik''' ''(Belgium)''
|<small>'''se baurnuludu''' ''(Nederlands)'' <br />'''se glibau''' ''(English)'' <br />'''ponbau tadni''' ''(日本語学習者)''<br />'''se sperybau''' ''(Esperanto)''<br />'''se tokpona''' ''(toki pona)''</small>
|<small>Discord: lynn#5381<br />Twitter: @chordbug<br />(to pu jeku'i de'a .u'u co'e la'o tu. @la_lalxu .tu ji'a toi)</small>
|
|
|

|-
|[[User:Niftg|la .niftyg.]]
|lazni jbopre
|'''lo gugdejupu''' ''(Japan)''
|'''se ponbau''' ''(日本語)''
|
|
|
|}

==Organizations==
===[[The Logical Language Group]]===
... and its affiliated organizations
==== Contacting The LLG by e-mail ====
You can contact the LLG by e-mail using our [http://www.lojban.org/llg/feedback.php our web-based e-mail form], or the list of e-mail addresses below.
*Web Master [mailto:webmaster@lojban.org webmaster@lojban.org]
*President [mailto:president@lojban.org president@lojban.org]
*Vice President [mailto:vp@lojban.org vp@lojban.org]
*Secretary/Treasurer [mailto:treasurer@lojban.org treasurer@lojban.org]
*General Inquiries [mailto:lojban@lojban.org lojban@lojban.org]
==== Contacting The LLG by postal mail ====
The Logical Language Group, Inc.

2904 Beau Lane

Fairfax, VA 22031, USA

(703) 385-0273

== Less known places ==
The Lojban community has a vibrant and growing online presence. Only a portion of Lojban websites are listed here, as this community is growing and changing too fast to list them all.

This section contains a list of various forums in which people discuss Lojban or discuss in Lojban, in approximate order of popularity as far as the main community is aware.

===Learning websites===
[http://laxmahispajispaji.blogspot.com/ la laxma'i spaji spaji, the bilingual Lojban/English blog], can be helpful for learning both how various English idioms may be translated into Lojban, and how to use a wide range of Lojban cmavo (mainly in a narrative tone).

=== Mailing lists ===
Other than the primary mailing lists, the following special interest lists exist:
* [http://lojban.freeforums.net/ Lojban FreeForums]
* [http://groups.google.com/group/jbofanva jbofanva] is a mailing list for translation projects.
* http://lojban.livejournal.com/
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-announcements/ The Lojban Announcements Mailing List] is for single posts on topics of general community interest.
All posts to this list are moderated, and all must include a description for where followup conversation should go. For example: "there are now Lojban flashcards on smart.fm; follow up discussion should go to the Beginners list" (but presumably with more detail). This is ''NOT'' a discussion list. The list does not set Reply-To, so you should set it to where you want followup discussion to go, if you know how.

The announcement list sends to just about every Lojban email list there is. People can also subscribe to it directly, if they want to get announcements of general community interest but do not want to be on the main mailing lists.

Anything likely to be of interest to large segments of the Lojban community is on topic. In particular, "I'm starting Lojbanic project X and need help/feedback" is what the list is primarily intended for.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/xedbig/ xedbig], AKA Hedwig, a private, moderated list with rules (you must be nice, you must speak in Lojban, and you may not criticise how other people speak Lojban)

* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-pl/ lojban-pl], the Polish Lojban list
* [http://groups.google.com/group/budjo/ budjo], for discussion of Buddhism

* [http://groups.google.com/group/kasyjda/ kasyjda], for discussion of the chaos religions, such as Discordianism
* [http://groups.google.com/group/bpfk-list/ the bpfk mailing list], for language development issues

* [http://groups.google.com/group/xadni/ xadni], a largely unused list for discussion of the experience of having a body, or something like that
* lo jbocertu cu bau casnu vecu'u [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/jbosnu/ la jbosnu] (nothing but spam these days)

* The [http://www.lojban.org/lists/jboske/ jboske], or lojbanic science list was used for extremely detailed discussions of technical and linguistic issues related to Lojban.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/jefnuz/ jefnuz] is a subscribe-and-don't-post list for receiving the weekly community news.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/snakarni/ snakarni] is a list for audio-bloggers, especially for CinchCast users.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojhbanistoj/ Loĵbanistoj] is a lojban mailing list where discussions occur in Esperanto
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/lojban-zasni/ lojban-zasni] is a lojban mailing list for experimental grammars

===Social network groups===
*[[Image:Vkontakte_LOGO.jpg|15px|link=http://vk.com/menli.bangu]] [http://vk.com/menli.bangu Группа ВКонтакте] (rusko)
*[[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ - the group in Facebook.
*[[Image:Google plus icon.svg|12px|link=https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740]] https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740 - the group in Google Plus.
*[[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

===Microblogging===
As microblogging has become more popular among the internets as a whole, it's also started to be noticed in Lojbanistan.
* [http://identi.ca identi.ca], sometimes known as '''la .aidentikar.''' There was a Lojban group called !lojban.
* Twitter Lojbanic posts on [http://twitter.com/ Twitter] are sometimes tagged #lojban, but it's also fun to [http://search.twitter.com/search?q=lojban search for Lojban without the #] to see what random strangers are saying about us!
* [http://reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit] has a page where Lojbanic news are often published.
* [http://lojban.shapado.com/ Shapado] website has a Lojban page.
=== Game Servers ===

Currently active game servers designed as a place for lojbanists to meet and play games, often as a form of language immersion.

* [[jbogugde Minecraft Server]] is a vanilla Minecraft server running version 1.16.3 working towards building a community of builders

=== Other Forums ===

* [[The Lojban MOO|The Lojban MOO]] is a type of MUD (a multi-user online text adventure game, sort of) that is fully bilingual in its command set.
* [http://www.lojban.org/story/story.pl The Lojbanic Interactive Story] is a web-based story writing forum. The story itself is all in Lojban. Anyone can add to it, please go contribute!
* [http://lojban.7.forumer.com/index.php Lojban.forumer]
* There has been a [http://community.livejournal.com/lojban/ LiveJournal community] for Lojban for a long time, though it's often sleepy.

=== Archives Of Past Discussions ===

==== Mailing List Archives ====

There are locally stored archives of a number of lists. Those lists are no longer updated.

* [http://www.lojban.org/lists/lojban-list The main Lojban mailing list]. To subscribe to the list via email (in case you don't want to use the Google Groups interface), write an email to: lojban+subscribe@googlegroups.com
* [http://www.lojban.org/lists/lojban-beginners The lojban-beginners list]. To subscribe via email, write to: lojban-beginners+subscribe@googlegroups.com
* [http://www.lojban.org/lists/lojban-es Lojban-es, the Spanish Lojban list]
* [http://www.lojban.org/lists/lojban-fr Lojban-fr, the French Lojban list]

* [http://www.lojban.org/lists/bpfk-announce The BPFK announcement list]

The Google Groups lists have complete, searchable archives stored in Google Groups itself.

In addition to this, for research purposes, there are as-complete-as-humanly-possible archives of all Google Groups lists stored as UNIX mail files on one of the lojban.org computers. If you need access to them, [mailto:secretary@lojban.org mail the LLG secretary].

==== IRC Logs ====

[http://lojban.org/resources/irclog/ Public logs of the lojbanic portions of the IRC channel] are available.

'''Note:''' the logs are filtered so that they contain only Lojbanic text. However, you might still be offended by the things discussed there. If you are, that's your problem, and the [[LLG|LLG]] explicitly disclaims responsibility for anything said on the IRC channel, including by members or officers of the [[LLG|LLG]].

Furthermore, no guarantee is made as to the correctness of the Lojban therein.

=== Lojbanic Websites ===
None of these sites are officially associated with the LLG in any way.
*http://jboselkei.lojban.org is an online game of translation from English to Lojban, featuring rating calculation for users. If you don't know how this or that is translated to Lojban, ask it in jboselkei, and as the game proceeds, expect to see one or even more translations of your 'post' made by jboselkei players, with comments. If you are an experienced lojbanist, you will always find a couple or more challenging 'tough nuts' awaiting your translation and promising rating points. jboselkei first appeared in Beta form in mid March 2006, and was upgraded for appearance and usability in November 2006. Playing in jboselkei is very exciting; you are welcome to join!
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ jbovlaste] - a lojbanic dictionary program from [[Jay Kominek]].
* [https://jbotcan.org/ la jbotcan] -- an anonymous bulletin board.
* [http://jbo.wiktionary.org/wiki/ralju_ckupau uikipedias] -- Lojbanic Wikipedia.
* [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit Lojban Group] -- a social news website.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban Google Lojban Group]
* [[Official LLG Projects|The official LLG Projects page]]
* [http://www.nvg.org/~arj/dantimanti/ la danti manti] is [[User:tsali|tsali's]] very infrequently updated weblog.
* [http://satirist.org/lojban/cuvjbo/balfihe/ la roldei balfipmabru] is [[jezrax|jezrax's]] site.
* [http://purl.oclc.org/net/lojban la .jbosev.] "Lojban Dreams" of [[User:nonong|Viktor Medrano]].

==History==
* [[Lojban timeline|Lojban timeline]]
* [[Social history of Lojban|Social history of Lojban]]
* [[Generations, waves and epochs of Lojbanists]]
* [[Lojban awards]]
==Culture==
* [[Lojbanistani Culture|Lojbanistani Culture]]
* [[Ideologies and Philosophies about Lojban|Ideologies and Philosophies about Lojban]]

[[Category:nu jikca]]

Добро пожаловать!/Русский

2025-02-14T15:33:18Z

Gleki:

<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: sans-serif">Л'''''о'''''жбан <small>(латинским буквами Lojban)</small> - это новый язык, основанный на логике.</div>

==Ложбан - Одиссея в нашу Вселенную.==
В чём уникальность этого языка ?
* '''Ложбан''' преображает ваши мысли, когда вы говорите на нём.
* '''Ложбан проникает в суть явлений так, как это недоступно ни в одной области знаний'''.
* '''Ложбан''' дает возможность видеть мир ярче.
'''Ложбан - это бесконечное путешествие.'''

Будучи максимально проработан в дизайне своими создателями,

этот язык аккуратно и точно раскрывает тончайшие аспекты логики и нашей ментальности.
==Ясный, простой и при всех этих достоинствах мощный.==
1. Легко учить - корневых слов в 4-5 раз меньше, чем в русском.

2. Можно говорить кратко:

✔ "шо'э" - это "хрень, любой объект" '''<nowiki>;)</nowiki>'''.

✔ "се шатлу" - всё, на что смотрят: чьё-то лицо, горный пейзаж, книга. 

3. Ложбан разрушает барьер непонимания людей разных стран.

Данный сайт - основное место, где складывается для свободного доступа вся информация на русском по языку Ложбану.

Основная группа на русском языке для общения увлекающихся ложбаном - это группа [http://vk.com/menli.bangu Menli Bangu]. Для чтения она доступна даже без регистрации.

Ниже приведены материалы на русском языке для изучения ложбана.

==Изучение==
Материалы ниже представляют собой оригинальное исследование.
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3;text-align:left">
*[[Ложбан и русский. Звуки]]
*[[Эталонная Грамматика Ложбана]]
*[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1KZLg5uL0ddCiBuvndyiUG1lfGdYUY-0BZRTE4nEsCSM/edit#slide=id.g2a67a3dd2_1103 Ложбан в слайдах. Быстрое введение]
**[https://mw.lojban.org/images/0/01/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85._%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.pdf скачать в формат pdf]
*[[Волны Ложбана|Учебник 'Волны Ложбана']]
*[http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/ilmentufa/i/ru/ Онлайн словарь (будет повторно загружаться даже без интернета)]
*[[Image:Vkontakte_LOGO.jpg|15px|link=http://vk.com/menli.bangu]] [http://vk.com/menli.bangu Группа ВКонтакте]
*[https://sites.google.com/site/cernidirgo/ Сайт 'Утренняя роса']
*[[Брошюра о ложбане на русском|Брошюра на русском]]
*[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD статья в Википедии]
*[[Lojbab about the history of Lojban]]
*[[LojbanInRussian|О ложбане на русском]]
*[[Ложбан как язык программирования]]
*[[Ложбан как метаязык]]
*[[Ложбан - наука о сознании]]
*[[ralju ckupau/ru]]
*[[Краткое введение в Ложбан]]
*[[О Ложбане]]
*[[Обзор грамматики Ложбана]]
*[[Про Ложбан]]
*[[Учебник]]
*[[Учебник01]]
*[[Учебник03]]
*[[Что нового]]
*[[Что такое Ложбан]]
----
*[[Революционный привет!/Советский|Ложбанисты шутят: о ложбане на советском языке]]
</div>

==Чат==
Задавайте вопросы по ложбану в живом чате:

=== Телеграмм===
[[Image:Telegram logo.svg|thumb|x70px|link=]]

#Установите бесплатный мессенджер [https://telegram.org Телеграм].
#Присоединитесь к следующей группе: <span class="plainlinks">[https://t.me/lojban Lojban]</span>
#* #rusko - это русскоязычный чат о ложбане
#* #lojban - общий чат, в основном общаются англоговорящие
#* #ckule - чат для англоговорящих новичков
#* #jbosnu - чат с общением только на ложбане
#* #jboselbau - для любых дикуссий не о ложбане :)
#* #voknoi - только для голосовых сообщений на ложбане

===Discord===
Установите мессенджер [https://discord.com/ Discord].

#Используйте [https://discord.gg/BVm4EYR приглашение].
#Чат для русскоговорящих - #rusko.

===Контакты===
*подпишитесь на [http://vk.com/menli.bangu группу языка ложбан ВКонтакте]
*напишите вопросы на русском языке ложбанисту Gleki по адресу [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org]/

Bienvenue !/fr

2025-02-14T15:33:03Z

Gleki:

<div style="font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif">Le lojban <small>(prononcé [ˈloʒban])</small> est une expérimentation linguistique – un langage construit, basé sur la logique formelle.</div>

{{Lojban StackExchange}}
==Qu'est-ce que le lojban ?==
[[Image:yt-lightning talk.png|240x160px|Introduction au lojban (an anglais) par Timo Paulssen|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdlGxgKt7nc|thumb]]

Le lojban est une langue vivante conçue avec soin. Cela fait plus de 50 ans qu'elle est construite par des dizaines de collaborateurs, et des centaines de supporteurs.

*La grammaire du lojban est plus simple que celle de la plupart des langues naturelles. Pourtant, elle peut être complexe et riche, à sa manière. Le lojban est par ailleurs une expérience de pensée : ses utilisateurs cherchent à observer comment les structures uniques du langage peuvent impacter la pensée et la perception du monde.
*Le lojban permet d'exprimer les émotions très précisément, en utilisant des mots appelés [[cnima'o/fr|attitudinals]] - ce sont plus ou moins des émoticônes (smileys) parlées.
*Le lojban permet de communiquer de manière concise, sans détails superflus. Par exemple, il n'est pas nécessaire de préciser le temps d'un verbe (passé, présent, futur) lorsque c'est évident dans le contexte.
*Le lojban est facilement analysable par des machines, permettant ainsi de nouvelles explorations dans le domaine de l'intelligence artificielle et de la traduction automatisée.

*Le lojban possède une communauté de locuteurs qui étend le vocabulaire jour après jour.
*Le lojban est conçu pour être culturellement neutre.

===Le lojban a un sens différent pour chacun===
* une curiosité linguistique, un banc d'essai pour des expériences sur la langue
* une façon d'étendre ses connaissances ou de travailler sa pensée
* un nouveau point de vue sur les langues
* une façon amusante de communiquer avec les autres, ou de verser dans la création artistique
* un domaine à explorer à la frontière du langage humain et des logiciels

Et pour vous, que sera le lojban ?
===[[Presenting_Lojban|Plus d'infos (en anglais)...]]===
{{clear}}
== Apprendre le lojban ==
''Note du traducteur : les ressources en anglais sont bien plus nombreuses et variées que les ressources en français. Pour cette raison, les ressources non traduites sont ici conservées, et clairement identifiées.''
[[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|240x160px|«Lessons in Lojban» (en anglais) par Dustin Lacewell|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI|thumb]]
Vous trouverez ci-dessous des ressources pour apprendre le lojban.

Les premières proviennent de sources non officielles, c'est-à-dire de la communauté des auteurs qui parlent le lojban. Elles peuvent donc être subjectives (représenter leur point de vue) :
* [[Prononciation du Lojban|Prononciation du lojban]]
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/17eV8Qob0Ey0lsU6aFdXUVyQuBqI9_T-i2HXF61CpQLw/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=3000 Introduction au lojban par des phrases simples]
* [[Le lojban pour les êtres humains]], pour apprendre
* Les populaires [[Leçons d'onde|leçons d'onde]], un cours plus élaboré mais plus théorique (traduites [[Lojban Wave Lessons|de l'anglais]])
* (En anglais) [[The Crash Course (a draft)|« The Crash Course » (« Le cours intensif »)]]
* (En anglais) [[la karda|la karda]], un aperçu rapide de la grammaire, en petits chapitres


Les ressources suivantes sont officiellement approuvées par le Groupe de la Langue Logique (The Logical Language Group) :
* (En anglais) [https://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-section-chunks/ "The Complete Lojban Language", grammaire de référence du lojban]. Ce recueil aidera ceux qui ont déjà une base de lojban. C'est la référence la plus complète qui soit, et de loin. Cependant, elle ne contient que peu de vocabulaire, règles de style, ou parlé courant. Note : depuis la publication de la grammaire de référence, des réformes ont été largement adoptées, comme [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]] (en anglais).
** Il existe un projet (inachevé) de [https://github.com/frasjbogri/cll-fr traduction en français de la CLL].

=== Dictionnaires ===
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ la jbovlaste], dictionnaire multilingue de référence, éditable. Il est considéré de fait comme le dictionnaire lojban standard. De nombreux autres outils l'utilisent comme donnée d'entrée.
** ''Note du traducteur : Les langues "français" et "français facile" coexistent. Cette dernière contient des définitions plus récentes et plus simples que celles estampillées "français".''
* (En anglais) [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ la vlasisku], dictionnaire en ligne anglais-lojban, basé sur la jbovlaste mais conçu pour être plus convivial. À noter qu'il n'est pas mis à jour régulièrement (contrairement à la jbovlaste).
* [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/fr-facile/ la sutysisku], dictionnaire multilingue lojban en ligne et hors ligne. Mis à jour au moins une fois par mois.
* (En anglais) [https://sites.google.com/site/slovlacukt/file-cabinet la slovlacukt], dictionnaire hors ligne alternatif.
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Dictionnaires multi-langues en format Stardict] (utilisables avec [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal], etc.)
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html Listes de gismu (mots racine) et cmavo (particules) en formats tsv et html], en plusieurs langues.
* Une [[:File:lo fraso gimste.html|liste exhaustive des gismu (mots racine)]].
* Une [[:File:cmavo selma'o.html|liste de selma'o]].
* (En anglais) [[Word frequency lists|Listes de mots ordonnés par fréquence d'utilisation]].


==== Autres ====
* (En anglais) Une [[Simple gismu|liste de définitions simple de gismu]], non officielle.
* Phrases d'exemple sur [http://tatoeba.org Tatoeba.org].

=== Logiciels ===
* [https://www.memrise.com/courses/french/lojban/ Memrise.com] propose des fiches de vocabulaire.
** [http://www.memrise.com/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com en anglais] possède aussi du contenu intéressant.
** [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki], une alternative téléchargeable.
* [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html la camxes] est un analyseur grammatical du lojban (plusieurs variantes). Il sert à comprendre la structure des phrases, et à les corriger.
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ la zmifanva], un traducteur lojban-anglais / anglais-lojban. Il n'est pas forcément juste et ne traduit pas de textes complexes, mais il permet d'aborder la structure et le vocabulaire lojban.

=== [[Learning materials. Secondary links|D'autres éléments pour apprendre (en anglais)...]] ===

== Connecté avec la communauté ==
[[Image:yt-the perfect-lang.png|240x160px|« The Perfect Language », une introduction au lojban par [https://twitter.com/WesleyWilson00 Wesley Wilson (en anglais)]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIpn0OEpT40|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-ro lo maha datka.png|240x160px|« ro lo ma'a datka » et autres chansons en lojban de [[la guskant]]|link=https://vimeo.com/album/3152276|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-bripre jikca 9.png|240x160px|« bripre jikca », un vlog littéraire|link=https://vimeo.com/112783041|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-baho.png|240x160px|« ba'o », une chanson de [https://djemynai.bandcamp.com La Djemynai]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4jyHG-hv8|thumb]]

Le lojban est parlé par une effervescente communauté qui écrit de la littérature, produit de la musique et autres formes d'art, et débat de questions sur la langue et la pensée. La BD web de [https://www.xkcd.com/191/ xkcd (en anglais)] s'amuse du fait que si vous parlez lojban, alors vous devriez parler avec les lojbanistes... ce qui n'est finalement pas une mauvaise chose !

=== Messagerie instantannée (tchat) ===


====Connexion immédiate !====
Pour se connecter à la discussion, utilisez n'importe lequel des moyens ci-dessous (les messages seront distribués partout, quelle que soit la méthode).
Les personnes impliquées dans la communauté lojban ont l'habitude de lire les conversations chaque jour, et répondent le plus souvent en quelques heures, voire en quelques minutes.
Plusieurs groupes de discussions existent. Posez des questions sur le lojban dans '''#ckule''' ("école"), discutez en lojban ou à propos du lojban dans '''#lojban''', et discutez uniquement en lojban dans '''#jbosnu'''.


====Telegram====
Utilisez cette méthode pour avoir l'historique depuis début 2016.

# Installez [https://telegram.org Telegram messenger] (gratuit) sur votre appareil Apple, Android or ordinateur de bureau.
# Rejoignez la ou les discussions qui vous conviennent:
#*<span class="plainlinks">[https://telegram.me/joinchat/BLVsYz3hCF-CtYw0-2IkqQ lojban], [https://telegram.me/joinchat/BLVsYz4hC9ulWahupDLovA ckule], [https://telegram.me/joinchat/BLVsYz20Boixl0xN-0TrPw jbosnu]</span>

====Autres moyens de connexion====
Sinon, vous pouvez essayer [[Lojban_Live_Chat#Direct_web_access|d'autres moyens de connexion]] (en anglais).

=== Listes de mailing ===
La [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics list de mailing 'lojban-beginners'] est destinée aux questions relatives à l'apprentissage et à la compréhension du lojban. Vous pouvez vous inscrire sur la liste en envoyant une question à [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

La [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics list de mailing 'lojban'] généraliste, qui couvre tous les autres sujets liés au lojban, a été créée en 1989, et a plus de 500 participants. Vous pouvez vous inscrire sur la liste en envoyant un mail à [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

=== Réseaux sociaux ===
Le lojban est aussi présent sut la plupart des sites populaires : [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] [http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ Facebook], [[Image:Google plus icon.svg|12px|link=https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740]] [https://plus.google.com/communities/105661163321603750740 Google+], [[Image:reddit-12.png|12px|link=http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/]] [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit], [[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

=== Contacts internationaux ===

[[Image:yt higher logic.png|240x160px|Un discours linguistique de [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] (en japonais)|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Langues parlées
|-
| [[User:Selpahi|la selpa'i]]<br/> [mailto:seladwa@gmx.de seladwa@gmx.de] || anglais, allemand
|-
| [[User:Gleki|la gleki]]<br/> [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org] || anglais, russe
|-
| [[User:Ilmen|la ilmen]]<br/> [mailto:ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com] || anglais, français
|-
| [[User:Tsani|la tsani]]<br/> [mailto:nictytan@gmail.com nictytan@gmail.com] || anglais, français
|-
| [[User:xorxes|la xorxes]]<br/> [mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com jjllambias@gmail.com] || anglais, espagnol
|-
| [[User:Guskant|la guskant]]<br/> [mailto:gusni.kantu@gmail.com gusni.kantu@gmail.com] || anglais, français, chinois, japonais, esperanto
|-
| [[User:Remod|la remod]]<br/> [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com rdentato@gmail.com] || anglais, italian
|}


=== [[Lojban around the world]] (en anglais) - autres moyens de communication... ===

== Et ensuite ? ==
* Entrainez-vous à lire des [[te gerna la lojban|textes en lojban]]. Commencez par quelque chose de relativement court et facile, comme "[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry le tigre]]" (audio disponible), ou "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin|La famille Berenstain - Que la meilleure citrouille gagne !]]" ([http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/maltufa-1.1.html un analyseur est dispoonible pour ces deux textes]). Une fois prêt, passez au "[[le cmalu noltru|petit prince]]" (analyseur utilisable: [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html camxes]) et au "[http://selpahi.de/oz.html magicien d'Oz]" (analyseur utilisable: [[maftufa]]).

* Essayez aussi de traduire de l'existant en lojban, ou d'écrire vos propres textes originaux : poésie, prose, blogs, tweets, etc.
* Continuez d'apprendre du vocabulaire en utilisant des [[Lojbanic Software|outils de mémorisation (en anglais)]].
* Aidez-nous à améliorer le [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ dictionnaire] en traduisant du lojban dans d'autres langues, ou en proposant de nouveaux tanru (mots composés).

===[[What's next?|Plus d'infos...]] (en anglais)===

----
<div style="font-size:90%;">Ce site est destiné à documenter le lojban et les activités de la communauté. Il sert aussi de site officiel du Groupe de la Langue Logique (The Logical Language Group, ou "LLG"), une organisation à but non lucratif fondée en 1987 pour promouvoir l'étude scientifique des relations entre le langage, la pensée, et la culture humaine.</div>



<noinclude>[[Category:tadni]][[Category:nu jikca]][[Category:jbopre]]</noinclude>__NOTOC__

Lojban Live Chat

2025-02-14T15:32:31Z

Gleki:

{{se inspekte/en}}The Internet Relay Chat (aka IRC)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC</ref> channel is a place for people to textually chat in real-time.
==Connecting quickly==
To get connected to Lojban chat use any of the following methods (your and others' messages will be available in all of them no matter which method you use).

People involved in Lojban community usually read each day's backlog and will answer your questions within several hours and often even within minutes.

===Telegram===
[[Image:Telegram logo.svg|thumb|x70px|link=]]Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat since the beginning of 2016.

# Install the free [https://telegram.org Telegram messenger] app on your Apple, Android or your desktop device
# by following this link: <span class="plainlinks">[https://t.me/lojban Lojban]</span>.

===Mattermost ===
Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat since September 2018.

Signup via [https://framateam.org/signup_user_complete/?id=17b4ir6u6by6px693dm8kmy7yw Framateam's server].

===Discord===
The chat is also connected to a [https://discord.gg/BVm4EYR Discord server].
# Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule channel, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban channel and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu channel.
# Freely chat about anything to like-minded Lojbanists in the #jboselbau channel.


===Direct web access===
[[Image:IRC logo.svg|thumb|x70px|link=]]Using this method you will be able to see messages that are sent only while you are connected.
#Navigate to <span class="plainlinks">[{{Webchat url qwebirc}} the web-based IRC client (Kiwi)]</span>, choose a nickname you want yourself to be known as, and click "Start". Easy!
#Click on the channel you want (tabs on the top of the page), and type your text in the text bar at the bottom - the last line at the bottom of the chat page.
#Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule tab, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban tab and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu tab.

=== Trickier ways of connecting ===
This is for geeks. If you have an IRC application installed use the following information:
*The Lojban IRC channel is on the [http://libera.chat Libera IRC network]. Use '''irc.libera.chat''' for the server, port '''6667''' (or 6679 for an SSL-encrypted connection). Registering with NickServ is recommended.
*The three channels are used:
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/lojban #lojban] for basic discussions in any language,
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/ckule #ckule] for questions from new learners in any language,
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/jbosnu #jbosnu] for discussions in Lojban only,
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/proga #proga] for lojban-related software development (such as parsers).
It is recommended, but by no means required, that you learn what IRC is by briefly reading some of the [http://www.mirc.com/ircintro.html IRC Frequently Asked Questions] or [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html The IRC Prelude].

You may also use [https://irssi.org/ irssi command line app] on your server to keep the whole log of chat activity.

== Conduct ==
There are almost always more than 100 people connected, but since they live in different timezones most of the time, they'll be idle. Say '''coi''', hit Enter and wait. Get a soda. Practice your vocabulary. But be patient. Dedicated IRC'ers don't sit in front of the computer 24/7 waiting to respond within 10 seconds of everything said. Think of it as sort of a fast moving message board.

You might also have a look at the [[IRC cheat sheet|IRC cheat sheet]], which contains a list of translations of frequently used expressions.

==[[IRC Bots]]==

== Rules ==
Just behave and be respectful, don't intentionally try to annoy others. Don't worry though, usually you'll only annoy people if you're actively trying.
== Logs ==
There are [http://www.lojban.org/irclogs/ public logs of the utterances in Lojban of the IRC channel]<ref>Thanks to help from Theodore Reed and Jordan DeLong</ref>.

The logs are filtered so that they contain only Lojban text. However, you might still be offended by the things discussed there. If you are, that's your problem and the [[LLG]] explicitly disclaims responsibility for anything said on the IRC channel, including by members or officers of the [[LLG]].

Furthermore, no guarantee is made as to the correctness of the Lojban therein. Nonetheless, the IRC logs currently constitute one of the largest corpora of Lojban text.
== Discussion Topics ==
A list of interesting discussion topics, about the nature of the language, is being actively maintained and [[jboske discussion|copied]] into this wiki. They often include specific terminology. The discussions are presented as is, copied from the IRC channel.

==References==
<references />

Welcome!1/en

2025-02-14T15:32:14Z

Gleki:

<div style="font-size: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif">Lojban <small>(pronounced [ˈloʒban])</small> is an experiment in human language – a constructed language based on formal logic.</div>

<div style="border:3px solid orange;width:calc(100%-20px);padding:5px;margin:8px;text-align:center;font-size:120%;">
<p style="width: 64%; margin: 2px auto">Want a StackExchange website for asking questions and getting answers on Lojban? Help us make it real:</p><p class=plainlinks style="font-size: 128%">[https://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/83133/jbobau-joi-jboceu-lojban-language-and-culture <b>Register</b> and press "<b>Commit</b>"!]</p></div>

==What is Lojban?==
[[Image:yt-lightning talk.png|240x160px|a «lightning talk» introduction to Lojban by Timo Paulssen|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdlGxgKt7nc|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|240x160px|«Lessons in Lojban» by Dustin Lacewell|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI|thumb]]

Lojban is a carefully constructed spoken language. It has been built for over 50 years by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters.

*Lojban's grammar is simpler than of most natural languages, but complex in its own unique way. Lojban is an experiment in thought, as well: its users aim to see how its unique language structures affect thought and understanding.
*Lojban allows the expression of tiny nuances in emotion, using words called [[attitudinals]], which are essentially spoken emoticons.
*Lojban allows you to communicate concisely without unnecessary or undesired details. For example, you don't have to always think of what tense (past, present or future) to use in a verb when it's already clear from context.
*Lojban is machine parsable, which allows potential new explorations in the fields of artificial intelligence and machine translation.

*Lojban has a live community of speakers expanding its vocabulary day by day.
*Lojban is designed aiming at being neutral between cultures.
===Lojban means different things to different people===
* a linguistic curiosity - a test-bed for language experimentation
* a challenging way to expand their minds or discipline their thoughts
* a new perspective on languages
* an entertaining medium to communicate with friends or create art
* a domain for exploring the intersection of human language and software

What will Lojban mean for you?
===[[Presenting Lojban|More basic information ...]]===
{{clear}}
== Learning Lojban ==
=== Unofficial and supplemental resources ===
[[Image:yt-the perfect-lang.png|240x160px|«The Perfect Language», an introduction to Lojban by [https://twitter.com/WesleyWilson00 Wesley Wilson]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIpn0OEpT40|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-ro lo maha datka.png|240x160px|«ro lo ma'a datka» and other Lojban songs by [[la guskant]]|link=https://vimeo.com/album/3152276|thumb]]
Different non-authoritative learning resources have been created. They are said to be more beginner-friendly.
* A set of [[pronunciation|pronunciation guides]]
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases], an introduction (also available in [http://mw.lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf PDF])
* [[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]], a popular textbook
* [[The Crash Course (a draft)|"The Crash Course"]], a draft of a textbook
* [[la karda|la karda]], a rapid-fire overview of the grammar in small pieces

=== Official resources ===
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ "The Complete Lojban Language", a reference grammar of Lojban]. This book will help those who already understand some Lojban. It's the most complete reference of Lojban language by far. It does not, however, teach vocabulary, style, or colloquial language. Please note that since the initial publication of the reference grammar, some language reforms such as [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]] have become widely adopted.

=== Dictionaries ===
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ la jbovlaste] is a prescriptive, editable, multilingual dictionary. It is considered by many to be the current de-facto standard dictionary of Lojban. Many other dictionaries and tools are based on it.
* [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ la vlasisku] is an online English—Lojban dictionary, based on data of la jbovlaste; intended to be more user-friendly (note: it is only irregularily updated, la jbovlaste is more up-to-date).
* [https://lojban.herokuapp.com/ la sutysisku] is an online multilingual Lojban dictionary (including English) that also works offline. Updated at least once a month.
* [https://sites.google.com/site/slovlacukt/file-cabinet la slovlacukt], an alternative offline dictionary.
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Stardict dictionaries in some languages] (usable with [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal], etc.)
* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html Multilingual gismu (root word) and cmavo (particle) lists in tsv and html formats]
* [[Word frequency lists|Word lists ordered by frequency of use]]

==== Related things ====
* An unofficial [[Simple gismu|list of simple definitions of gismu]]
* Example sentences at [http://tatoeba.org Tatoeba.org]

=== Software tools ===
* [http://www.memrise.com/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com] offers on-line Lojban vocabulary flashcards. [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] is a downloadable alternative.
* [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html la camxes] is an automatic grammar of Lojban. It can help you to understand the structure and correctness of sentences.
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ A Lojban-to-English translator]. It is not precise, it can sometimes fail to correctly translate from English to Lojban or vice versa. It can be used to get at least some understanding of how Lojban works.

=== [[Learning materials. Secondary links|Other learning materials ...]] ===

== Connect with the community ==
[[Image:yt-bripre jikca 9.png|240x160px|«bripre jikca», a community literary vlog|link=https://vimeo.com/112783041|thumb]]
[[Image:yt-baho.png|240x160px|«ba'o», a song by [https://djemynai.bandcamp.com La Djemynai]|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4jyHG-hv8|thumb]]

Lojban is spoken by a vibrant community, producing literature, music, and art, and discussing questions about language and thought. The web comic [https://www.xkcd.com/191/ xkcd] said that, if you spoke Lojban, you'd have to speak with Lojbanists. That may not be such a bad thing!

=== Instant messaging (text chat) ===


====Connecting quickly====
To get connected to Lojban chat use any of the following methods (your and others' messages will be available in all of them no matter which method you use).

People involved in Lojban community usually read each day's backlog and will answer your questions within several hours and often even within minutes.

====Telegram====
Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat since the beginning of 2016.

# Install the free [https://telegram.org Telegram messenger] on your Apple, Android or your desktop device
# join main Lojban chat group by following the link: <span class="plainlinks">[https://telegram.me/lojban Lojban].
# Ask questions on Lojban in '''ckule''' group, talk in or about Lojban in '''Lojban''' group and talk only in Lojban in '''jbosnu''' group.


====Direct web access====
Using this method you will be able to see messages that are sent only while you are connected.
#Navigate to <span class="plainlinks">[{{Webchat url kiwi}} the web-based IRC client (Kiwi)]</span>, choose a nickname you want yourself to be known as, and click "Start". Easy!
#Click on the channel you want (tabs on the top of the page), and type your text in the text bar at the bottom - the last line at the bottom of the chat page.
#Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule tab, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban tab and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu tab.

You may alternately try [[Lojban_Live_Chat#Direct_web_access|other methods of connecting]].

=== Mailing lists ===
{{Quote box
|title = Got a question about Lojban?<br>Ask the the [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners mailing list]!
|qalign = center
|align = right
|width = 50%
|border = 1px
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The [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics lojban-beginners mailing list] is for questions about learning and understanding Lojban. You can subscribe to the list by sending a question to [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

The general-purpose [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics lojban mailing list], which covers anything else related to Lojban, was founded in 1989, and has about 500 subscribers. You can subscribe to it by sending an email to [mailto:lojban@googlegroups.com lojban@googlegroups.com].

=== Social media ===
Lojban has a presence on many of the most popular web sites: [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] [http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ Facebook], [[Image:reddit-12.png|12px|link=http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/]] [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/ Reddit], [[Image:quora.png|12px|link=http://www.quora.com/Lojban]] [http://www.quora.com/Lojban Quora].

[http://jbotcan.org/ la jbotcan] is an informal bulletin board which hosts images and discussions in Lojban and English.

=== International Contacts ===

[[Image:yt higher logic.png|240x160px|an exposition by [[User:Guskant|la guskant]] in Japanese|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzqhNYCWKLo|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable"
!   !! Languages spoken
|-
| [[User:Selpahi|la selpa'i]]<br/> [mailto:seladwa@gmx.de seladwa@gmx.de] || English, German
|-
| [[User:Gleki|la gleki]]<br/> [mailto:bangu@lojban.org bangu@lojban.org] || English, Russian
|-
| [[User:Ilmen|la ilmen]]<br/> [mailto:ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com ilmen.pokebip@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:Tsani|la tsani]]<br/> [mailto:nictytan@gmail.com nictytan@gmail.com] || English, French
|-
| [[User:xorxes|la xorxes]]<br/> [mailto:jjllambias@gmail.com jjllambias@gmail.com] || English, Spanish
|-
| [[User:Guskant|la guskant]]<br/> [mailto:gusni.kantu@gmail.com gusni.kantu@gmail.com] || English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Esperanto
|-
| [[User:Remod|la remod]]<br/> [mailto:rdentato@gmail.com rdentato@gmail.com] || English, Italian
|}

=== [[Lojban around the world]] - other ways of communication ... ===

== What's next? ==
* Try reading Lojban [[te gerna la lojban|texts]]. Start with something shorter and easier such as "[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry the Tiger]]" (audio is available) or "[[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]]" ([http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/maltufa-1.1.html a parser suitable to those two texts]). When you're ready, move on to "[[le cmalu noltru|The Little Prince]]" (suitable parser: [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html camxes]) and "[http://selpahi.de/oz.html The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]" (suitable parser: [[maftufa]]).

* Try your hand at translating into Lojban, or write your own original texts: Poetry, prose, blogs, tweets, etc.
* Continue learning vocabulary using [[Lojbanic Software|memorization software]].
* Help expand the [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ dictionary] by translating Lojban words into other languages, or coin new compound words and add them.

===[[What's next?|More info ...]]===

----
<div style="font-size:90%;">This web site is dedicated to documenting Lojban and the activities of the Lojban-using community, and also serves as the official web site of the [[Logical Language Group]] (LLG), a non-profit organization founded in 1987 to promote the scientific study of the relationships between language, thought and human culture.</div>

<noinclude>[[Category:tadni]][[Category:nu jikca]][[Category:jbopre]]</noinclude>__NOTOC__

native speakers

2024-12-24T11:08:55Z

Gleki:

''.i lo jbojbe ba jdice'' (The Lojban-born will decide.)

''.i na go'i .i le prenu jdice poi patfu joi mamta lo jbojbe''

* i drani selsku .i lo cifnu na pamei lenu zbasu lo bangrkre'olo .i sarcu fa lo banzu barda cecmu be loi prenu poi na simymintu leka ce'u se bangu pa da -- mi'e [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]
* i ku'i na gendrani .u'i .i "lu le prenu poi patfu joi mamta lo jbojbe cu jdice li'u"

Are there any documents discussing those [[Esperantist|Esperantist]]s who raised children who spoke [[Esperanto|Esperanto]] natively?

''If you know Esperanto, do a web search for ''denaskaj'' ("from birth", plural -- i.e. "native speakers") There's an FAQ at [http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/odo.html,] by Esperantist and (in his mundane life) Finnish Slavonicist [http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/ Jouko Lindstedt] (who also used to edit the Esperanto-language [[conlang|conlang]] journal ''Planlingvistiko''.) I see there's also a mailing list he runs, [http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/denask-l.html DENASK-L] (with several linked resources), so I guess there's more ''denaskaj Esperantistoj'' around than I'd assumed -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]''

* Forster's [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3108003884/francoisgaulthie/104-0682814-6975902 The Esperanto Movement] has a little bit about this. Anecdotally, I know most of them lose interest (as for that matter happened to the only native speaker of Klingon.) Esperantists f�te the few "denaskaj esperantistoj", and many an Esperantist claims they hold the key to the kingdom. They still speak ISO Standard Esperanto as far as I can tell; Esperanto got stabilised by Poles who spoke German in the 1900s, there's little a couple of ''denaskaj'' are going to do about it now. I don't think the Esperanto paradigm applies, therefore. -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]
** Nice to hear they speak the same Esperanto. I figured they'd lose interest, though. [[conlang|conlang]]'ing isn't exactly the kind of family activity that the kids are likely to enjoy. :) --[[Jay Kominek|Jay]]

** I don't understand this. What does it mean to ''lose interest'' in a language that your family uses at home? Why don't children who have parents who speak English/German/Chinese/etc. lose interest in English/German/Chinese/etc., respectively? --mi'e [[User:tsali|tsali]]
** Happens to most low prestige lects in the second generation. No kid loses interest in English in America. But an American kid growing up as the only American in all of Timbuktu? Different story. The kid may well be fluent in Esperanto, but usually ends up having no interest in participating in the organised Esperanto movement. So outside the home, she'll have no opportunity to speak the language: language community of just my parents = no language community as far as the rest of the world is concerned. And most parents will not be using Esperanto non-stop at home anyway. (There are of course couples with no other common language; but I think you can count them on the fingers of one hand.) -- Mi estas [[User:Nick Nicholas icxjo|nitcion icxjo]].

** It seems - and this being my own experience - that children intuitively [[orient|orient]] themselves by the language spoken by that (big) group (around them) which can be expected to guarantee the best social platform for their future life, i.e. that of other young people around them. This usually does not include the idiom spoken by their parents. (E.g. see the 2nd and further generations of once Yiddish speaking immigrants to US! My non-German nor Hungarian-speaking cousins in Australia.) Even if speaking this language in their homes, they're usually rather bored with it. Children plainly do not have any interest in linguistics or experiments of that kind! Now imagine those poor kids called "jbojbe", "denaskaj" etc., abused as linguistical guinea pigs by their cranky parents: do you expect them to really having any grab for speaking *that* language! (Remember Eliezer Ben Yehuda, not only torturing his non-Hebrew speaking wife, sister etc., but also his first-born son who wasn't allowed to hear a single non-Hebrew word! - Not speaking of Frederic II (stupor mundi) and his fatal experiments with babies expecting them to start speaking in Hebrew without ever having heard any human voice.) -- .aulun.
*** But if we had some community where everybody spoke lojban, it would be the natural choice of language for the kids to learn. It wouldn't be a linguistic experiment with them as the guinea pigs, we'd be the guinea pigs. And any who happen to have children should probably teach them English or some other natlang also, so that if they leave (which they probably will) they do fine. So, let's all move to an uninhabited polynesian island, living off grant money we might be able to get because we'd be testing the [[sapir-whorf hypothesis|sapir-whorf hypothesis]]! - [[.kreig.daniyl.|.kreig.daniyl.]] (No, I don't expect it to happen.)

** I'd be curious as to how it affected them socially. If they just don't use Esperanto, if they're annoyed at their parents for foisting fluency upon them, if it gets them beat up in school or what... presumably there are more young Lojbanists these days, myself included, who may or may not intend to have children someday, and whom might think it interesting to try talking to their children in Lojban... --[[Jay Kominek|Jay]]
***Poor [http://higbee.cots.net/~holtej/klingon/index.htm 'Armand Speers], computational linguist and father of Alec Speers, the Klingon native speaker who's now lost interest (before reaching the age of 5) --- I heard random linguists in my alma mater talking about him (at third hand!) like he was committing child abuse. People often mutter darkly about logicians driving their offspring insane. Inflated, perhaps, but whatever you do, make sure Lojban isn't the very first language the kid acquires. -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]].

****Well, I guess you'd just need someone who doesn't really care what other people think about them. I don't think the government could justify taking a child from their birth parents just because the parents refuse to teach the child English. -- rizen
*****Jop:
******Are you saying by striking that text that what Armand Speers did was not child "abuse"?
**[[.kreig.daniyl.|.kreig.daniyl.]]:
***Interesting question - will the kids come upon any problems with lojban phonology? Am I right in thinking that ' and x are too similar, or will the ''jbojbe'' discover that I'm full of ''kalci'' and should go back to pronouncing my apostrophes as /h/ instead of /T/?

*** ''Arabic has ', x, and at least one more similar sound, and they get them all right, so I don't worry about any jbojbe iff the parents can do it the right way! --xod''
**** In terms of ''h-like'' sounds, we have a soft H (say 'h' normally), a hard H (imagine panting after a 10 mile run), and then the Kh sound (x). All of these are very distinct to native speakers, and I'd think the Kh sound would be the easiest to distinguish by non-natives. --[[.iusris.|.iusris.]]

*** Kids can learn any phonology, and could, hypothetically, learn to distinguish all the sounds. As it stands, though, most people unknow how to distinguish all the sounds that their language communit(ies/y) don't use when they're children. It can't ever hurt to expose children to more phonetic sounds when they're young, as it keeps them from forgetting how to tell them apart, which would make it significantly easier for them to learn languages using those sounds when they're older.
** The Ethnologue lists that there are 200-2000 native speakers of Esperanto. You can also read the article I wrote in wikipedia about it at [http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakers ative Esperanto speakers].

----

According to Olivia (la olivian.) the best way to teach a child two languages at once is for each parent to consistently use one language. --xod

At the least, associate the language with something fixed --- a certain activity, or parent, or time of day. That's what I'd read... -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]

''I can totally agree with that: I used to speak a certain dialect (only) when talking to my mother (although she didn't speak it herself, only would understand!); to me that was kind of a natural mental state I had been stamped in my early childhood. As for my wife, she is still speaking her mediaval German dialect when talking to her mother and sister.''

''Experience has shown that baby children, raised in more than one language, are beginning learning to speak later than others - but they would talk each of the languages right from the start, and without being really aware of that they're using not just *one* language.'' -- .aulun.

That jibes with what little I know about first/native language acquisition. --jay

''.u'i mi ctuca lo mi cifnu mambu'abe'a piso'u la lojban. .i mi'e ragyv''

'''.i nanla ma''' ''.i jibni re''

*I'm starting to really wish my parents did that for me; I could have been naturally multilingual instead of having to work hard at it. Now that I think about it, they never played classical music in my presence either... --[[User:PlasticRaven|Plastic Raven]]

----

*[[Becoming Indigenous|Becoming Indigenous]] to Lojbanistan

----

The issue of raising kids in a bilingual family is very complex, according to "Growing up with two languages" by Una Cunningham-Andersson and Staffan Andersson --Stevo

If I ever have children, I don't ever plan to raise them speaking Lojban, or probably any language that isn't at least somewhat spoken wherever we live. --[[User:PlasticRaven|Plastic Raven]]

Tlön, Uqbar and la gleki's fishy apples

2024-09-16T06:24:24Z

Gleki:

{{jbocre/en}}

"Fishy apples" is a concept from an unofficial article by author [[la gleki]] called "[https://jbotcan.org/lojban/en/tlon-uqbar-la-gleki-fishy-apples/ Tlön, Uqbar and la gleki's fishy apples]".

The article describes the difference between languages that describe reality as objects and languages that describe reality via properties.

==Article==
* [https://jbotcan.org/lojban/en/tlon-uqbar-la-gleki-fishy-apples/ Tlön, Uqbar and la gleki's fishy apples]

menli saske papri

2024-09-04T07:01:28Z

Gleki:

{{nalcatni}}

ENG: This is a collection of notes regarding Lojban prepared mostly by [[User:Gleki|la gleki]].

==Tailed Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 01.jpg|300px]]
[[File:menli saske 02.jpg|300px]]

ENG: Tailed Lojban. Why talk about humans? Cats also have their own tailed Lojban.

==You can't search for love==
[[File:menli saske 04.jpg|thumb]]

Lojban and why you cannot search for love like you search for your lost keys, and the danger of natural languages.

Many search for love like they search for real objects like lost keys.

We can clearly imagine "keys" as a thing, but what about "love"?

In the English language (and not only English), a noun is a word such as 'car', 'love', or 'Jim' which is used to refer to a person or thing.

However, "love" is just a word with many individual values that describe preferences of an individual or a group of people, not a thing!

Example: My love for cats is limitless.

This leads us to Lojban Grammar, where words such as "key" and "love" are relations between objects or phenomena.

Here are two examples of these:

prami - A loves B
ckiku - A is a key fitting lock B with properties C

You cannot search for love, but you can search for "se prami", the creature loved by you, or act in such a way that you start feeling love.

And "love" is "su'u prami", the abstraction (e.g., state) of being in love.

So you can clearly distinguish between "things" and "abstractions" and make relevant conclusions when using Lojban as an instrument of your reasoning.

Comment: Citations here are taken from discussions on the Zeitgeist Movement websites. The Zeitgeist Movement doesn't have any relation to Lojban.

=="To feed" in Japanese==
[[File:menli saske 05.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Get imbued with the Japanese style of reasoning, using Lojban!

The realization of the "to feed" concept.

In the Japanese language, the agent of an action can be defined using suffixes.

Let's explain it in English.

Japanese word - translation:

1. taberu - to eat
2. tabesaseru - to feed (to cause someone to eat)

1. miru - to look; misaseru - to show (to cause someone to look)
2. matsu - to wait; mataseru - to keep waiting (to cause someone to wait)

In Lojban:

citka – to eat
gasnu – A causes B to happen
citka gasnu – to feed, literally "to cause in the aspect of eating"
gasnu lo nu citka – to feed, literally "to cause an eating process"

In Lojban, this concept is so important that the word "to feed" was even included in the dictionary in the form of a compound word created using compressed roots (usually called affixes or "rafsi" in Lojban):

ctigau

cti-gau - to feed
cti - an affix of the word "citka"
gau - an affix of the word "gasnu"

As for the rest of the words, we can apply the same concept, only changing the roots when necessary.

One more example showing that causative is grammaticalized in Japanese:

先生が質問をたくさん聞かせてくれた。

Transfer: Following the teacher's proposal, many questions were asked.

Parsing the text: Teacher {rheme, nominative case suffix} question {accusative case suffix} many ask+{causative suffix}+{verbal adverb suffix} give+{past tense suffix}.

==Aymara trivalent logic==

[[File:menli saske 07.jpg|500px]]

Was the Aymara language created by aliens? And why is Lojban relevant here?

When European researchers started studying the Aymara language spoken in South America, they were astonished by its orderly design.

Some even claimed that humans had no ability to construct such a language and therefore it had probably been constructed by aliens and presented to humanity.

But sometimes reality is more enchanting than any fairy tale.

Aymara is a language of people, constructed by people and for people.

One of its core features is trivalent logic.

While European languages divide our world by two (yes/no, good/bad), Aymara divides it by three: yes, no, and somewhere in between.

Let's have an example.

"Will it rain tomorrow?" We have three realizations:
A. It will rain.
B. Either it will rain or it will be dry.
C. It will be dry.
For each option, we can have three opinions:
+ "yes, it is so"
0 "I don't know" or "it's not known"
‒ "no, it won't be so"
Now for each of the options, we give one of our three opinions which (as a simple count says) can give us up to 27 possible answers. Let's look at one of them to be more clear:
A B C
+ ‒ ‒
* Under A we see +, which means that we agree that it'll be raining tomorrow.
* Under B we see -, so we reject any doubt about this event.
* Under C we see -, so we reject the drought for tomorrow.

In other words, "+ ‒ ‒" means certitude that it will rain tomorrow (see the picture for some other examples).

Lojban, although having native support for trivalent logic (such series as ja'ai/cu'i/nai and je'a/no'e/to'e), is still in the beginning stages of absorbing Aymara's advances in mind research.

The development of a clean trivalent logic system applied to Lojbanic indicators of love, fear, doubt, etc. will lead to the realization of an instrument unprecedented in human history.

This instrument will express human emotions, attitudes, and relations towards the Universe.
----
Further reading:

http://aymara.org/biblio/html/igr/igr3.html

http://aymara.org/biblio/html/igr/igr4.html
----
John Clifford once said this research was wrong. But yes, we need learning resources to prove his claim. Well, learning Spanish only to figure out whether to apply a trivalent system to Lojban... ha, nice idea.

=="Bitten by a dog" in different languages==
[[File:menli saske 08.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I was bitten by a dog". How people of different language backgrounds express this idea.

English style:
✔mi pu se batci lo gerku - I was bitten by a dog

Spanish style:
✔pu se batci lo gerku - Was bitten by a dog

German style:
✔mi lo gerku ba'o se batci - I have, by a dog, been bitten

Chinese style:
✔batci gerku - Bite dog

Turkish style:
✔fe lo gerku pu selbatci fa mi - By a dog bitten was I

Master Yoda from Star Wars:
✔pu batci mi fa lo gerku - Bitten me have a dog

[Source: http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/why-i-like.html]

==Italian "ciao" and Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 09.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"Ciao" in Italian means both "Hello!" and "Good-bye!".

This attractive example shows that words in natural languages can possess incompatible properties.

Of course, in Lojban, we can think up a word which will mean both a greeting and a farewell.

For example, at a meeting, it would be possible to say:

"jikca" - it means something like "Contact!" Literally, 'jikca' means "socialize". After all, we don't know whether it's the beginning of the conversation or the end.

or 'penmi' - to meet (again, 'penmi' could also denote a hint that the meeting is coming to an end).

There are other nice solutions:

.io (it is read as "yoh!") - expresses respect.

ge'e - is an interjection which expresses any emotion, without specifying it.

It would be entertaining to use these words not only in Lojban but also while speaking in your native language.

==Lojban language. The power of simplicity.==
[[File:menli saske 10.jpg|thumb|Copyright Robin Lee Powell, 2012]]

Lojban helps us see relations between objects. But sometimes being precise in pointing to relations is not what we want. Is it possible to express thoughts more briefly?

The answer is yes.

Skillful Lojban speakers have realized the power of tanru constructions.

Tanru is just a simple chain of words sticking to each other. Every word in this chain acts as a modifier, as an 'adjective' of the next word.

Let's take an example:

"She is trying to crawl on the floor".

Although we can think a lot about what process the verb "to try" should denote here or how "to crawl" is connected with the floor,

we can simply say:

"Ta loldi cpare troci" - literally "that-one floor-crawl-tries".

And yes, it's that short, simple, and comprehensible!

"Floor" (loldi) is connected in an unspecified manner to "crawling" (cpare). And the resulting floor-crawling is connected to "trying" (troci).

Start learning Lojban, and you'll set your mind free!

[About the photo in this post: Copyright Robin Lee Powell, 2012]

==How close is Lojban to other languages?==
[[File:menli saske 11.jpg|thumb]]

Syntax apart, Lojban sometimes acts and sounds similar to other languages.

Look at the Chinese word "měi-nǚ" that denotes a beautiful girl. Literally:

"měi" means "beautiful"
"nǚ" means "woman" (of any age)

Lojban acts the same way:

"mle" is a short form for the word "beautiful"
"ni'u" is a short form for the word "woman" (of any age)

This results in a similar-sounding word structure.

==The word "Mu". Lojban is ready to explain Eastern philosophy.==
[[File:menli saske 12.jpg|thumb]]

There is a special word in Chinese and Japanese, pronounced as wú and mu correspondingly.

Although it's usually translated as "not, not having", it has a special meaning in philosophy.

Here is the story:

A monk asked Zhaozhou Congshen, a Chinese Zen master, "Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?"

Zhaozhou answered, "Wú" (in Japanese translation - "Mu").

This answer, which is literally translated to mean that dogs do not have Buddha nature, may actually mean that such categorical thinking is a delusion and the question is not correct.

Alternatively, it may mean that either a positive or negative answer is absurd because there is no particular thing called Buddha-nature.

Robert M. Pirsig said in one of his novels:

"For example, it's stated over and over again that computer circuits exhibit only two states, a voltage for 'one' and a voltage for 'zero'. ... [But try] to find a voltage representing one or zero when the power is off! The circuits are in a mu state."

So why is Lojban relevant here? It has several cute words such as:

{na'i} - It lets the asker know the question cannot have been asked because it's incorrectly formed. Therefore, "na'i" metaphorically unasks the question.

{co'e} - It denotes any relation between any objects, facts, or events.
e.g. {mi co'e do} - "I somehow have some relation, connection to you". It may mean anything depending on the context, from "I love you" or "I'm your son" to "I'll eat you".

There are more words that are so easy to use in Lojban but are absent or extremely hard to express in other languages.

See how we can accelerate our thoughts if such complicated things can be managed in Lojban at the speed of light on a daily basis?

==Let's feel the spirit of Native American languages==
[[File:menli saske 13.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

We'll use the standard emulating language of Lojban for that purpose.

inikwihl'minik'isit (in Nuu-chah-nulth language)

Translation: The lights were burning in the house

inikwihl'minik'isit is split into the following blocks:

inkiw - fire / burn
ihl - in-house
'minik - plural
'is - diminutive
it - past tense

So this is how we can emulate it in Lojban:

fagykemyzdanerso'icmapru

which is divided into the following blocks:

fag kem zda ner so'i cma pru

fag - fire
kem - opening bracket
zda - home
ner - within
so'i - few
cma - small
pru - past-event

So we get:

fire ( house within few little past-event )

So the Native Americans literally say "Fire event, associated with the small objects in the number of several pieces inside the house".

Simple non-emulating translation to Lojban looks like this:

so'i cmalu fagri puca'o jelca ne'i le zdani

Several small fires in the past continuously burn inside the house.

=="wow" in languages==
[[File:menli saske 14.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

There is a Lojbanic word .uesai (it's read as "weh-say!")

It means "Wow!" This exclamation is used when you are amazed by something.

Surprisingly, the Chinese "wasai" means almost the same.

"wasai" is the expression of strong surprise.

==Comparison of languages with a fixed level of concretion==
[[File:menli saske 15.jpg|300px]]

ENG:

Toki Pona much depends on context. Quijada tried to get rid of all metaphors and therefore context in his Ithkuil. Lojban was never intended to be a semantically regularized language, although of course, it's much more regular than natural languages.

==aUI==
[[File:menli saske 16.jpg|300px]]
[[File:menli saske 17.jpg|300px]]
aUI, The Language of Space, was created by W. John Weilgart. Its goal is to create a form of communication based on what he proposed to be universal, basic elements of human thought and expression, that presented meaning in a straightforward and logical manner.

Here is one possible translation of those elements to Lojban.

See also http://www.anomalist.com/reports/language.html

=="I give you money" or "I give money to you?"==
[[File:menli saske 18.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I give you money" or "I give money to you?" - Direct and indirect objects in Khmer language, English, and Slavic.

In many languages, the order in which
the direct object (in this case "money") and
the indirect object (the recipient)
are placed is very important.

For example, in English we say "I give you money", but "I give money you" sounds meaningless.

In the Khmer language, "Give me the money" will be "aoi luy kniom." But note that "lui" is "money" and "knyom" is "I" (in English it would look like "Give money me", which is also impossible).

In some languages, e.g., in Slavic languages, we can play with the order using cases (in this example, accusative and dative).

In Lojban, we have access to all options, including a version with the preposition "fa'a" (towards ..., in the direction of ...) to indicate the indirect object - the recipient.

But the default word "dunda - to give" has the following order of objects:

dunda - "(A) gives/presents/gives the gift/present (B) towards (C) (recipient)"

==Amazingly "sold" means "bought" in Lojban!==
[[File:menli saske 19.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

What? Impossible?

The phrase "mo'u se vecnu" means both "sold" and "bought" in Lojban.

Meanings of each word:
vecnu = seller A sells goods B to buyer C for cost D.
mo'u = denotes completed action.
se = refers to the second argument (B)

If we think over this fact, we'll understand that something sold is at the same time bought.

Lojban draws our attention to the interconnection of elements in any solid phenomenon.

==Feel the Hungarian way of thinking using Lojban language==
[[File:menli saske 20.jpg|thumb]]

Emulating the phrase "German History".

"a Németország történelme" - "History of Germany" in Hungarian.

a - the definite article
Németország - Germany
történelem - history
történelme - history of it, the previous word (possessive form)

Some nouns lose the last vowel when the suffix is being attached to them. So we remove the vowel from "történelem" and get "történelm-". Then we attach the possessive suffix -a/-e (possessor: third person, singular, possessed: singular) and we get "történelme".

Simulation using Lojban language:

We need to make the phrase
"Germany" "history+possessiveness-of-the-last-word."

la doitcland. - Germany
citri - A is a history of B.
srana - A belongs to B

"la .doitcland. ke citri zei srana" - literally "to Germany in the historical aspect belonging" that can be reduced to

"la .doitcland. citrysrana" - History of Germany

==Logic and intuition: The European way==
[[File:menli saske 21.png|thumb|In this picture: Lojban double ring logo. Logic - cornflower blue, intuition - violet.]]

ENG:

Speakers of Lojban often assert that this constructed language is so flexible that its grammar is universal for the whole planet. This is indeed true.

Let us examine from the perspective of Lojban how predicate relations are expressed in European languages.

We won't study every peculiar feature of every European language here. We need to grasp the essence of them.

Fortunately, this task was completed long ago. The main points of those languages are represented in Esperanto, a very well-known planned language. So we can examine this essence from the viewpoint of only one language.

Morphemes in Esperanto words set a very precise structure of sentences.

* -as/-is/-os/-us/-u = predicate
* -e = modifiers for predicates
* -o / -on = arguments of predicates
* -a / -an = subsidiary predicates-modifiers for those arguments

More complex structures are expressed using word order.

Let us take an example:

:''The brown fox quickly jumps to the tree.''
:Bruna vulpo rapide saltas al arbo.

Look at the endings of Esperanto words to understand the class of every word.

This design completely covers the expressiveness level of European languages.

We can easily understand this short list if we are familiar with the more generalized Lojbanic grammar:

:The brown fox quickly jumps onto the tree.
:'''lo bunre lorxu ku sutra plipe lo tricu'''

* Predicate is not marked.
* Modifiers stick to the left of predicates.
* Arguments are expressed using lo ... ku brackets.
* Subsidiary modifiers of arguments also stick to the left but inside lo ... ku brackets.
* More complex structures (of any level of complexity) are expressed with "be ... bei ... be'o" and "fi'o ...fe'u" brackets (for precise predicate style) or with "ke ... ke'e" brackets (simple style).

While using them, you are free to use "and" / "or" conjunctions and also more elegant conjunctions that are too complex to describe in English. It's better to learn and feel them through examples of sentences.

==Our brain and ships of Christopher Columbus==
[[File:menli saske 22.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

It is said that when the first ships of Christopher Columbus arrived in America, the native inhabitants couldn't see those ships because their appearance was IMPOSSIBLE for their experience, and therefore their brains DELETED the images of the ships from their perception. Consequently, they simply ignored those ships as if they didn't exist.

Many ask, "What if a language doesn't express a certain feeling? Maybe the speakers of that language can't possess that feeling?"

Although this can be partially true, consider the example with Columbus's ships. If we can't see them, does it mean that they don't exist?

Isn't it the right approach to start learning a language that will allow you to feel something that you have no words for in your native speech?

Indeed, there is a language that can make your thoughts clear and expand your understanding of how we think.

So, welcome to the world of Lojban, the language with the most elaborate design in the world, an instrument for personal development.

==Konstantin Boyandin about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 24.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Lojban, even though this analogy is not entirely accurate, is a version of the assembly language for natural languages. It's an intermediate language that can convey the most bizarre versions of the relationships between objects and the nuances of those relationships, not taking the bias of any natural language.

(Konstantin Boyandin, Russian science fiction writer)

==No nouns and verbs in Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 25.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Why is there no distinction between nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles, and adverbs in Lojban?

Let's also consider "Melbi bajra - graceful runner."

Take three phrases in English:
A. Gracefully runs
B. Graceful runner
C. Gracefully running

What parts of speech have we used in the examples?
A. Adverb, verb
B. Adjective, noun
C. Adverb, participle
But all three sentences describe the same pattern.

Therefore, we can call this picture "Melbi bajra."

melbi - beautiful, bajra - to run

And "melbi bajra" can be translated as any of the three examples.

This example shows that without any confusion or hang-ups, Lojban describes the essence of the phenomenon having ONE meaning, which even within one language (English) can be expressed in different ways.

Not surprisingly, the vocabulary of Lojban can be learned much faster.

This is possible once you realize that there's no need for such distinctions between parts of speech. Lojban doesn't copy the syntax and grammar of other languages.

Lojban expresses meaning with any level of precision that you need.

And no language can rival it.

[Note:]

In English, an adverb for a verb is the same as an adjective for a noun. Adverbs and adjectives are kinds of modifiers (not just "running," but "running gracefully"; not just "a runner," but "a graceful runner").

==Gender in words==
[[File:menli saske 26.png|thumb]]

The class a word belongs to often imposes erroneous assumptions in natural languages.

Here's a story:

A father and his son got into a road accident. They were taken to the hospital. The surgeon looked at the son and said: "It's my son!"

How can that story be true?

The surgeon was his mother.

But 90% of surgeons are males. We subconsciously think that any surgeon must be male by default.

Such wrong assumptions might lead to unpredictable results.

But there is a way to get rid of such flaws encoded in the language: by choosing a better language.

For example, Lojban, the language that has no bias of masculine/feminine words that should not imply gender in their meaning.

Lojban is the most documented language in the world with a precise design.

==Place structure is like a necklace with gems==
[[File:menli saske 27.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Meanings are interconnected in Lojban like gems of a necklace.

"Rider - route - vehicle" are interconnected like gems of a necklace.

Five English terms:
A. rider
B. destination
C. point of departure
D. route
E. vehicle
One would think that they sound different. What do they have in common?

Well, look how they sound in Lojban:
A. klama
B. se klama
C. te klama
D. ve klama
E. xe klama
This remarkable regularity and ease of memorization of the five words is explained by the fact that "klama" is a kind of "necklace" of five beads, each associated with the others in meaning. Indeed, how can there be a destination without someone going to that destination (even if this person is imaginary)?

This is what the word "klama" really means:

klama - (A) goes to (B) from (C) via the route (D) using the vehicle (E)

This is just one example of how Lojban is amazingly well thought out.

==About plural number==
[[File:menli saske 28.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

About plural number.

"Elephant lives in Africa" or "Elephants live in Africa?"

In English, any noun has either a singular or plural marker.

However, consider the following statement:

"Elephant lives in Africa."

Are we talking about one elephant? No, here we mean that most elephants live in Africa.

We use singular, but we mean plural.

To remove this barrier, we can use the Lojban language. In Lojban, words don't have singular or plural by default. You don't have to add endings like you add -s/-es in English.

✔ lo xanto ku se zdani la .afrik. - Elephant / Elephants live in Africa.

But we can clarify:

✔ lo'e xanto ku se zdani la .afrik. - Typical elephant lives in Africa
✔ lo pa xanto ku se zdani la .afrik. - An elephant, one elephant lives in Africa. We are talking about only one elephant.
✔ lo za'u xanto ku se zdani la .afrik. - Elephants (any number greater than one) live in Africa

Note that some natural languages partially work this way. For example, in Japanese, words don't have plural/singular markers by default.

==Deep-blue and light-blue in English and Slavic languages==
[[File:menli saske 29.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

The language you speak can affect how you see the world.

Native speakers of Russian discriminated between light and dark blues differently from their English-speaking counterparts. The Russian language makes an obligatory distinction between light blue, pronounced "goluboy", and dark blue, pronounced "siniy". In English, both colors are denoted by one word - blue. This linguistic distinction influences color perception.

During the experiment, subjects completed two types of tests: in one version, the three squares were of a similar shade, whereas the other test involved one square that was a markedly different shade - for example, distinguishing a dark blue from a light blue.

It is noteworthy that Russian speakers were 10% faster at distinguishing between light (goluboy) blues and dark (siniy) blues than at discriminating between blues within the same shade category.

This shows cross-linguistic differences in color perception in an objective task.

As for Lojban, we are ready to eliminate this confusion.

cicna - aquamarine
blanu - blue
zirpu - purple

Using simple combinations like "cicna blanu, zirpu blanu" and by making compound single words out of them, we can introduce the needed colors.

Source data: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11759-russian-speakers-get-the-blues.html

==Was Leibniz dreaming about Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 31.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz said that reality is composed of 1. substances and 2. their properties, and the basic linguistic structure should mirror the having of properties by substances.

The subject-predicate form appears to be very convenient for this. E.g., in the sentence "Paris is the lover," the subject 'Paris' identifies the individual substance Paris, and the predicate 'is the lover' ascribes the property of loving to him.

(Note: Lojban is also based primarily on predicate logic)

And the sentence "Paris is the lover of Helen" asserts a relationship between two subjects, Paris and Helen. It is equivalent to the two sentences "Paris loves" and "Helen is loved" + that each is true only because the other is true. This removes relations from within sentences and turns them into causal relations between sentences.

Relations don't correspond to distinct components of reality, but to facts about why things are as they are.

(Note: Lojban doesn't split such relations into separate components, preserving Leibniz's views).

Asymmetrical relations. Leibniz turns "a is wiser than b" into the two propositions "as to wisdom, a is superior" and "as to wisdom, b is inferior".

(Note: Lojban also has the predicate {zmadu} meaning "a exceeds/is more than b in property/quantity c by amount d" and has separate predicate words for other concepts like "wise").

Abstractions. It is essential to distinguish between truths about abstractions and truths about individual substances. If we define a triangle as a plane figure with three angles and three sides, we can say: 'A triangle is a plane figure', or: 'A triangle has three angles', or even: 'A triangle has fewer than five sides.' But it makes no sense to ascribe a particular shape or size to triangularity in general, or to ascribe a particular color or weight to an abstract triangle of a definite shape or size.

(Note: Lojban makes a clear distinction between objects and abstractions by such words as su'u - generalize abstractor, ka - property, ni - amount, etc.)

A better language. Leibniz was not interested in tinkering with ordinary language. He was concerned with the possibility of an ideal language in which every truth could be expressed without recourse to relational properties. If you could describe all the properties of substances, you could deduce any relational truths you liked, but they would give no new information about reality. For instance, if you knew the weights of two objects, the assertion that one was heavier than the other would add nothing. It would merely be a vaguer way of describing one particular aspect of the facts from which it was derived.

Computers. Leibniz imagined a machine in which binary numbers were represented by marbles moving by gravity, governed by a sort of punched cards. Modern computers replace marbles with pulses of electrons, but otherwise they run just as Leibniz envisioned in 1679.

==Quijada about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 32.jpg|thumb]]

==Have a question about how to say a phrase in Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 33.jpg|thumb]]

Kidding, of course.

==Deep blue sea==
[[File:menli saske 34.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

blanu je condi xamsi - Blue deep sea

(simple non-emulating translation)

But we can imitate Ithkuil language, known as allegedly the most precise language in the world.

"Deep Blue Sea" - in English
"xwaléix oípřai'lîň olfái'lobîň" - in Ithkuil

"blanu je condybarda je candydjacybracanlu" - in Lojban

literally:
(something) is blue and deep-large and is an inactive water-large-volume (i.e., the sea).

Well, in ordinary speech we can just say:
blanu je condi xamsi - blue and deep sea

The parsing of the emulated phrase:
1. blanu - blue
2. je - "and simultaneously"
3. condybarda - great in the aspect of depth
4. barda - large compared with the standard
5. condi (-cond-) - deep
6. je - "and simultaneously"
7. candy-djacy-bra-canlu - inactive, water, large, volume

cando (-cand-) inactive
djacu (-djac-) water
canlu (-canl-) volume
barda (-bra-) large

==Zlango picture language==
[[File:menli saske 35.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

menli melbi bangu - "mind beauty language" in Zlango symbolic language.

Literally:
Thought - Beauty (swan) - Speak

==John Clifford==
[[File:menli saske 37.jpg|thumb]]

John E. Clifford: "Semantic Primes: aUI to Esperanto with Stops Along the Way"

Abstract: Semantic primes are units of meaning, presumably relatively few in number (relative to the OED anyhow), in terms of which "all" other meanings can be defined. That there must be such things has been known since defining began to be studied, and they were early involved in created languages (histories always offer up typographical horrors from the 17th century, e.g., Urquhart's). We will look at how this notion plays out in a few modern created languages: aUI, in which it is of central importance, informing word construction as well as semantics; toki pona, in which the notion is not explicit but is clearly active in vocabulary choice; Lojban (and Loglan), in which the notion is rejected in favor of semantic primitives, a larger list which are still meant to allow defining everything else, but which may themselves also be defined; and Esperanto, in which the notion plays almost no role at all. We shall also look at the notion in the context of scientific linguistics, where the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) program is attempting to find the semantic primes of various languages in the hope of developing a list which works for all languages. This search is obviously an empirical one, while many created languages use an a priori (or intuitive) approach to selecting primes. These approaches, as well as the limitations on techniques for forming definitions using primes, are topics we take up. Along the way, we will look at how vocabulary is related to meaning units, at some problems that proposed systems of primes run into, and at an emerging set of primes and definition techniques.

Bio: John E. Clifford (Parks-Clifford -- whence his sobriquets in Loglan and Lojban, pc and pycyn -- for the duration of one wife) received a BA from Michigan State, then spent a year at Princeton before settling in at UCLA for a decade. In that time, he acquired an MA in Linguistics and a PhD in Philosophy (dissertation on natural language tense and tense logic). He spent 33 years in the Philosophy Department of the University of Missouri - St. Louis, teaching Logic (from Critical Thinking through Gödel), Asian Philosophy, and Philosophy of Religion, and occasionally other things that needed teaching. He was an Esperantist from his second year at Exeter, though mainly lapsed. He first worked with Loglan in 1960 (after the Scientific American article) as a contribution to the machine translation program at RAND. When Loglan reemerged in 1975, he reupped, becoming the first editor of The Loglanist, a member of the board of The Loglan Institute and eventually Vice-President, then President. He joined the Logical Language Group in the mid-80s and has participated actively in the development of Lojban, mainly advocating more logic in keeping with his early exposure -- under Carnap and the like -- to the notion of a logically perfect language. He was involved with aUI while sabbatical in Iowa and has recently taken up toki pona and a good old Logical Positivist examination of NSM. He is still looking for an empirically testable hypothesis that comes close to the informal proposals of Sapir and Whorf.

=="A beautiful cat is sleeping." Imitating nominative sentences using Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 39.jpg|300px]]

[[File:menli saske 40.jpg|300px]]

jibni je melbi je mlatu je sipna je cabna
"A beautiful cat is sleeping."

Literally 5 predicates equally interconnected with "and" conjunction ("je" in Lojban)

Something that is near and is beautiful and is a cat and is sleeping.

ko'a corresponds to "it/he/she" in English.

==Unhate!==
[[File:menli saske 41.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: Xenduktygau

ENG: Unhate!

RUS: Перестань ненавидеть!

"Unhate" means to change your hatred to the opposite feeling.

In Lojban:

xebni - to hate (short root is -xen-)
dukti - contrary, opposite (-dukt-)
gasnu - to cause (-gau-)

To cause the opposite of hatred:

"Xebni dukti gasnu" or in short "xenduktygau"

==mi prami do==
[[File:menli saske 45.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: mi prami do

ENG: I love you

RUS: Я люблю тебя

ENG: Zlango, the symbolic language. This is a sentence that can be understood by anyone without translation.

RUS: Символьный язык Zlango. Это понятная без перевода фраза.

==One of the longest place names in the world==
[[File:menli saske 48.jpg|thumb]]

One of the longest place names that is in daily use today is the informal name of a hill (305 m above sea level) on the North Island, New Zealand. This name is composed of 85 letters, and translated from the Maori language as "The summit where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, the climber of mountains, the land-swallower who traveled about, played his nose flute to his loved one."

As it's just a curiosity, we will not emulate its name in Lojban. Although we could.

==What people say about Lojban? Justin Gagnon==
[[File:menli saske 51.jpg|300px]]

Justin Gagnon (whose mother tongue is English) is studying Latin, Esperanto, toki pona, German, Gaelic, Icelandic, and American Sign Language.

==Wabi-sabi in Japan==
[[File:menli saske 52.jpg|thumb]]

Wabi-sabi is the ability to see the beauty of something incomplete [in the picture: Garden "Ryōan-ji"].

Wabi-sabi is a Japanese ability to perceive beautiful objects in their natural simplicity, asymmetry, or roughness.

A list of wabi-sabi examples:
* Japanese gardens, Zen gardens, and bonsai (tray gardens)
* Ikebana (flower arrangement)
* Japanese tea ceremony
* Japanese poetry, particularly haiku
* Japanese pottery, notably Hagi ware
* Honkyoku (traditional shakuhachi music of wandering Zen monks)

Wabi-sabi is hard to explain using Western terms.

Wabi-sabi (侘寂) literally comes from words "wabi", the loneliness of living in nature, and "sabi", chill, lean, or withered.

Wabi-sabi is the most conspicuous and characteristic feature of traditional Japanese beauty and it occupies roughly the same position in the Japanese pantheon of aesthetic values as do the Greek ideals of beauty and perfection in the West. [Koren, Leonard]

If an object or expression can bring about, within us, a sense of serene melancholy and a spiritual longing, then that object could be said to be wabi-sabi. [Juniper, Andrew]

And it nurtures all that is authentic by acknowledging three simple realities: nothing lasts, nothing is finished, and nothing is perfect. [Powell, Richard R.]

We suggest translating this term to Lojban as:

nalmulnymle - from "na'e mulno melbi", beautiful in the aspect of incompleteness.

Comment: Some say that one can perceive it without being Japanese.
E.g., to see it in the crack on Campana Reina or in the absence of hands and head in the Victory of Samothrace statue.

==Feminine logic and Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 53.jpg|thumb]]

ro lo pavmora ku melbi
"All peacocks are beautiful"

"Balance of female and male thinking in Lojban."

There are assumptions that modern languages bear a shade of male thinking and aren't suitable for women.

This skew leads to conflicts when men justify "But I only told..." And women are compelled to reply "You told this, but you meant that...". It is possible to tell a lot of things using intonation and gestures that aren't taken into consideration by both sexes.

The solution is available in some languages of American Indians that possess emotional indicators.
These indicators find their full embodiment in the system of the Lojban language.

Do we have a right to say "All peacocks are beautiful" if they aren't pleasant to someone?
This is a trait of European languages. Postulates are given without mentioning whose opinion it is.

Let's recall uncountable slogans of politicians and advertising.
"This medicine is the best!"
"This mop is the most durable!"

But who says that? Whose opinion is it?

Let's add an attitudinal indicator to the title of this article.
pe'i ro lo pavmora ku melbi - In my opinion, all peacocks are beautiful
ru'a ro lo pavmora ku melbi - I postulate that all peacocks are beautiful
ju'a ro lo pavmora ku melbi - I state (without proofs) that all peacocks are beautiful

Now you are talking! We get understanding immediately.
Lojban gives balance of pure logic and live empathy of events.

One of Lojban's symbols is two rings. Dark blue denotes pure logic, and violet denotes feelings.

P.S. One of our readers replied:

ru'a ji'a ro lo nanmu ku ka'e cinmo
.i ru'a ji'a so'u lo ninmu ku ka'e pensi

==What others say about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 54.jpg|thumb]]

"I'm sure that the ability to understand, the live interaction is what the future will demand of people. Among other instruments of achieving this, I can see Lojban, the language that allows carrying thoughts with ease and faultlessly".

Konstantin Boyandin, Russian science fiction/fantasy/horror writer.

==What people say about Lojban? Dm. Lichargin==
[[File:menli saske 56.jpg|thumb]]

I have continued the development of Palmer's concept of "Open and Talk" tables. These tables allow you to speak a foreign language without preliminary knowledge of words or rules. While developing the tables, I repeatedly appealed to examples from the Lojban Reference Grammar. It helped me make the method more efficient. (Dmitry Lichargin, Krasnoyarsk, Russia)

Dmitry Lichargin, Krasnoyarsk (Ph.D. in engineering linguistics), is studying how natural languages are generated. He is also developing oGiro, the language of semantic transcription that, among other applications, allows recording non-terminal symbols of Chomsky's generative grammars.

==Life is beautiful without the marker of future tense==
[[File:menli saske 57.jpg|thumb]]

Life is beautiful without the marker of future tense (and how it is related to the Lojban language)

Studies have shown that languages in which the future tense marker is optional have an enormous impact on people's lives.

In languages such as German, Finnish, and Chinese, you can talk about the future without a special marker.
For example, by saying literally
"Tomorrow morning is cold" instead of
"Tomorrow morning will be cold."

Families that speak languages without an obligatory future tense marker have shown to be:
+ 13% less obese.
+ In these families, people are healthier during life.
+ On average, they keep 30% more savings for the future.

Language affects people's lives.
The opportunity to talk about the future as if it were present makes people think about their future more often.
They perceive their future as if it were within reach.

So let's start speaking a language that is free from limitations and let's live a happy life!

"lo bavlamdei cerni ku ka solri - Tomorrow morning *is* sunny!"
----

More on this subject (in English): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiobJhogNnA (or http://vk.com/videos-5014685?z=video-5014685_16253277)

See also http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21518574

==The feeling of unity==
[[File:menli saske 58.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: cecmu jbini se cinmo

Ithkuil: âpkal eqöerxh

Loglan: munbitfio

Laadan: lol

ENG: The feeling of unity.

RUS: Чувство единства.

Largest thinkers in the field of semantics in known history:
John Quijada - the author of Ithkuil
James Cooke Brown - the author of Loglan
Suzette Haden Elgin - the author of Laadan

==Ivan A. Ruban about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 60.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I'm sure that the knowledge of Lojban will help understand and realize semantic structures and advance the theory of extraction, storage, and conversion of data.

As a result, this will bring us closer to the creation of artificial intelligence."

Ivan A. Ruban was born in Pyatigorsk, Russia, where he graduated from Kavminvodsky Service Institute (a branch of SRSUES) in "Information Systems and Technology." After completing graduate studies, he became a postgraduate student at SRSUES Shakhty in "Information Systems and Processes."

Main interests: Programming, Psychology, Methods and tools for extraction and representation of meanings.

The research topic was originally called "Psychonetic functions," but so far it has expanded to the study of the structure of meanings.

The author's article (in Russian) on the theory of fuzzy meaning:

https://sites.google.com/site/cernidirgo/vsacina/necetkaa-semantika

=="Do you want tea or coffee? - Yes."==
[[File:menli saske 62.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:menli saske 63.jpg|thumb]]

This striking answer shows the power of Lojban, the logical language.

There is nothing wrong with this answer. Indeed, maybe the man in the picture doesn't care what to drink.

However, from a logical point of view, there is an important distinction from questions that ask for a choice.

In Lojban, the word {jonai} means "either this or that." E.g.:

Xu do djica tu'a lo tcati jonai lo ckafi? - Do you want tea or coffee?

The answer can be either {go'i} ("Yes, I want tea or coffee") or {na go'i} ("No, I don't want tea or coffee").

However, if we want to ask what the listener would like to choose from, we need a different word - {je'i}. It'll be translated to English exactly the same:

Xu do djica tu'a lo tcati je'i lo ckafi? - Do you want tea or coffee?

However, the answer will be different:

{je} - "Both" (both tea and coffee)
{naje} - not the first one but the second one (i.e., coffee)
{jenai} - the first one but not the second one (i.e., tea)
{najenai} - none (neither the first nor the second)
{jonai} - "either tea or coffee but not both"

This is how things work in our brains. But in order to correctly understand and express them, we have to use a better language.

Start this journey today! http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/

[Note: Some languages do work a bit like Lojban. E.g., Chinese employs the Lojbanic form of such connective questions.

The Chinese sentence "ni3 zou3 hai2shi pao3 - You walk [or?] run?"

means "Do you walk or run?", and is exactly parallel to the Lojban:

"do cadzu je'i bajra - You walk [or?] run?"

However, Chinese does not use similar logical connectives when replying to such a question, so it still doesn't fully reflect what we can do in Lojban.]

==Question mark in Spanish==
[[File:menli saske 64.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

The question mark in Spanish is put not only at the end but also at the beginning of the sentence in a special reverse form.

"¿Te gusta el verano?" = "Do you like summer?"
"Te gusta el verano." = "You like summer."

But why have two symbols? In a long sentence, this helps to understand that this sentence is going to be interrogative.

Interestingly, in sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol inverted question mark.

For example:
"En el caso de que no puedas ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?" = "In case you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?"

What about Lojban? How can we show at the beginning of the sentence that it's interrogative? Of course, all punctuation marks are absolutely optional in Lojban. Everything is expressed in pronounceable words.

And indeed, the word we need exists. It's {pau}.

{pau do nelci lo crisa vau xu} = "¿Do you like summer?"

{pau} explicitly marks the sentence as interrogative. And the real interrogative particle {xu} is put after the sentence is closed with {vau}.

Of course, we can just say:
{xu do nelci lo crisa} = literally "¿Do you like summer". The meaning will be the same.

Or we can exchange the two words and say:
{xu do nelci lo crisa vau pau} = "?Do you like summer¿"

Although the question word {xu} is at the beginning, in long sentences we might forget that there was a question. But {pau} at the end will remind us that the question is to be answered.

Isn't it nice to have such optional flexibility?

==Topic and comment in different languages==
[[File:menli saske 66.jpg|thumb]]

In many languages, it is possible to declare some general information and then say some details about it.

E.g., in English we can say:
"As for fish, sea bream is most delicious"

Here "As for fish" is the topic of the sentence, and "sea bream is most delicious" is the comment.

However, there are languages that enforce speakers to use such structure wherever possible. Japanese uses two special words: "wa" to mark topic, and "ga" to mark subject of comment.

Interestingly, subject is kind of a small topic inside the big one.

E.g.:
"Sakana-wa tai-ga oishi-i desu."
literally
"Fish: sea bream delicious [end of the sentence]"

Can we do that in Lojban? Sure.

Here we go:
{lo finpe zo'u lo kantaro cu kukte}.

Here {lo finpe} ("fish") is separated from the rest of the sentence with {zo'u} that delimits topic from comment.

We can go even further and detach {lo kantaro} ("sea bream", by the way, this word sounds just as in Italian!). And we get:
{lo finpe zo'u lo kantaro zo'u kukte}.

So we have one big topic ("fish"), then a small one ("sea bream") and then the rest of the sentence that says that it is delicious.

Now it sounds structurally much like Japanese.

Isn't it cool?

==New words in Lojban and why ancient languages here?==
[[File:menli saske 67.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

{vedli}.

x1 remembers experience x2 (li'i)

{x1 lifri x2} is implied. See also {morji}, {lifri}. Proposed short rafsi {-ve'i-}.

{vedli} is distinct from {morji} in that your own experience is a special type of memory.

Let's compare:
1. I remember that Columbus discovered America ({morji}, remember facts like e.g. scientific facts).
2. I remember how I fell down the stairs ({vedli}, remember direct experience including your sensation).

This second experience-memory is the ability to "replay", in some sense, past experiences. A phone number and a kiss are two very different things to remember, which is why Lojban distinguishes between them in this case.

Interestingly, such clear distinction between memories-of-feelings (to wit) and memories-of-facts (to remember-know) existed in ancient languages like Sanskrit, Old English, or Old Russian.

Example:
{da mi se vedli gi'e fi do se skicu}
What I wist I told to you.
("wist" is the past form of the verb "to wit")

==The unique Voynich manuscript==
[[File:menli saske 69.jpg|thumb]]

sei zgana lo munje - Watching the world.

The unique Voynich manuscript, written in an unknown alphabet in a mysterious language more than 600 years ago, shows it has a genuine message inside.

For any given language, content-bearing words tend to occur in a clustered pattern, where they are required as part of the specific information being written. When the topic is changed, it leads to the shift in the patterns of words that carry meaning (not words that are only syntactically meaningful).

Dr. Montemurro at the University of Manchester has found that the text of the Voynich manuscript reveals precisely such patterns. It's now clear that the text is not a hoax. And this is the first serious justification of the authenticity of the manuscript as a meaningful book.

Dr. Montemurro believes it unlikely that these features were simply "incorporated" into the text to make a hoax more realistic, as most of the required academic knowledge of these structures did not exist at the time the Voynich manuscript was created.

What can hide itself in the text of the manuscript? Major crimes, buried treasures worth millions, or a new understanding of the history of science?

Cracking the meaning of the text is in the lap of the future.

The original research published on June 21 is available at http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066344

==Say "cheese"!==
Since in other countries while being photographed people are asked to say words other than "cheese", the [http://blog.iamnikon.com/en_GB/coolpix/the-secret-to-a-perfect-photo-smile-not-%E2%80%98say-cheese%E2%80%99-but%E2%80%A6-%E2%80%98ouistiti%E2%80%99/ comparison] makes one believe that the French word "ouistiti" produces the best smile.

So I suggest that in Lojban we say {.ui} while being photographed.

http://blog.iamnikon.com/en_GB/wp-content/uploads/say-cheese1.jpg

==Bezhta language==
[[Image:Bezhta.jpg|thumb]]
In the Bezhta language spoken in Dagestan, "mi" means "you" and "do" means "I". In Lojban, it's vice versa!

'''lo banku'apu zo'u: zo'oi mi se smuni do ije zo'oi do se smuni mi'''

== Words for sensory feelings ==
There are actually natural languages that function somewhat similarly to the classifying languages in part of their lexicon. It's relatively common among many Papuan languages to have a small group of highly generic verbs such as "do", "say", and "hit", and to build loads of more specific predicates from these by adding nominal adjuncts to them or serializing them with other verbs.

An extreme case is Kalam, which reportedly has fewer than 100 verb stems in the whole language and has to build most of its actually used complex verbs with the help of nominals and serialization. For example, the generic verb glossed as "perceive" appears in the following constructions among others:
* consume perceive = taste
* take perceive = feel
* eye perceive = see
* ear perceive = hear
* thought perceive = think
* thought many perceive = worry
* thought good perceive = like
* liver perceive = be sorry
* arm break perceive = count (such languages go up the arm after they finish with the fingers and hand for counting higher numbers, so "perceive a piece of the arm" makes sense shifting to "count".)

These aren't very predictable at all, and you absolutely have to learn them as independent lexical tokens. Some of them, like "be sorry" and "count", are very culturally dependent and quite far from the nominal meaning of the generic verb at the base. The system can't be understood to represent any objective classification of the world.

Sense words can either express experiencing the sensation or express an action being taken to acquire a sensation. In English, these are:

{| class="wikitable"
! Active !! Passive
|-
| look || see
|-
| listen || hear
|-
| touch || feel
|-
| sniff || smell
|-
| taste || taste
|}

In Lojban, there are few dedicated gismu:

{| class="wikitable"
! !! Active !! Passive
|-
| sight || catlu || viska
|-
| sound || || tirna
|-
| touch || pencu ||
|-
| scent || || sumne
|-
| taste || ||
|-
| '''generic''' || zgana || ganse
|}

[[xorxes]] proposed the following. There are two options for lujvo. Naming based on the sensory organ gives:

{| class="wikitable"
! !! Active !! Passive
|-
| sight || kalzga || kalga'e
|-
| sound || kerzga || kerga'e
|-
| touch || pilzga || pilga'e
|-
| scent || zbizga || zbiga'e
|-
| taste || tacyzga || tacyga'e
|}

Naming based on the thing being sensed gives:

{| class="wikitable"
! !! Active !! Passive
|-
| sight || vinzga || vinga'e
|-
| sound || snazga || snaga'e
|-
| touch || te'uzga || te'urga'e
|-
| scent || panzga || panga'e
|-
| taste || vu'izga || vu'irga'e
|}

== My name is ... ==
Lojban allows us to see the differences between expressing yourself in different languages more clearly.

Let's take the most common phrase: "My name is ..."

The Lojban verb '''cmene''' literally means ''x1 is a name of x2 used by x3''.

For example,
{{mu|zo gleki cmene mi lo pendo|"Gleki" is my name used by friends.}}
{{mu|zo tsani cmene lo pendo mi|"Tsani" is a friend's name used by me.}}

Now let's see how other languages work.

English:
{{mu|lo mi cmene cu du zo gleki|My name is Gleki.|My name is equal to "gleki"}}

Spanish:
{{mu|fe mi te cmene fa mi fi zo gleki|Me llamo Gleki.|Me [I] call "gleki"}}
{{mu|fe lo nei te cmene fa ra fi zo tsani|Se llama Tsani.|Self [he/she] calls "tsani"}}

Russian:
{{mu|fe mi te cmene fi zo gleki|Меня зовут Gleki.|me [they] call "gleki"}}

== Laputa Island ==
[[Image:Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg|thumb]]
We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in consultation upon improving that of their own country.

The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysyllables into one and leaving out verbs and participles because, in reality, all things imaginable are but nouns.

The other project was a scheme for entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a great advantage in point of health, as well as brevity.

(Gulliver's Travels)

==Lojban particle around the world==
{{gl|ma|what?}}

'''ma''' has generally the same meaning as in Lojban in Khoisan, Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, and Dené–Caucasian languages. In Amerind languages, the word ''mana'' has the same meaning.

==Wishes, hopes and optative mood==
The optative mood is a grammatical construct that indicates a wish or hope.

In Lojban, the interjections '''da'i''' for hypothetical situations, '''au''' for desire, and '''.a'o''' for ''hope'' can give us optative meaning.

English has no explicit optative, but there are various constructions with optative meaning.
Let's look at them with their translation to Lojban:
{{mu|a'o do ba ze'u jmive|May you have a long life!|(hope!) you will for a long time live}}
Another uses the phrase "if only" with a verb in the past or past subjunctive, e.g.
{{mu|au do ca ricfu|If only I were rich!|(desire!) you now are rich}}

Different languages have specific constructs to express optative mood.

In Ancient Greek, the optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle ''εἴθε'' (''eithe''):
{{mu|au do renro|Εἴθε βάλλοις {{=}} Eíthe bállois {{=}} If only you would throw.}}
The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ''ἄν'' in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause:
{{mu|mi gleki da'i fau lo nu do litru|Χαίροιμι ἂν, εἰ πορεύοισθε (Chaíroimi àn, ei poreúoisthe) "I would be glad if you could travel.}}

==General Semantics and The 12 Steps To Semantic Modeling==
Semantics is an important part of constructing languages. However, people usually use the semantics from their native languages. Here is a way to understand semantics better, and it gives us a way to build semantic models rather than using the semantics from our native languages.

For those of you familiar with Alfred Korzybski, this is a way of abstracting reality. Alfred Korzybski talked about "consciousness of abstraction" with his work in general semantics. With practice of semantics, we can develop our minds to become conscious of the semantics behind the words, which is the "consciousness of abstraction" that Alfred Korzybski talked about. There are not too many people that know how to do this in the world, so practicing and studying this will give you a great mental power that few people have. A student of Alfred Korzybski constructed a language called E-prime to deal with the ambiguity and semantic problems of the verb "to be".

1. Identification. This is how we identify the phenomena, which can include the word, some identifier, a symbol, our observations, and/or sensory/perception pattern recognition. In most cases, this would be the word or symbol in our native languages.

2. Measurables. Many call these properties or attributes in semantics and philosophy/ontology, but that is often an error. The word 'color' represents a measurable from light that reflected off an object, which means the light is not a property of the object itself; the light frequency, which is the color, is reflected and what is measured when we use the word 'color'. In simple terms, we can just list the properties and attributes for our semantic models in this step.

3. Inheritance. This refers to the generality/specificity relationships in semantics. For example, the semantics of the words "man" and "woman" are specific classes of the more general semantic class that we use with the word "human". In Spanish, we use the words "hombre", "mujer", and "humana", but the semantics underneath those words are equivalent to the semantics of "man", "woman", and "human". That means the semantics underneath the words in both languages have the same generality/specificity relationship. For another example, we have the semantics of "car" and "truck" being more specific classes of "vehicles". We can call them a subclass of vehicle.

4. Composition. Here we list the components in the phenomena for the semantic model that we are building. If we are building a semantic model of a rose, we would need to know its components such as the leaves, thorns, stem, and petals. "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" - Shakespeare

5. Arrangement. The shape or form common to the phenomena we are modeling. This is usually more of the surface measures than the depth we find in composition. For example, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders each refer to different forms of columns that come from ancient Greece.

6. Creation. This step is about including and modeling, to some extent, the cause of creation. For example, the semantic model of the word "forgery" is connected to a false cause of creation. In other contexts, it's about modeling the process of creation, which we can do with the question "what causes the phenomena to come into existence?".

7. Causality. With this step, you can refer to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes Aristotle's Four Causes] if you need help. In the preceding steps, we addressed some of those causes already. We can look at what causes it to behave the way it does. What causes it to start, stop, change, and others. We can look at what cause it was created for, its intent or purpose. Causality is a large area of study since it is connected to everything. Additionally, we can use it to validate truth. If you are interested in going in-depth on causality, then let me know.

8. Spaces (environments, scopes, situations, events). Phenomena exist in various environments or situations (spaces). Notice that some words change meaning (change semantics) based on the context. That context is a situation which is a chunk or slice of space in space-time. For each phenomenon that we make words for, we have to look at the scope in which they operate. That scope, that space, may be bounded. Different types of fish are bound by water, oceans, rivers, and other geographical locations. So for this step, we list the common environments, situations, scopes, or events for the phenomena of our semantic models.

9. Relationships. Organisms have relationships to other organisms, objects are related to other objects by distance in an environment, and some objects are related by how they are touching one another, adjacency. There are many other classes of relationships between objects in environments. You will find that most prepositions have a semantic model of a relationship. Try it! Go through a list of prepositions and see how the preposition refers to a relationship between other items.

10. Change. Transitions, states, life-cycle, and various other changes common to the phenomena being modeled. Be careful not to model the changes of the components in this semantic model. For each component, you have another semantic model with the change to that component kept in that component's semantic model.

11. Actions. We can enumerate actions initiated by the phenomena or coactions which are actions in which the phenomena is used, and we can model them to some extent. In this step too, be careful not to list the actions or coactions of each component. For example, a human can perform the action of shaking one's hand, which is an action done by the whole human. Moving a finger is an action connected to a component of a human, a finger amongst other parts. Keeping actions of components with the component's own semantic model will give your semantic models clarity by connecting actions to their proper scope.

12. Complexity. This is an interesting and, sometimes, difficult step. In the previous step, we discussed actions. Notice the following words: operation, function, action, reaction, interaction, and process. Each word is often used with semantics that are equivalent other than a change in complexity. We usually use the word "operation" when it is simple (few steps), and we use the word "process" when it is more complex and has many steps involved. In other words, the difference in the usual semantics of the words in that list goes on a level starting from the simple "operation" and increasing in complexity to the semantic of "process".

==Scalability and backward compatibility of languages==
In what ways can any given language be better or worse than any other?
1. Scalability. (Literally, scalability, modularity, the possibility of modular expansion. (Hereinafter - SCA))

2. Backward compatibility. (Hereinafter - BWC)

Scalability means that new constructs of a language such as new syntax, lexicon, affixes must be easily addable to the language if they become required by new demands imposed by the current situation.

If a language is too stiff, scalability is low. With high scalability, the language can also absorb features of other languages.

Backward compatibility means that new constructs of a language should not annul or conflict with the old rules.

==Colors in different languages==
Most ancient languages didn't have words describing spectral colors. This is why Homer describes iron, fleece of lambs, and sea as all having the color of wine. This is nothing strange here since all of those objects might have had the same hue or texture or other properties similar to which wine has.

Only since the 19th century has mankind (primarily in Europe and USA) started to develop a color system based on spectrum (or colors of rainbow) in their languages.

Many languages had no words for "green" and "blue". Instead, both of them were described using the same word:
*in Thai "khiaw" means "green" or the color of the sky or the sea
*in Korean "purueda"
*in Chinese "qīng"
*in Japanese "ao" means both "green" and "blue". In the 20th century in Japan, the word "midori" denoting a greenish shade of "ao" became more popular due to the influence from Western civilization.

Prototyping:

In Urdu, the word for vegetable "sabzi" is synonymous with "green"; in English, we use the term "greenery".

The concept of redness, that vivid region of the visual spectrum that we associate with fire, strawberries, blood, or ketchup, is something that most cultures share.

In ancient languages:
First, languages adopted words for lightness, the words for black and white, then for red, then for green and yellow, then for blue.

To the Dani people who live in the highlands of New Guinea, objects come in just two shades: "mili" is for the cooler shades, from blues and greens to black, and "mola" is for the lighter shades, like reds, yellows, and white.

The Pirahã tribe of the Amazon doesn't have any specialized color words at all; they use prototyping instead.

SWH:

The linguistic distinction between blue and green may heighten the perceived difference between them.

In 2006, a study led by Aubrey Gilbert made a rather surprising discovery. Imagine that you're a subject in their experiment. You're asked to stare at the cross in the middle of the screen. A circle of colored tiles appears. One of the tiles is different from the others. Sometimes it will be on the left, and other times on the right. Your task is to spot whether the odd-color-out is on the left or on the right. Keep your eyes on the cross.

[[Image:bluegreencircle.png]]

Well, sometimes you'll also get a picture that looks like this.

[[Image:greengreencircle.png]]

See the difference? In one case, English speakers have different words for the two colors, blue and green. So there's a concept that builds a wall between them. But in other cases like above, the two colors are conceptually the same.

If you have a word to distinguish two colors, that makes you better at telling them apart. It takes less time to identify that odd blue square compared to the odd green one. This makes sense to anyone who's ever tried looking for a tennis ball in the grass. It's not that hard, but I'd rather the ball be blue. In one case, you are jumping categories (blue versus green), and in the other, staying within a category (green versus green). This usually works only for the right part of your visual field, however, since word language is usually encoded in the left part of our brains which operates the right part of visual field.

[[Image:1-s2.0-S0010027707002351-gr1.png]]

For Korean: To the left of the dotted line is yeondu, and to the right chorok. Is it still as easy to spot the odd square in the circle?

We rely on our experience, rather than recognize the color outright.

More reading: [http://mw.lojban.org/files/docs/ENG%20Deutscher,Guy%20-%20Through%20the%20Language%20Glass.pdf Guy Deutscher - Through the Language Glass].

==Free word order==
Some languages like English have a more strict word order. First, you put a subject, then a verb, then an object:
{{mu|I saw a big dog yesterday.}}

However, in some languages like Russian, words are always marked for their role in a sentence, so you can literally say:
{{mu|Большую вчера увидел я собаку.||Big yesterday saw I dog.}}

Chinese is similar to English in that it has a strict word order; however, the helping verb 把 (bǎ) being placed in front of the object of a sentence allows for the object of the sentence to be placed before the verb:

{{mu|他把刀放在桌子上 (tā bǎ dāo fàng zài zhuōzi shàng)|He put the knife on the table.|He bǎ knife put at table top}}

In Lojban, we have the particles of FA series that can change from strict word order to free word order, thus allowing for greater flexibility in complex sentence constructions, for greater expressivity when packing information, and for following the advantages of different languages.

==Friends of both genders in Spanish==
[[File:amig@s.png|thumb|right]]In Spanish, AMIGOS means 'male friends', AMIGAS means 'female friends'.

But how to say 'friends' in general? Earlier, 'amigos' was used for that. However, recently a new style has appeared. In e-mail conversations, AMIG@S is used when addressing friends of both genders.

==Linguistic relativity. A brief explanation==
In 1940, Benjamin Lee Whorf let loose an alluring idea that our mother tongue restricts what we are able to think. In particular, Whorf announced, Native American languages impose on their speakers a picture of reality that is totally different from ours, so their speakers would simply not be able to understand some of our most basic concepts, like the flow of time or the distinction between objects (like "stone") and actions (like "fall"). For decades, Whorf's theory dazzled both academics and the general public alike. In his shadow, others made a whole range of imaginative claims:
*that Native American languages instill in their speakers an intuitive understanding of Einstein's concept of time as a fourth dimension
*that the nature of the Jewish religion was determined by the tense system of ancient Hebrew
*if a language has no future tense, for instance, its speakers would simply not be able to grasp our notion of future time

However, when you ask, in perfectly normal English, and in the present tense, "Are you coming tomorrow?" do you feel your grip on the notion of futurity slipping away?

Do English speakers who have never heard the German word Schadenfreude find it difficult to understand the concept of relishing someone else's misfortune?

The renowned linguist Roman Jakobson said: "Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey." This maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue: if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about.

Suppose I say to you in English that "I spent yesterday evening with a neighbor." You may well wonder whether my companion was male or female, but I have the right to tell you politely that it's none of your business. But if we were speaking French or German, I wouldn't have the privilege to equivocate in this way, because I would be obliged by the grammar of language to choose between voisin or voisine; Nachbar or Nachbarin. These languages compel me to inform you about the sex of my companion whether or not I feel it is remotely your concern. This does not mean, of course, that English speakers are unable to understand the differences between evenings spent with male or female neighbors, but it does mean that they do not have to consider the sexes of neighbors, friends, teachers, and a host of other persons each time they come up in a conversation, whereas speakers of some languages are obliged to do so.

On the other hand, English requires you to specify certain types of information that can be left to context in other languages. If I want to tell you in English about a dinner with my neighbor, I may not have to mention the neighbor’s gender, but I do have to provide some information about the timing of the event: I must decide whether we dined, have been dining, are dining, will be dining, and so on. Chinese, in contrast, does not require its speakers to specify the exact time of an action in this way, because the same verb form can be used for past, present, or future actions. Again, this does not mean that Chinese speakers are unable to understand the concept of time; rather, they are not compelled to think about timing whenever they describe an action.

When your language routinely requires you to specify certain types of information, it forces you to be attentive to specific details in the world and to certain aspects of experience that speakers of other languages may not need to consider constantly.

Languages like Spanish, French, German, and Russian not only require you to consider the gender of friends and neighbors, but they also assign a masculine or feminine gender to a wide range of inanimate objects, often quite arbitrarily. For example, what is particularly feminine about a Frenchman’s beard (*la barbe*)? Why is Russian water considered feminine, and why does it become masculine once you dip a tea bag into it? When I speak English, I might say about a bed that “it” is too soft, but as a native Hebrew speaker, I actually feel “she” is too soft. “She” remains feminine all the way from the lungs up to the glottis and becomes neuter only when reaching the tip of the tongue.

For instance, a German bridge is feminine (*die Brücke*), but *el puente* is masculine in Spanish; the same applies to clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world, and love. Conversely, an apple is masculine in German but feminine in Spanish, as are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain, and garbage. When speakers were asked to rate various objects on a range of characteristics, Spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks, and violins to have more “manly properties,” like strength, while Germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. With objects like mountains or chairs, which are masculine in German but feminine in Spanish, the effect was reversed.

In a different experiment, French and Spanish speakers were asked to assign human voices to various objects in a cartoon. When French speakers saw a picture of a fork (la fourchette), most of them wanted it to speak in a woman’s voice. However, Spanish speakers, for whom el tenedor is masculine, preferred a gravelly male voice for it. More recently, psychologists have even shown that “gendered languages” imprint gender traits onto objects so strongly in the mind that these associations obstruct speakers’ ability to commit information to memory.

To speak a language like Guugu Yimithirr, you need to know where the cardinal directions are at every moment of your waking life. You need to have a mental compass that operates all the time, day and night, without breaks, since otherwise, you would not be able to convey even the most basic information or understand what people around you are saying. Indeed, speakers of geographic languages seem to have an almost superhuman sense of orientation. Regardless of visibility conditions—whether they are in thick forests or on an open plain, indoors or outdoors, or even in caves—they have a precise sense of direction. They don’t look at the sun and pause for a moment of calculation before they say, “There’s an ant just north of your foot.” They simply feel where north, south, west, and east are, just as people with perfect pitch can identify each note without calculating intervals. There are numerous stories about what might seem to us like incredible feats of orientation, but for speakers of geographic languages, they are just routine. One report relates how a speaker of Tzeltal from southern Mexico was blindfolded and spun around more than 20 times in a darkened house. Still blindfolded and dizzy, he pointed without hesitation in the correct geographic directions.

How does this work? The convention of communicating with geographic coordinates compels speakers from a young age to pay attention to clues from the physical environment (such as the position of the sun and the direction of the wind) every second of their lives and to develop an accurate memory of their own changing orientations at any given moment. Everyday communication in a geographic language provides intense training in geographic orientation (it has been estimated that as much as one word in ten in a typical Guugu Yimithirr conversation is “north,” “south,” “west,” or “east,” often accompanied by precise hand gestures). This habit of constant awareness of geographic direction is inculcated almost from infancy: studies have shown that children in such societies start using geographic directions as early as age 2 and fully master the system by ages 7 or 8. With such early and intense training, the habit soon becomes second nature—effortless and unconscious. When Guugu Yimithirr speakers were asked how they knew where north was, they couldn’t explain it any more than you could explain how you know where “behind” is.

But there is more to the effects of a geographic language, as the sense of orientation must extend further in time than just the immediate present. If you speak a Guugu Yimithirr-style language, your memories of anything that you might ever want to report will have to be stored with cardinal directions as part of the picture. One Guugu Yimithirr speaker was filmed telling his friends the story of how, in his youth, he capsized in shark-infested waters. He and an older person were caught in a storm, and their boat tipped over. They both jumped into the water and managed to swim nearly three miles to shore, only to discover that the missionary for whom they worked was more concerned about the loss of the boat than relieved at their miraculous escape. Apart from the dramatic content, the remarkable thing about the story was that it was remembered throughout with cardinal directions: the speaker jumped into the water on the western side of the boat, his companion to the east, they saw a giant shark swimming north, and so on. Perhaps the cardinal directions were just made up for the occasion? Well, quite by chance, the same person was filmed some years later telling the same story. The cardinal directions matched exactly in the two tellings. Even more remarkable were the spontaneous hand gestures that accompanied the story. For instance, the direction in which the boat rolled over was gestured in the correct geographic orientation, regardless of the direction the speaker was facing in the two films.

Psychological experiments have also shown that under certain circumstances, speakers of Guugu Yimithirr-style languages even remember “the same reality” differently from us. There has been heated debate about the interpretation of some of these experiments, but one compelling conclusion is that while we are trained to ignore directional rotations when we commit information to memory, speakers of geographic languages are trained not to do so. One way of understanding this is to imagine that you are traveling with a speaker of such a language and staying in a large chain-style hotel with corridor upon corridor of identical-looking doors. Your friend is staying in the room opposite yours, and when you go into his room, you’ll see an exact replica of yours: the same bathroom door on the left, the same mirrored wardrobe on the right, the same main room with the same bed on the left, the same curtains behind it, the same desk next to the wall on the right, the same television set on the left corner of the desk, and the same telephone on the right. In short, you have seen the same room twice. But when your friend comes into your room, he will see something quite different because everything is reversed north-to-south. In his room, the bed was in the north, while in yours it is in the south; the telephone that was in the west in his room is now in the east, and so on. So while you will see and remember the same room twice, a speaker of a geographic language will see and remember two different rooms.

It is not easy for us to conceive how Guugu Yimithirr speakers experience the world, with a crisscrossing of cardinal directions imposed on any mental picture and any piece of graphic memory. Nor is it easy to speculate about how geographic languages affect areas of experience other than spatial orientation—whether they influence the speaker’s sense of identity, for instance, or foster a less egocentric outlook on life. But one piece of evidence is telling: if you saw a Guugu Yimithirr speaker pointing at himself, you would naturally assume he meant to draw attention to himself. In fact, he is pointing at a cardinal direction that happens to be behind his back. While we are always at the center of our world and it would never occur to us that pointing at our chest could mean anything other than to draw attention to ourselves, a Guugu Yimithirr speaker points through himself, as if he were thin air and his own existence were irrelevant.

For example, English tends to describe events in terms of agents performing actions. English speakers often say things like "John broke the vase," even for accidents. Speakers of Spanish or Japanese are more likely to say "the vase broke" or "the vase was broken." Such differences between languages have profound consequences for how their speakers understand events, construct notions of causality and agency, remember events as eyewitnesses, and assign blame or punishment.

In studies conducted by Caitlin Fausey at Stanford, speakers of English, Spanish, and Japanese watched videos of two people popping balloons, breaking eggs, and spilling drinks, either intentionally or accidentally. Later, they were given a surprise memory test: for each event, could they remember who did it? Fausey discovered a striking cross-linguistic difference in eyewitness memory. Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as English speakers did. However, they remembered the agents of intentional events (for which their language would mention the agent) just fine. But for accidental events, when the agent would not typically be mentioned in Spanish or Japanese, they did not encode or remember the agent as well.

In another study, English speakers watched the video of Janet Jackson's infamous "wardrobe malfunction" (a nonagentive coinage introduced into the English language by Justin Timberlake), accompanied by one of two written reports. The reports were identical except for the last sentence, where one used the agentive phrase "ripped the costume" while the other said "the costume ripped." Even though everyone watched the same video and witnessed the ripping with their own eyes, language mattered. People who read "ripped the costume" not only blamed Justin Timberlake more but also imposed 53% higher fines.

Beyond space, time, and causality, patterns in language have been shown to shape many other domains of thought. Russian speakers, who make an extra distinction between light and dark blues in their language, are better able to visually discriminate shades of blue. The Pirahã, a tribe in the Amazon in Brazil, whose language lacks number words and instead uses terms like "few" and "many," are not able to keep track of exact quantities. And Shakespeare, it turns out, was wrong about roses: roses called by many other names (as told to blindfolded subjects) do not smell as sweet.

([http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html?fta=y&_r=0 source], [http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703467304575383131592767868 source])

menli saske papri

2024-09-03T18:44:12Z

Gleki:

{{nalcatni}}
ENG: This is a collection of notes regarding Lojban prepared mostly by [[User:Gleki|la gleki]].

==Tailed Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 01.jpg|300px]]
[[File:menli saske 02.jpg|300px]]

ENG: Tailed Lojban. Why talking about humans? Cats also have their own tail Lojban.

==You can't search for love==
[[File:menli saske 04.jpg|thumb]]

Lojban and why you cannot search for love like you search for your lost keys? And about the danger of natural languages .

Many search for love like they search for real objects like lost keys.

We can clearly imagine the "keys" as a thing, but what about "love"?

In English language (and not only English) a noun is a word such as 'car', 'love', or 'Jimm' which is used to refer to a person or thing.

However, "love" is just a word with a lot of individual values that describes preferences of the individual or a group of people, but not a thing!

Example: My love for cats is limitless.

This leads us to the Lojban Grammar, where words such as "key", "love" are relations between objects or phenomena.

Here are two examples of these:

prami - А loves B

ckiku - A is a key fitting lock B with properties C

You cannot search for love but you can search for "se prami", the creature loved by you or act in such a way so that you start feeling love.

And "love" is "su'u prami", the abstraction (e.g. state) of being in love.

So you can clearly distinguish between "things" and "abstractions" and make relevant conclusions when using Lojban as the instrument of your reasoning.

Comment: citations here are taken from discussions at the Zeitgeist Movement websites. the Zeit Geist movement doesn't have any relation to Lojban.

=="To feed" in Japanese==
[[File:menli saske 05.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Get imbued with Japanese style of reasoning, using Lojban!

The realisation of "to feed" concept.

In Japanese language the agent of an action can be defined using suffixes.

Let's explain it in English.

Japanese word - translation.

1. taberu - to eat

2. tabesaseru - to feed (to cause someone to eat)

1. miru - to look. misaseru - to show (to cause someone to look)

2. matsu - to wait. mataseru - to keep waiting (to cause someone to wait)

In Lojban:

citka – to eat

gasnu – A causes B to happen

citka gasnu – to feed, literally "to cause in the aspect of eating"

gasnu lo nu citka – to feed, literally "to cause an eating process"

In Lojban this concept is so important that the word "to feed" was even included into in the dictionary in the form of compound word created using compressed roots (usually called affixes or "rafsi" in Lojban)

ctigau

cti-gau - to feed

cti - an affix of the word "citka"

gau - an affix of the word "gasnu"

As for the rest of the words, we can apply the same concept only changing the roots when necessary.

One more example showing that causative is grammaticalised in Japanese.

先生が質問をたくさん聞かせてくれた。

Transfer: Following the teacher's proposal many questions were asked.

Parsing the text: Teacher {rheme, nominative case suffix} question {accusative case suffix} many ask+{causative suffix}+{verbal adverb suffix} give+{past tense suffix}.

==Aymara trivalent logic==

[[File:menli saske 07.jpg|500px]]

Was Aymara language created by aliens? And why Lojban here.

When European researchers started studying Aymara language spoken in South America they were astonished at it's orderly design.

Some even claimed that humans had no abilities to construct such language and therefore it had probably been constructed by aliens and presented to humanity.

But sometimes the reality is more enchanting than any fairy-tale.

Aymara is a language of people, constructed by people and for people.

One of it's core features is trivalent logic.

While European languages divide our world by two (yes/no, good/bad), Aymara divides it by three: yes, no and somewhere in between.

Let's have an example.

"Will it rain tomorrow?" And we have three realisations.
A. It will rain.
B. Either it will rain or it will be dry.
C. It will be dry.
For each option we can have three opinions
+ "yes, it is so"
0 "I don't know" or "it's not known"
‒ "not, it won't be so"
Now for each of the options we give one of our three opinions which (as a simple count says) can give us up to 27 possible answers. Let's have a look at one of them to be more clear
A B C
+ ‒ ‒
*Under A we see + and that means that we agree that it'll be raining tomorrow.
*Under B we see - so we reject any doubt about this event
*Under C we see - so we reject the draught for tomorrow.

In other words " + ‒ ‒ " means certitude that it will rain tomorrow (see the picture for some other examples).

Lojban although having native support for trivalent logic (such series as ja'ai/cu'i/nai and je'a/no'e/to'e) is still in the beginning of absorbing Aymara's advances in mind research.

The development of a clean trivalent logic system applied to lojbanic indicators of love, fear, doubt etc. will lead to the realisation of the instrument unprecedented in human history.

The instrument of expressing human emotions, attitudes and relations towards the Universe.
----
Further reading:

http://aymara.org/biblio/html/igr/igr3.html

http://aymara.org/biblio/html/igr/igr4.html
----
John Clifford once said this research was wrong. But yes we need learning resources to prove his claim. Well, learning spanish only in order to figure out whether to apply trivalent system to Lojban.. ha, nice idea.

=="Bitten by a dog" in different languages==
[[File:menli saske 08.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I was bitten by a dog". How people of different language background express this thing.

English style:

✔mi pu se batci lo gerku - I was bitten by a dog

Spanish style:

✔pu se batci lo gerku - Was bitten by a dog

German style:

✔mi lo gerku ba'o se batci - I have, by a dog, been bitten

Chinese style:

✔batci gerku- Bite dog

Turkish style:

✔fe lo gerku pu selbatci fa mi - By a dog bitten was I

Master Yoda from Star Wars:

✔pu batci mi fa lo gerku - Bitten me have a dog

[Source:http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/why-i-like.html]

==Italian "ciao" and Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 09.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"ciao" in Italian means both "Hello!" and "Good-bye!".

This attractive example shows that words of natural languages can possess incompatible properties.

Of course, in Lojban we can think up a word which will mean both a greeting, and a farewell.

For example, at a meeting it would be possible to say

"jikca" - it means something like "Contact!" Literally 'jikca' means "socialise". After all, we don't know, whether it's the beginning of the conversation of the end.

or 'penmi' - to meet (again 'penmi' could also denote a hint that the meeting is coming to an end).

There are other nice solutions.

.io (it is read as "yoh!") - expresses respect.

ge'e - is an interjection which expresses any emotion, without specifying it.

It would be entertaining to use these words not only in Lojban, but also while speaking in your native language.

==Lojban language. The power of simplicity.==
[[File:menli saske 10.jpg|thumb|Copyright Robin Lee Powell, 2012]]

Lojban helps us see relations between objects. But sometimes being precise in pointing to relations is not what we want. Is it possible to express thoughts shorter?

The answer is yes.

Skillfull lojban speakers have realised the power of tanru constructions.

Tanru is just a simple chain of words sticking to each other. Every word in this chain acts as a modifier, as an 'adjective' of the next word.

Let's take an example

"She is trying to crawl on the floor".

Although we can think a lot what process the verb "to try" should denote here or how "to crawl" is connected with the floor

we can simply say

"Ta loldi cpare troci" - literally "that-one floor-crawl-tries".

And yes, it's that short, simple and comprehensible!

"Floor" (loldi) is connected in an unspecified manner to "crawling" (cpare). And the resulting floor-crawling is connected to "trying" (troci).

Start learning Lojban and you'll set your mind free!

[about the photo in this post: Copyright Robin Lee Powell, 2012]

==How much Lojban is close to other languages?==
[[File:menli saske 11.jpg|thumb]]

Syntax apart Lojban sometimes acts and sounds similar to other languages.

Look at Chinese word "měi-nǚ" that denotes a beautiful girl. Literally

"měi" means "beautiful"

"nǚ" means "woman" (of any age)

Lojban acts the same way

"mle" is a short form for the word "beautiful"

"ni'u" is a short form for the word "woman" (of any age).

This results in a similar sounding and word structure.
==The word "Mu". Lojban is ready to explain Eastern philosophy.==
[[File:menli saske 12.jpg|thumb]]

There is a special word in Chinese and Japanese, pronounced as wú and mu correspondingly.

Although it's usually translated as "not, not having" it has special meaning in philosophy.

Here is the story.

A monk asked Zhaozhou Congshen, a Chinese Zen master, "Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?"

Zhaozhou answered, "Wú" (in Japanese translation - "Mu").

This answer, which is literally translated that dogs do not have Buddha nature may actually mean that such categorical thinking is a delusion and the question is not correct.

Alternatively it may mean that either a positive or negative answer is absurd because there is no particular thing called Buddha-nature.

Robert M. Pirsig said in one of his novels:

"For example, it's stated over and over again that computer circuits exhibit only two states, a voltage for 'one' and a voltage for 'zero'. ... [But try] to find a voltage representing one or zero when the power is off! The circuits are in a mu state."

So why Lojban here? It has several cute words such as

{na'i} - It lets the asker know the question cannot have been asked because it's incorrectly formed. Therefore, "na'i" metaphorically unasks the question.

{co'e} - it denotes any relation between any objects, facts or events.

e.g. {mi co'e do} - "I'm somehow have some relation, connection to you". It may mean anything depending on the context, from "I love you" or "I'm your son" to "I'll eat you".

There are more words that are so easy to use in Lojban but that are absent or extremely hard to express in other languages.

See how we can accelerate our thoughts if such complicated things can be managed in Lojban at the speed of light on a daily basis?

==Let's feel the spirit of Native American languages.==
[[File:menli saske 13.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

We'll use the standard emulating language of Lojban for that purpose.

inikwihl'minik'isit (in Nuu-chah-nulth language).

Translation: The lights were burning in the house

inikwihl'minik'isit is split into the following blocks:

inkiw - fire / burn

ihl - in-house

'minik - plural

'is - diminutive

it - past tense

So this is how we can emulate it in Lojban.

fagykemyzdanerso'icmapru

which is divided into the following blocks:

fag kem zda ner so'i cma pru

fag - fire

kem - opening bracket

zda - home

ner - within

so'i - few

cma - small

pru - past-event

So we get

fire ( house within few little past-event )

So the Indians literally say "Fire event, associated with the small objects in the number of several pieces inside the house".

Simple non-emulating translation to Lojban looks like this:

so'i cmalu fagri puca'o jelca ne'i le zdani

Several small fires in the past continuously burn inside the house.

=="wow" in languages==
[[File:menli saske 14.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

There is a lojbanic word .uesai (it's read as "weh-say!")

It means "Wow!" This exclamation is used when you are amazed by something.

Surprisingly, the Chinese "wasai" means almost the same.

"wasai" is the expression of strong surprise.

==Comparison of the languages with the fixed level of concretion.==
[[File:menli saske 15.jpg|300px]]

ENG:

Tokipona much depends on context. Quijada tried to get rid of all metaphors and therefore context in his Ithkuil. Lojban was never intended to be a semantically regularised language although of course it's much more regular than natlangs.
==aUI==
[[File:menli saske 16.jpg|300px]]
[[File:menli saske 17.jpg|300px]]
aUI, The Language of Space was created by W. John Weilgart. It's goal is to create a form of communication based on what he proposed to be universal, basic elements of human thought and expression, that presented meaning in a straightforward and logical manner.

Here is one possible translation of those elements to lojban.

See also http://www.anomalist.com/reports/language.html
=="I give you money" or "I give money to you?"==
[[File:menli saske 18.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I give you money" or "I give money to you?" - Direct and indirect object in Khmer language, English and Slavic.

In many languages, the order in which

the direct object (in this case "money") and

the indirect object (the one who gives)

are placed is very important.

For example, in English we say "I give you money", but "I give money you" sounds meaningless.

In the Khmer language, "Give me the money" will be "aoi luy kniom." But note that "lui" - is "money" and "knyom" is "I" (in English it would look like "Give money me", which is also impossible).

In some languages, e.g. in Slavic languages, we can play with the order using cases (in this example, accusative and dative).

In Lojban we have access to all options, including a version with the preposition "fa'a" (towards ..., in the direction of ...) to indicate the indirect object - the one who gives.

But the default word "dunda - to give" has the following order of objects.

dunda - "(A) gives/presents/gives the gift/present (B) towards (C) (recipient)"

==Amazingly "sold" means "bought" in Lojban!==
[[File:menli saske 19.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

What? Impossible?

The phrase "mo'u se vecnu" means both "sold" and "bought" in Lojban.

Meanings of each word:

vecnu = seller A sells goods B to buyer C for cost D.

mo'u = denotes completed action.

se = refers to the second argument (B)

If we think over this fact we'll understand that something sold is at the same time bought.

Lojban pays our attention to the interconnection of elements of any solid phenomenon.

==Feel the Hungarian way of thinking using Lojban language.==
[[File:menli saske 20.jpg|thumb]]

Emulating the phrase "German History".

"a Nemetorszag tortenelme" - "History of Germany" in Hungarian.

a - the definite article

Nemetorszag - Germany

tortenelem - history

tortenelme - history of it, the previous word (possessive form)

Some nouns lose the last vowel when the suffix is being attached to them. So we remove the vowel from "tortenelem" and get "tortenelm-". Then we attach the possessive suffix -a/-e (possessor: third person, singular, possessed:singular) and we get "tortenelme".

Simulation using Lojban language.

We need to make the phrase

"Germany" "history+possessiveness-of-the-last-word."

la doitcland. - Germany

citri - A is a history of B.

srana - A belongs to B

"la. doitcland. ke citri zei srana" - literally "to Germany in the historical aspect belonging" that can be reduced to

"la. doitcland. citrysrana - History of Germany"

==Logic and intuition. The European way.==
[[File:menli saske 21.png|thumb|In this picture: Lojban double ring logo. Logic - cornflower blue, intuition - violet.]]

ENG:

Speakers of Lojban often assert that this constructed language is that flexible so it's grammar is universal for the whole planet. It is indeed true.

But let us see from the height of Lojban how predicate relations are expressed in European languages.

We won't study every peculiar feature of every European language here. We need to get the gist of them.

Luckily this task was completed long ago. Main points of those languages are represented in Esperanto, a very well known planned language. So we can have a look at this gist from the viewpoint of only one language.

Morphemes in Esperanto words set a very precise structure of sentence.

-as/-is/-os/-us/-u = predicate

-е = modifiers for predicates.

-o / -on = arguments of predicates

-a / -an = subsidiary predicates-modifiers for those arguments

More complex structures are express using word order.

Let us take an example.

:''The brown fox quickly jumps to the tree.''
:Bruna vulpo rapide saltas al arbo.

Look at the endings of Esperanto words to understand the class of every word.

This design completely covers the expressiveness level of European languages.

We can easily understand this short list if we are familiar with more generalised lojbanic grammar.

:The brown fox quickly jumps onto the tree.
:'''lo bunre lorxu ku sutra plipe lo tricu'''

*Predicate is not marked.
*Modifiers stick to the left of predicates.
*Arguments are expressed using lo ... ku brackets.
*Subsidiary modifiers of arguments also stick to the left but inside lo ... ku brackets.
*More complex structures (of any level of complexity) are expressed with "be ... bei ... be'o" and "fi'o ...fe'u" brackets (for precise predicate style) or with "ke ... ke'e" brackets (simple style).

And while using them you are free to use "and" / "or" conjunctions and also more elegant conjunctions that are too long to describe in English. It's better to learn and feel them for examples of sentences.

==Our brain and ships of Christopher Columbus==
[[File:menli saske 22.jpg|thumb]]

ENG: They say, when the first ships of Christopher Columbus arrived in America then native citizens couldn't see those ships because the appearance of them was IMPOSSIBLE for their experience and therefore their brain DELETED the images of the ships from their perception. Therefore they just ignored those ships as if they didn't exist.

Many ask "What if a language doesn't express e.g. some feeling? May be the speakers of that language also can't possess that feeling?"

Although it can be partially true look at the example with Columbus'es ships. If we can't see them does it mean that they don't exist?

Isn't it the right way to start learning a language that will allow you to feel something that you have no words for in your native speech?

And indeed there is a language that can make your thoughts clean and expand your understanding of how we think.

So welcome to the world of Lojban, the language with the most elaborate design in the world, an instrument for personal development.

==Konstantin Boyandin about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 24.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Lojban, even though this analogy is not entirely accurate, is a version of the assembly language for natural languages. An intermediate language that can convey the most bizarre versions of the relationships between objects and the nuances of those relationships, not taking the bias of any of natural languages.

(Konstantin Boyandin, Russian science fiction writer)

==No nouns and verbs in Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 25.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Why there is no distinction between nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles and adverbs in Lojban ?

And also about "Melbi bajra - graceful runner".

Let's take three phrases in English:
A. Gracefully runs
B. Graceful runner
C. Gracefully running

What parts of speech have we used in the examples?
A. adverb, verb
B. Adjective, noun
C. Adverb, participle
But all the three sentences describe the same pattern.

And therefore we can call this picture as "Melbi bajra".

melbi - a beautiful, bajra - to run

And "melbi bajra" can be translated as any of the three examples.

This example shows that without any muddle and hangups Lojban describes the essence of the phenomenon having ONE meaning but which even within one language (English) can be expressed in different ways.

No surprise, the vocabulary of Lojban can be learnt much faster.

Just after you realise that there is no need in such distinctions between parts of speech. Lojban doesn't copy syntax and grammar of other languages.

Lojban expresses meaning. With any level of precision that you need.

And no language can rival it.

[Note:]

In English an adverb for a verb is the same as as an adjective for an noun. Adverbs and adjectives are kind of modifiers (not just "running", but "running gracefully", not just "a runner", but "a graceful runner".

==Gender in words==
[[File:menli saske 26.png|thumb]]

The class of a word it belongs to often imposes erroneous assumptions in natural languages.

Here is the story:

A father and his son got into a road accident. They were taken to the hospital. The surgeon looked at the son and said: "It's my son!"

How can that story be true?

The surgeon was his mother.

But 90% of surgeons are males. We subconsciously think that any surgeon must be male by default.

Such wrong assumptions might lead to unpredictable results.

But there is a way to get rid of such flaws encoded in the language. Just by choosing a better language.

E.g. Lojban, the language that has no bias of masculine/feminine words that should not imply gender in their meaning.

Lojban is the most documented language in the world with precise design.

==Place structure is like a necklace with gems==
[[File:menli saske 27.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Meanings are interconnected in Lojban like gems of a necklace.

"Rider - route - vehicle" are interconnected like gems of a necklace.

Five English terms:
A. rider
B. destination
C. a point of departure
D. route
E. vehicle.
One would think that they sound different. What do they have in common?

Well, look how they sound in Lojban
A. klama
B. se klama
C. te klama
D. ve klama
E. xe klama
This remarkable regularity and ease of memorization of the five words is explained by the fact that "klama" is a kind of a "necklace" of five beads, one associated with each other in meaning. Indeed, how can there be a destination without someone going to that destination (even if this person is imaginary)?

This is what the word "klama" really means:

klama - (A) goes to (B) from (C) via the route (D) using the vehicle (E)

This is just one example how Lojban is amazingly thought out.

==About plural number.==
[[File:menli saske 28.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

About plural number.

"Elephant lives in Africa" or "Elephants live in Africa?"

In English any noun has either singular or plural marker.

However, consider the following statement.

"Elephant lives in Africa."

Are we talking about one elephant? No, here we mean that most elephants live in Africa.

We use singular, but we mean plural.

To remove this barrier we can use Lojban language. In Lojban words don't have singular or plural by default. You don't have to add endings like you add -s/-es in English.

✔ lo xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - Elephant / Elephants live in Africa.

But we can clarify.

✔ lo'e xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - Typical elephant lives in Africa

✔ lo pa xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - An elephant, one elephant lives in Africa. We are talking about only one elephant.

✔ lo za'u xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - Elephants (any number greater than one) live in Africa

Note that some natural languages partially work this way. For example, in Japanese words don't have plural/singular marker by default.

==Deep-blue and light-blue in English and Slavic languages.==
[[File:menli saske 29.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

The language you speak can affect how you see the world.

Native speakers of Russian discriminated between light and dark blues differently from their English-speaking counterparts. The Russian language makes an obligatory distinction between light blue, pronounced "goluboy", and dark blue, pronounced "siniy". In English, both colors are denoted by one word - blue. This linguistic distinction influences colour perception.

During the experiment subjects completed two types of tests: in one version, the three squares were of a similar shade, whereas the other test involved one square that was a markedly different shade - for example, distinguishing a dark blue from a light blue.

It is noteworthy that Russian speakers were 10% faster at distinguishing between light (goluboy) blues and dark (siniy) blues than at discriminating between blues within the same shade category.

This shows cross-linguistic differences in colour perception in an objective task.

As for Lojban we are ready to eliminate this confusion.

cicna - aquamarine

blanu - blue

zirpu - purple

Using simple combinations like "cicna blanu, zirpu blanu" and by making compound single words out of them we can introduce the needed colors.

Source data: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11759-russian-speakers-get-the-blues.html

==Leibniz was dreaming about Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 31.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz said that reality is composed of 1. substances and 2. their properties, and the basic linguistic structure should mirror the having of properties by substances.

The subject-predicate form appears to be very convenient for this. E.g. in the sentence “Paris is the lover” the subject ‘Paris’ identifies the individual substance Paris, and the predicate ‘is the lover’ ascribes the property of loving to him.

(Note: Lojban is also based primarily on predicate logic)

And the sentence “Paris is the lover of Helen” asserts a relationship between two subjects, Paris and Helen. It is equivalent to the two sentences “Paris loves” and “Helen is loved” + that each is true only because the other is true. This removes relations from within sentences and turns them into causal relations between sentences.

Relations don't correspond to distinct components of reality, but to facts about why things are as they are.

(Note:Lojban doesn't split such relations into separate components preserving Leibniz's views).

Asymmetrical relations. Leibniz turns “a is wiser than b” into the two propositions “as to wisdom, a is superior” and “as to wisdom, b is inferior”.

(Note:Lojban also has the predicate {zmadu} meaning “a exceeds/is more than b in property/quantity c by amount d” and has separate predicate words for other concepts like “wise”).

Abstractions. It is essential to distinguish between truths about abstractions, and truths about individual substances. If we define a triangle as a plane figure with three angles and three sides, we can say: ‘A triangle is a plane figure’, or: ‘A triangle has three angles’, or even: ‘A triangle has fewer than five sides.’ But it makes no sense to ascribe a particular shape or size to triangularity in general, or to ascribe a particular colour or weight to an abstract triangle of a definite shape or size.

(Note: Lojban makes clear distinction between objects and abstractions by such words as su'u - generalise abstractor, ka - property, ni - amount etc.)

A better language. Leibniz was not interested in tinkering with ordinary language. He was concerned with the possibility of an ideal language in which every truth could be expressed without recourse to relational properties. If you could describe all the properties of substances, you could deduce any relational truths you liked, but they would give no new information about reality. For instance, if you knew the weights of two objects, the assertion that one was heavier than the other would add nothing. It would merely be a vaguer way of describing one particular aspect of the facts from which it was derived.

Computers. Leibniz imagined a machine in which binary numbers were represented by marbles moving by gravity, governed by a sort of punched cards. Modern computers replace marbles with pulses of electrons, but otherwise they run just as Leibniz envisioned in 1679.
==Quijada about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 32.jpg|thumb]]
==Have a question about how to say a phrase Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 33.jpg|thumb]]

Kidding of course.
==Deep blue sea==
[[File:menli saske 34.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

blanu je condi xamsi - Blue deep sea

(simple non-emulating translation)

But we can imitate Ithkuil language, known as allegedly the most precise language in the world.

"Deep Blue Sea" - in English

"xwaléix oípřai'lîň olfái'lobîň" - in Ithkuil

"blanu je condybarda je candydjacybracanlu" -

in Lojban

literally

(something) is blue and deep-large and is an inactive water-large-volume (i.e. the sea).

Well, in ordinary speech we can just say

blanu je condi xamsi - blue and deep sea

The parsing of the emulated phrase

1. blanu - blue

2. je - "and simultaneously"

3. condybarda - great in the aspect of depth

4. barda - large compared with the standard

5. condi (-cond-) - deep

6. je - "and simultaneously"

7. candy-djacy-bra-canlu - inactive, water, large, volume

cando (-cand-) inactive

djacu (-djac-) water

canlu (-canl-) volume

barda (-bra-) large

==Zlango picture language==
[[File:menli saske 35.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

menli melbi bangu - "mind beauty language" in Zlango symbolic language.

Literally

Thought - Beauty (swan) - Speak

==John Clifford==
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ENG:

John E. Clifford: "Semantic Primes: aUI to Esperanto with Stops Along the Way"

Abstract: Semantic primes are units of meaning, presumably relatively few in number (relative to the OED anyhow), in terms of which "all" other meanings can be defined. That there must be such things has been known since defining began to be studied and they were early involved in created languages (histories always offer up typographical horrors from the 17th century, e.g., Urqhart's). We will look at how this notion plays out in a few modern created languages: aUI, in which it is of central importance, informing word construction as well as semantic; toki pona, in which the notion is not explicit but is clearly active in vocabulary choice; Lojban (and Loglan), in which the notion is rejected in favor of semantic primitives, a larger list which are still meant to allow defining everything else, but which may themselves also be defined; and Esperanto, in which the notion plays almost no role at all. We shall also look at the notion in the context of scientific linguistics, where the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) program is attempting to find the semantic primes of various languages in the hope of developing a list which works for all languages. This search is obviously an empirical one, while many created languages use an apriori (or intuitive) approach to selecting primes. These approaches as well as the limitations on techniques for forming definitions using primes are topics we take up. Along the way we will look at how vocabulary is related to meaning units, at some problems that proposed systems of primes run into, and at an emreging set of primes and definition techniques.

Bio: John E. Clifford (Parks-Clifford -- whence his sobriquets in Loglan and Lojban, pc and pycyn -- for the duration of one wife) received a BA from Michigan State, then spent a year at Princeton before settling in at UCLA for a decade. In that time he acquired an MA in Linguistics and a PhD in Philosophy (dissertation on natural language tense and tense logic). He spent 33 years in the Philosophy Department of the University of Missouri - St. Louis, teaching Logic (from Critical Thinking through Goedel), Asian Philosophy, and Philosphy of Religion , and occasionally other things that needed teaching. He was an Esperantist from his second year at Exeter, though mainly lapsed. He first worked with Loglan in 1960 (after the Scientific American article) as a contribution to the machine translation program at RAND. When Loglan reemerged in 1975, he reupped, becoming the first editor of The Loglanist, a member of the board of The Loglan Institute and eventually Vice-President, then President. He joined the Logical Language Group in the mid-80s and has participated actively in the development of Lojban, mainly advocating more logic in keeping with his early exposure -- under Carnap and the like -- to the notion of a logically perfect language. He was involved with aUI while sabbaticating on Iowa and has recently taken up toki pona and a good old Logical Positivist examination of NSM. He is still looking for an empirically testable hypothesis that comes close to the informal proposals of Sapir and Whorf.

=="A beautiful cat is sleeping." Imitating nominative sentences using Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 39.jpg|300px]]

[[File:menli saske 40.jpg|300px]]

ENG:

jibni je melbi je mlatu je sipna je cabna
"A beautiful cat is sleeping."

Literally 5 predicates equally interconnected with "and" conjunction ("je" in Lojban)

Something that is near and is beautiful and is a cat and is sleeping.

ko'a corresponds to "it/he/she" in English.

==Unhate!==
[[File:menli saske 41.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: Xenduktygau

ENG: Unhate!

RUS: Перестань ненавидеть!

"Unhate" means to change your hatred to the opposite feeling.

In Lojban

xebni - to hate (short root is -xen-)

dukti - contrary, opposite (-dukt-)

gasnu - to cause (-gau-)

To cause the opposite of hatred

'Xebni dukti gasnu" or in short "xenduktygau"

==mi prami do==
[[File:menli saske 45.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: mi prami do

ENG: I love you

RUS: Я люблю тебя

ENG:Zlango, the symbolic language. This is a sentence that can be understood by anyone without translation.

RUS:Символьный язык Zlango. Это понятная без перевода фраза.

==One of the longest place names in the world.==
[[File:menli saske 48.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

One of the longest place names that is in daily use today is the informal name of the hill (305 m above sea level) on the North Island, New Zealand. This name is composed of 85 letters, and translated from the Maori language as "The summit where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, the climber of mountains, the land-swallower who travelled about, played his nose flute to his loved one."

As it's just a curiosity, we will not emulate it's name in Lojban. Although we could.

==What people say about Lojban? Justin Gagnon==
[[File:menli saske 51.jpg|300px]]

Justin Gagnon (for whom mother tongue is English) is studying Latin, Esperanto, tokipona, German, Gaelic, Icelandic and American Sign Language.

==Wabi-sabi in Japan==
[[File:menli saske 52.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Wabi-sabi is the ability to see the beauty of something incomplete [in the picture: Garden "Ryōan-ji"].

Wabi-sabi is a Japanese ability to perceive beautiful objects in their natural simplicity, asymmetry or roughness.

A list of wabi-sabi examples:

Japanese gardens, Zen gardens and bonsai (tray gardens)

Ikebana (flower arrangement)

Japanese tea ceremony

Japanese poetry, particularly haiku

Japanese pottery, notably Hagi ware

Honkyoku (traditional shakuhachi music of wandering Zen monks)

Wabi-sabi is hard to explain using Western terms.

Wabi-sabi (侘寂) literally comes from words "wabi", the loneliness of living in nature, and "sabi", chill, lean or withered.

Wabi-sabi is the most conspicuous and characteristic feature of traditional Japanese beauty and it occupies roughly the same position in the Japanese pantheon of aesthetic values as do the Greek ideals of beauty and perfection in the West. [Koren, Leonard]

If an object or expression can bring about, within us, a sense of serene melancholy and a spiritual longing, then that object could be said to be wabi-sabi. [Juniper, Andrew]

And it nurtures all that is authentic by acknowledging three simple realities: nothing lasts, nothing is finished, and nothing is perfect. [Powell, Richard R.]

We suggest translating this term to Lojban as

nalmulnymle - from "na'e mulno melbi", beautiful in the aspect of incompleteness.

Comment:Some say that one can perceive it not being Japanese.

E.g. to see it in the crack on Campana Reina or in absence of hands and head in the Victory of Samothrace statue.

==Feminine logic and Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 53.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

All peacocks are beautiful - ro lo pavmora ku melbi

"Balance of female and male thinking in Lojban."

There are assumptions that the modern languages bear a shade of male thinking and aren't suitable for women.

This skew leads to the conflicts when men justify "But I told only..." And women are compelled to reply "You told this, but you meant that...". It is possible to tell a lot of things using intonation, gestures that aren't taken into consideration by both sexes.

The solution is available in some languages of American Indians that possess emotional indicators.

Those indicators find their their full embodiment in the system of Lojban language.

Do we have a right to say "All peacocks are beautiful" if they aren't pleasant to someone?

This is a trait of European languages. Postulates are given without mentioning whose opinion it is.

Let's recall uncountable slogans of politicians and advertizing.

"This medicine is the best!"

"This mop is the most durable!"

But who says that? Whose opinion is it?

Let's add an attitudinal indicator to the title of this article.

pe'i ro lo pavmora ku melbi - In my opinion all peacocks are beautiful

ru'a ro lo pavmora ku melbi - I postulate that all peacocks are beautiful

ju'a ro lo pavmora ku melbi - I state (without proofs) that all peacocks are beautiful

Now you are talking! We get understanding immediately.

Lojban gives balance of pure logic and live empathy of events.

One of Lojban symbols are two rings. Dark blue denotes pure logic, and violet denotes feelings.

P.S. One of our readers replied:

ru'a ji'a ro lo nanmu ku ka'e cinmo

.i ru'a ji'a so'u lo ninmu ku ka'e pensi

==What others say about Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 54.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:What others say about Lojban.

"I'm sure that the ability to understand, the live interaction is what the future will demand of people. Among other instruments of achieving this I can see Lojban, the language that allows carrying thoughts at ease and faultlessy".

Konstantin Boyandin, Russian science fiction/fantasy/ horror writer.

==What people say about Lojban? Dm. Lichargin==
[[File:menli saske 56.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

What people say about Lojban?

I have continued the development of the Palmer's concept of "Open and Talk" tables. These tables allow you to speak a foreign language without preliminary knowledge of words or rules. While developing the tables, I repeatedly appealed to examples from the Lojban Reference Grammar. It helped me make the method more efficient. (Dmitry Lichargin, Krasnoyarsk, Russia)

Dmitry Lichargin, Krasnoyarsk (Ph.D. in engineering linguistics), is studying how natural languages are generated. He is also developing oGiro, the language of the semantic transcription that among other applications allows recording non-terminal symbols of Chomsky's generative grammars.

==Life is beautiful without the marker of future tense==
[[File:menli saske 57.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Life is beautiful without the marker of future tense (and how it is related to Lojban language)

Studies have shown that the languages in which the future tense marker is optional

have an enormous impact on people's lives.

In languages such as German, Finnish, Chinese, you can talk about the future without a special marker.

for example by saying literally

"Tomorrow morning is cold" instead of

"Tomorrow morning will be cold."

Families that speak languages without obligatory future tense marker have shown to be

+ 13% less obese.

+ In these families, people are healthier during life.

+ On average they keep 30% more savings for the future.

Language affects people's lives.

The opportunity to talk about the future like of present makes people think about their future more often.

They perceive their future as it was within reach.

So let's start speaking a language that is free from limitations and let's live a happy life!

"lo bavlamdei cerni ku ka solri - Tomorrow morning *is* sunny!"
----

More on this subject (in English): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiobJhogNnA (or http://vk.com/videos-5014685?z=video-5014685_16253277)

See also http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21518574

==The feeling of unity==
[[File:menli saske 58.jpg|thumb]]

JBO:cecmu jbini se cinmo

Ithkuil:âpkal eqöerxh

Loglan: munbitfio

Laadan:lol

ENG:The feeling of unity.

RUS:Чувство единства.

ENG:

Largest thinkers in the field of semantics in known history.

John Quijada - the author of Ithkuil

James Cooke Brown - the author of Loglan

Suzette Haden Elgin - the author of Laadan

==Ivan A. Ruban about Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 60.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I'm sure that the knowledge of Lojban will help understand and realise semantics structures and advance the theory of extraction, storage and convertion of data.

As a result this will bring closer the creation of artificial intelligence."

Ivan A. Ruban, was born in Pyatigorsk, Russia where he graduated from Kavminvodsky Service Institute (a branch of SRSUES) in "Information systems and technology." After completing graduate studies he became a postgraduate student in SRSUES Shakhty in "Information systems and processes."

Main interests: Programming, Psychology, Methods and tools for extraction and representation of meanings.

The research topic was originally called "Psychonetic functions", but so far it has expanded to the study of the structure of meanings.

The author's article (in Russian) on the theory of fuzzy meaning:

https://sites.google.com/site/cernidirgo/vsacina/necetkaa-semantika
=="Do you want tea or coffee? - Yes."==
[[File:menli saske 62.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:menli saske 63.jpg|thumb]]

This striking answer shows the power of Lojban, the logical language.

There is nothing wrong in this answer. Indeed, may be the man in the picture doesn’t care what to drink.

However, from logical point of view there is an important distinction from questions that ask for a choice.

In Lojban the word {jonai} means “either this or that”. E.g.

Xu do djica tu’a lo tcati jonai lo ckafi? - Do you want tea or coffee?

The answer can be either {go’i} (“Yes, I want tea or coffee”) or {na go’i} (“No, I don’t want tea or coffee”).

However, if we want to ask what the listener would like to choose from we need a different word - {je’i}. It’ll be translated to English exactly the same.

Xu do djica tu’a lo tcati je’i lo ckafi? - Do you want tea or coffee?

However, the answer will be different.

{je} - “Both” (both tea and coffee)

{naje} - not the first one but the second one (i.e. coffee)

{jenai} - the first one but not the second one (i.e. tea)

{najenai} - none (neither the first nor the second).

{jonai} - “either tea or coffee but not both”

This is how things work in our brains. But in order to correctly understand and express them we have to use a better language.

Start this journey today! http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/

[Note: some languages do work a bit like Lojban. E.g. Chinese employ the Lojbanic form of such connective question.

The Chinese sentence “ni3 zou3 hai2shi pao3 - You walk [or?] run?”

means “Do you walk or run?”, and is exactly parallel to the Lojban:

“do cadzu je'i bajra - You walk [or?] run?”

However, Chinese does not use similar logical connectives that we discussed here when replying to such a question, so it’s still doesn’t fully reflect what we can do in Lojban.]

==Question mark in Spanish==
[[File:menli saske 64.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Question mark in Spanish is put not only in the end but also in the beginning of the sentence in a special reverse form.

"¿Te gusta el verano?" = "Do you like summer?"

"Te gusta el verano." = "You like summer."

But why having two symbols? In a long sentence this helps to understand that this sentence is gonna be interrogative.

Interestingly, in sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol inverted question mark.

For example:

“En el caso de que no puedas ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?” = “In case you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?”

What about Lojban? How can we show in the beginning of the sentence that it's interrogative? Of course all punctuation marks are absolutely optional in Lojban. Everything is expressed in pronounceable words.

And indeed the word we need exists. It’s {pau}.

{pau do nelci lo crisa vau xu} = "¿Do you like summer?"

{pau} explicitly marks the sentence as interrogative. And the real interrogative particle {xu} is put after the sentence is closed with {vau}.

Of course we can just say

{xu do nelci lo crisa} = literally “¿Do you like summer”. The meaning will be the same.

Or we can exchange the two words and say

{xu do nelci lo crisa vau pau} = "?Do you like summer¿"

Although the question word {xu} is in the beginning but in long sentences we might forget that there was a question. But {pau} at the end will remind us that the question is to be answered .

Isn’t it nice to have such optional flexibility?

==Topic and comment in different languages.==
[[File:menli saske 66.jpg|thumb]]

In many languages it is possible to declare some general information and then say some details about it.

E.g. in English we can say

“As for fish, sea bream is most delicious”

Here “As for fish” is the topic of the sentence, and “sea bream is most delicious” is the comment.

However, there are languages that enforce speakers to use such structure wherever possible. Japanese uses two special words: “wa” to mark topic, and “ga” to mark subject of comment.

Interestingly, subject is kind of a small topic inside the big one.

E.g.

“Sakana-wa tai-ga oishi-i desu.”

literally

“Fish: sea bream delicious [end of the sentence]”

Can we do that in Lojban? Sure.

Here we go.

{lo finpe zo’u lo kantaro cu kukte}.

Here {lo finpe} (“fish”) is separated from the rest of the sentence with {zo’u} that delimits topic from comment.

We can go even further and detach {lo kantaro} (“sea bream”, by the way, this word sounds just as in Italian!). And we get

{lo finpe zo’u lo kantaro zo’u kukte}.

So we have one big topic ("fish"), then a small one ("sea bream") and then the rest of the sentence that says that it is delicious.

Now it sounds structurally much like in Japanese.

Isn’t it cool?

==New words in Lojban and why ancient languages here?==
[[File:menli saske 67.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

{vedli}.

x1 remembers experience x2 (li'i)

{x1 lifri x2} is implied. See also {morji}, {lifri}. Proposed short rafsi {-ve'i-}.

{vedli} is distinct from {morji} in that your own experience is a special type of memory.

Let's compare

1. I remember that Columbus discovered America ({morji}, remember facts like e.g. scientific facts).

2. I remember how I fell down the stairs ({vedli}, remember direct experience including your sensation).

This second experience-memory is the ability to "replay", in some sense, past experiences. A phone number and a kiss are two very different things to remember, which is why Lojban distinguishes between them in this case.

Interestingly, such clear distinction between memories-of-feelings (to wit) and memories-of-facts (to remember-know) existed in ancient languages like Sanskrit, Old English or Old Russian.

Example:

{da mi se vedli gi'e fi do se skicu}

What I wist I told to you.

("wist" is the past form of the verb "to wit")

==The unique Voynich manuscript==
[[File:menli saske 69.jpg|thumb]]

sei zgana lo munje - Watching the world.

The unique Voynich manuscript, written in an unknown alphabet in a mysterious language more than 600 years ago shows it has a genuine message inside.

For any given language content-bearing words tend to occur in a clustered pattern, where they are required as part of the specific information being written. When the topic is changed it leads to the shift in the patterns of words that carry meaning (not words that are only syntactically meaningful).

Dr Montemurro in the University of Manchester has found that the text of the Voynich manuscript reveals precisely such patterns. It's now clear that the text is not a hoax. And this is the first serious justification of the authenticity of the manuscript as a meaningful book.

Dr Montemurro believes it unlikely that these features were simply "incorporated" into the text to make a hoax more realistic, as most of the required academic knowledge of these structures did not exist at the time the Voynich manuscript was created.

What can hide itself in the text of the manuscript? Major crimes, buried treasures worth millions or a new understanding of the history of science?

Cracking the meaning of the text is in the lap of the future.

The original research published on June 21 is available at http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066344

==Say "cheese"!==
Since in other countries while being photographed people are asked to say words other than "cheese" the [http://blog.iamnikon.com/en_GB/coolpix/the-secret-to-a-perfect-photo-smile-not-%E2%80%98say-cheese%E2%80%99-but%E2%80%A6-%E2%80%98ouistiti%E2%80%99/ comparison] makes believe that French word "ouistiti" produces the best smile.

So I suggest that in Lojban we say {.ui} while being photographed.

http://blog.iamnikon.com/en_GB/wp-content/uploads/say-cheese1.jpg

== Bezhta language ==
[[Image:Bezhta.jpg|thumb]]In Bezhta language spoken in Dagestan "mi" means "you" and "do" means "I". In Lojban vice versa!

'''lo banku'apu zo'u: zo'oi mi se smuni do ije zo'oi do se smuni mi'''

==Words for sensory feelings==
There are actually natural languages that function somewhat similarly to the classifying languages in part of their lexicon. It’s relatively common among many Papuan languages to have a small group of highly generic verbs such as “do”, “say” and “hit” and to build loads of more specific predicates from these by adding nominal adjuncts to them or serialising them with other verbs.

An extreme case is Kalam which reportedly has less than 100 verb stems in the whole language and has to build most of its actually used complex verbs with the help of nominals and serialisation. For example, the generic verb glossed as “perceive” appears in the following constructions among others:
*consume perceive = taste
*take perceive = feel
*eye perceive = see
*ear perceive = hear
*thought perceive = think
*thought many perceive = worry
*thought good perceive = like
*liver perceive = be sorry
*arm break perceive = count (such languages go up the arm after they finish with the fingers and hand for counting higher numbers so “perceive a piece of the arm” makes sense shifting to “count”.)
These aren't very predictable at all and you absolutely have to learn them as independent lexical tokens. Some of them, like “be sorry” and “count”, are very culturally dependent and quite far from the nominal meaning of the generic verb at the base. The system can’t be understood to represent any objective classification of the world.

Sense words can either express experiencing the sensation or expressing an action being taken to acquire a sensation. In English, these are:
{| class="wikitable"

|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| look
|| see

|-
|| listen
|| hear

|-
|| touch
|| feel

|-
|| sniff
|| smell

|-
|| taste
|| taste

|}
In Lojban, there are few dedicated gismu:
{| class="wikitable"

||
|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| sight
|| catlu
|| viska

|-
|| sound
||
|| tirna

|-
|| touch
|| pencu
||

|-
|| scent
||
|| sumne

|-
|| taste
||
||

|-
|| '''generic'''
|| zgana
|| ganse

|}
[[xorxes]] proposed the follwoing. There are two options of lujvo. Naming based on the sensory organ gives:
{| class="wikitable"

||
|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| sight
|| kalzga
|| kalga'e

|-
|| sound
|| kerzga
|| kerga'e

|-
|| touch
|| pilzga
|| pilga'e

|-
|| scent
|| zbizga
|| zbiga'e

|-
|| taste
|| tacyzga
|| tacyga'e

|}
Naming based on the thing being sensed gives:
{| class="wikitable"

||
|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| sight
|| vinzga
|| vinga'e

|-
|| sound
|| snazga
|| snaga'e

|-
|| touch
|| te'uzga
|| te'urga'e

|-
|| scent
|| panzga
|| panga'e

|-
|| taste
|| vu'izga
|| vu'irga'e

|}

==My name is ...==
Lojban allows to see the differences between expressing yourself in different languages more clearly.

Let's take the most common phrase: "My name is ..."

The Lojban verb '''cmene''' literally means ''x1 is a name of x2 used by x3''.

For example,
{{mu|zo gleki cmene mi lo pendo|"Gleki" is my name used by friends.}}
{{mu|zo tsani cmene lo pendo mi|"Tsani" is a friend's name used by me.}}
Now let's see how other languages work.

English:
{{mu|lo mi cmene cu du zo gleki|My name is Gleki.|My name is equal to "gleki"}}
Spanish:
{{mu|fe mi te cmene fa mi fi zo gleki|Me llamo Gleki.|Me [I] call "gleki"}}
{{mu|fe lo nei te cmene fa ra fi zo tsani|Se llama Tsani.|Self [he/she] calls "tsani"}}
Russian:
{{mu|fe mi te cmene fi zo gleki|Меня зовут Gleki.|me [they] call "gleki"}}

==Laputa Island==
[[Image:Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg|thumb]]
We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in consultation upon improving that of their own cou
ntry.

The first project was, to shorten discourse, by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because, in reality, all things imaginable are but norms.

The other project was, a scheme for entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a great advantage in point of health, as well as brevity.

(Gulliver's Travels)

==Lojban particle around the world==
{{gl|ma|what?}}

'''ma''' has generally the same meaning as in Lojban in Khoisan, Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, and Dené–Caucasian languages. In Amerind languages, the word ''mana'' has the same meaning.

==Wishes, hopes and optative mood==
The optative mood is a grammatical construct that indicates a wish or hope.

In Lojban, the interjections '''da'i''' for hypothetical situations, '''au''' for desire, and '''.a'o''' for ''hope'' can give us optative meaning.

English has no explicit optative, but there are various constructions with optative meaning.
Let's look at them with their translation to Lojban:
{{mu|a'o do ba ze'u jmive|May you have a long life!|(hope!) you will for a long time live}}
Another uses the phrase "if only" with a verb in the past or past subjunctive, e.g.
{{mu|au do ca ricfu|If only I were rich!|(desire!) you now are rich}}

Different languages have specific constructs to express optative mood.

In Ancient Greek, the optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle ''εἴθε'' (''eithe''):
{{mu|au do renro|Εἴθε βάλλοις {{=}} Eíthe bállois {{=}} If only you would throw.}}
The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ''ἄν'' in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause:
{{mu|mi gleki da'i fau lo nu do litru|Χαίροιμι ἂν, εἰ πορεύοισθε (Chaíroimi àn, ei poreúoisthe) "I would be glad if you could travel.}}

==General Semantics and The 12 Steps To Semantic Modeling==
Semantics is an important part of constructing languages. However, people usually use the semantics from their native languages. Here is a way to understand semantics better, and it gives us a way to build semantic models rather than using the semantics from our native languages.

For those of you familiar with Alfred Korzybski, this is a way of abstracting reality. Alfred Korzybski talked about "consciousness of abstraction" with his work in general semantics. With practice of semantics, we can develop our minds to become conscious of the semantics behind the words, which is the "consciousness of abstraction" that Alfred Korzybski talked about. There are not too many people that know how to do this in the world, so practicing and studying this will give you a great mental power that few people have. A student of Alfred Korzybski constructed a language called E-prime to deal with the ambiguity and semantic problems of the verb "to be".

1. Identification. This is how we identify the phenomena, which can include the word, some identifier, a symbol, our observations, and/or sensory/perception pattern recognition. In most cases, this would be the word or symbol in our native languages.

2. Measurables. Many call these properties or attributes in semantics and philosophy/ontology, but that is often an error. The word 'color' represents a measurable from light that reflected off an object, which means the light is not a property of the object itself; the light frequency, which is the color, is reflected and what is measured when we use the word 'color'. In simple terms, we can just list the properties and attributes for our semantic models in this step.

3. Inheritance. This refers to the generality/specificity relationships in semantics. For example, the semantics of the words "man" and "woman" are specific classes of the more general semantic class that we use with the word "human". In Spanish, we use the words "hombre", "mujer", and "humana", but the semantics underneath those words are equivalent to the semantics of "man", "woman", and "human". That means the semantics underneath the words in both languages have the same generality/specificity relationship. For another example, we have the semantics of "car" and "truck" being more specific classes of "vehicles". We can call them a subclass of vehicle.

4. Composition. Here we list the components in the phenomena for the semantic model that we are building. If we are building a semantic model of a rose, we would need to know its components such as the leaves, thorns, stem, and petals. "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" - Shakespeare

5. Arrangement. The shape or form common to the phenomena we are modeling. This is usually more of the surface measures than the depth we find in composition. For example, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders each refer to different forms of columns that come from ancient Greece.

6. Creation. This step is about including and modeling, to some extent, the cause of creation. For example, the semantic model of the word "forgery" is connected to a false cause of creation. In other contexts, it's about modeling the process of creation, which we can do with the question "what causes the phenomena to come into existence?".

7. Causality. With this step, you can refer to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes Aristotle's Four Causes] if you need help. In the preceding steps, we addressed some of those causes already. We can look at what causes it to behave the way it does. What causes it to start, stop, change, and others. We can look at what cause it was created for, its intent or purpose. Causality is a large area of study since it is connected to everything. Additionally, we can use it to validate truth. If you are interested in going in-depth on causality, then let me know.

8. Spaces (environments, scopes, situations, events). Phenomena exist in various environments or situations (spaces). Notice that some words change meaning (change semantics) based on the context. That context is a situation which is a chunk or slice of space in space-time. For each phenomenon that we make words for, we have to look at the scope in which they operate. That scope, that space, may be bounded. Different types of fish are bound by water, oceans, rivers, and other geographical locations. So for this step, we list the common environments, situations, scopes, or events for the phenomena of our semantic models.

9. Relationships. Organisms have relationships to other organisms, objects are related to other objects by distance in an environment, and some objects are related by how they are touching one another, adjacency. There are many other classes of relationships between objects in environments. You will find that most prepositions have a semantic model of a relationship. Try it! Go through a list of prepositions and see how the preposition refers to a relationship between other items.

10. Change. Transitions, states, life-cycle, and various other changes common to the phenomena being modeled. Be careful not to model the changes of the components in this semantic model. For each component, you have another semantic model with the change to that component kept in that component's semantic model.

11. Actions. We can enumerate actions initiated by the phenomena or coactions which are actions in which the phenomena is used, and we can model them to some extent. In this step too, be careful not to list the actions or coactions of each component. For example, a human can perform the action of shaking one's hand, which is an action done by the whole human. Moving a finger is an action connected to a component of a human, a finger amongst other parts. Keeping actions of components with the component's own semantic model will give your semantic models clarity by connecting actions to their proper scope.

12. Complexity. This is an interesting and, sometimes, difficult step. In the previous step, we discussed actions. Notice the following words: operation, function, action, reaction, interaction, and process. Each word is often used with semantics that are equivalent other than a change in complexity. We usually use the word "operation" when it is simple (few steps), and we use the word "process" when it is more complex and has many steps involved. In other words, the difference in the usual semantics of the words in that list goes on a level starting from the simple "operation" and increasing in complexity to the semantic of "process".

==Scalability and backward compatibility of languages==
In what ways can any given language be better or worse than any other?
1. Scalability. (Literally, scalability, modularity, the possibility of modular expansion. (Hereinafter - SCA))

2. Backward compatibility. (Hereinafter - BWC)

Scalability means that new constructs of a language such as new syntax, lexicon, affixes must be easily addable to the language if they become required by new demands imposed by the current situation.

If a language is too stiff, scalability is low. With high scalability, the language can also absorb features of other languages.

Backward compatibility means that new constructs of a language should not annul or conflict with the old rules.

==Colors in different languages==
Most ancient languages didn't have words describing spectral colors. This is why Homer describes iron, fleece of lambs, and sea as all having the color of wine. This is nothing strange here since all of those objects might have had the same hue or texture or other properties similar to which wine has.

Only since the 19th century has mankind (primarily in Europe and USA) started to develop a color system based on spectrum (or colors of rainbow) in their languages.

Many languages had no words for "green" and "blue". Instead, both of them were described using the same word:
*in Thai "khiaw" means "green" or the color of the sky or the sea
*in Korean "purueda"
*in Chinese "qīng"
*in Japanese "ao" means both "green" and "blue". In the 20th century in Japan, the word "midori" denoting a greenish shade of "ao" became more popular due to the influence from Western civilization.

Prototyping:

In Urdu, the word for vegetable "sabzi" is synonymous with "green"; in English, we use the term "greenery".

The concept of redness, that vivid region of the visual spectrum that we associate with fire, strawberries, blood, or ketchup, is something that most cultures share.

In ancient languages:
First, languages adopted words for lightness, the words for black and white, then for red, then for green and yellow, then for blue.

To the Dani people who live in the highlands of New Guinea, objects come in just two shades: "mili" is for the cooler shades, from blues and greens to black, and "mola" is for the lighter shades, like reds, yellows, and white.

The Pirahã tribe of the Amazon doesn't have any specialized color words at all; they use prototyping instead.

SWH:

The linguistic distinction between blue and green may heighten the perceived difference between them.

In 2006, a study led by Aubrey Gilbert made a rather surprising discovery. Imagine that you're a subject in their experiment. You're asked to stare at the cross in the middle of the screen. A circle of colored tiles appears. One of the tiles is different from the others. Sometimes it will be on the left, and other times on the right. Your task is to spot whether the odd-color-out is on the left or on the right. Keep your eyes on the cross.

[[Image:bluegreencircle.png]]

Well, sometimes you'll also get a picture that looks like this.

[[Image:greengreencircle.png]]

See the difference? In one case, English speakers have different words for the two colors, blue and green. So there's a concept that builds a wall between them. But in other cases like above, the two colors are conceptually the same.

If you have a word to distinguish two colors, that makes you better at telling them apart. It takes less time to identify that odd blue square compared to the odd green one. This makes sense to anyone who's ever tried looking for a tennis ball in the grass. It's not that hard, but I'd rather the ball be blue. In one case, you are jumping categories (blue versus green), and in the other, staying within a category (green versus green). This usually works only for the right part of your visual field, however, since word language is usually encoded in the left part of our brains which operates the right part of visual field.

[[Image:1-s2.0-S0010027707002351-gr1.png]]

For Korean: To the left of the dotted line is yeondu, and to the right chorok. Is it still as easy to spot the odd square in the circle?

We rely on our experience, rather than recognize the color outright.

More reading: [http://mw.lojban.org/files/docs/ENG%20Deutscher,Guy%20-%20Through%20the%20Language%20Glass.pdf Guy Deutscher - Through the Language Glass].

==Free word order==
Some languages like English have a more strict word order. First, you put a subject, then a verb, then an object:
{{mu|I saw a big dog yesterday.}}

However, in some languages like Russian, words are always marked for their role in a sentence, so you can literally say:
{{mu|Большую вчера увидел я собаку.||Big yesterday saw I dog.}}

Chinese is similar to English in that it has a strict word order; however, the helping verb 把 (bǎ) being placed in front of the object of a sentence allows for the object of the sentence to be placed before the verb:

{{mu|他把刀放在桌子上 (tā bǎ dāo fàng zài zhuōzi shàng)|He put the knife on the table.|He bǎ knife put at table top}}

In Lojban, we have the particles of FA series that can change from strict word order to free word order, thus allowing for greater flexibility in complex sentence constructions, for greater expressivity when packing information, and for following the advantages of different languages.

==Friends of both genders in Spanish==
[[File:amig@s.png|thumb|right]]In Spanish, AMIGOS means 'male friends', AMIGAS means 'female friends'.

But how to say 'friends' in general? Earlier, 'amigos' was used for that. However, recently a new style has appeared. In e-mail conversations, AMIG@S is used when addressing friends of both genders.

==Linguistic relativity. A brief explanation==
In 1940, Benjamin Lee Whorf let loose an alluring idea that our mother tongue restricts what we are able to think. In particular, Whorf announced, Native American languages impose on their speakers a picture of reality that is totally different from ours, so their speakers would simply not be able to understand some of our most basic concepts, like the flow of time or the distinction between objects (like "stone") and actions (like "fall"). For decades, Whorf's theory dazzled both academics and the general public alike. In his shadow, others made a whole range of imaginative claims:
*that Native American languages instill in their speakers an intuitive understanding of Einstein's concept of time as a fourth dimension
*that the nature of the Jewish religion was determined by the tense system of ancient Hebrew
*if a language has no future tense, for instance, its speakers would simply not be able to grasp our notion of future time

However, when you ask, in perfectly normal English, and in the present tense, "Are you coming tomorrow?" do you feel your grip on the notion of futurity slipping away?

Do English speakers who have never heard the German word Schadenfreude find it difficult to understand the concept of relishing someone else's misfortune?

The renowned linguist Roman Jakobson said: "Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey." This maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue: if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about.

Suppose I say to you in English that "I spent yesterday evening with a neighbor." You may well wonder whether my companion was male or female, but I have the right to tell you politely that it's none of your business. But if we were speaking French or German, I wouldn't have the privilege to equivocate in this way, because I would be obliged by the grammar of language to choose between voisin or voisine; Nachbar or Nachbarin. These languages compel me to inform you about the sex of my companion whether or not I feel it is remotely your concern. This does not mean, of course, that English speakers are unable to understand the differences between evenings spent with male or female neighbors, but it does mean that they do not have to consider the sexes of neighbors, friends, teachers, and a host of other persons each time they come up in a conversation, whereas speakers of some languages are obliged to do so.

On the other hand, English requires you to specify certain types of information that can be left to context in other languages. If I want to tell you in English about a dinner with my neighbor, I may not have to mention the neighbor’s gender, but I do have to provide some information about the timing of the event: I must decide whether we dined, have been dining, are dining, will be dining, and so on. Chinese, in contrast, does not require its speakers to specify the exact time of an action in this way, because the same verb form can be used for past, present, or future actions. Again, this does not mean that Chinese speakers are unable to understand the concept of time; rather, they are not compelled to think about timing whenever they describe an action.

When your language routinely requires you to specify certain types of information, it forces you to be attentive to specific details in the world and to certain aspects of experience that speakers of other languages may not need to consider constantly.

Languages like Spanish, French, German, and Russian not only require you to consider the gender of friends and neighbors, but they also assign a masculine or feminine gender to a wide range of inanimate objects, often quite arbitrarily. For example, what is particularly feminine about a Frenchman’s beard (*la barbe*)? Why is Russian water considered feminine, and why does it become masculine once you dip a tea bag into it? When I speak English, I might say about a bed that “it” is too soft, but as a native Hebrew speaker, I actually feel “she” is too soft. “She” remains feminine all the way from the lungs up to the glottis and becomes neuter only when reaching the tip of the tongue.

For instance, a German bridge is feminine (*die Brücke*), but *el puente* is masculine in Spanish; the same applies to clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world, and love. Conversely, an apple is masculine in German but feminine in Spanish, as are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain, and garbage. When speakers were asked to rate various objects on a range of characteristics, Spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks, and violins to have more “manly properties,” like strength, while Germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. With objects like mountains or chairs, which are masculine in German but feminine in Spanish, the effect was reversed.

In a different experiment, French and Spanish speakers were asked to assign human voices to various objects in a cartoon. When French speakers saw a picture of a fork (la fourchette), most of them wanted it to speak in a woman’s voice. However, Spanish speakers, for whom el tenedor is masculine, preferred a gravelly male voice for it. More recently, psychologists have even shown that “gendered languages” imprint gender traits onto objects so strongly in the mind that these associations obstruct speakers’ ability to commit information to memory.

To speak a language like Guugu Yimithirr, you need to know where the cardinal directions are at every moment of your waking life. You need to have a mental compass that operates all the time, day and night, without breaks, since otherwise, you would not be able to convey even the most basic information or understand what people around you are saying. Indeed, speakers of geographic languages seem to have an almost superhuman sense of orientation. Regardless of visibility conditions—whether they are in thick forests or on an open plain, indoors or outdoors, or even in caves—they have a precise sense of direction. They don’t look at the sun and pause for a moment of calculation before they say, “There’s an ant just north of your foot.” They simply feel where north, south, west, and east are, just as people with perfect pitch can identify each note without calculating intervals. There are numerous stories about what might seem to us like incredible feats of orientation, but for speakers of geographic languages, they are just routine. One report relates how a speaker of Tzeltal from southern Mexico was blindfolded and spun around more than 20 times in a darkened house. Still blindfolded and dizzy, he pointed without hesitation in the correct geographic directions.

How does this work? The convention of communicating with geographic coordinates compels speakers from a young age to pay attention to clues from the physical environment (such as the position of the sun and the direction of the wind) every second of their lives and to develop an accurate memory of their own changing orientations at any given moment. Everyday communication in a geographic language provides intense training in geographic orientation (it has been estimated that as much as one word in ten in a typical Guugu Yimithirr conversation is “north,” “south,” “west,” or “east,” often accompanied by precise hand gestures). This habit of constant awareness of geographic direction is inculcated almost from infancy: studies have shown that children in such societies start using geographic directions as early as age 2 and fully master the system by ages 7 or 8. With such early and intense training, the habit soon becomes second nature—effortless and unconscious. When Guugu Yimithirr speakers were asked how they knew where north was, they couldn’t explain it any more than you could explain how you know where “behind” is.

But there is more to the effects of a geographic language, as the sense of orientation must extend further in time than just the immediate present. If you speak a Guugu Yimithirr-style language, your memories of anything that you might ever want to report will have to be stored with cardinal directions as part of the picture. One Guugu Yimithirr speaker was filmed telling his friends the story of how, in his youth, he capsized in shark-infested waters. He and an older person were caught in a storm, and their boat tipped over. They both jumped into the water and managed to swim nearly three miles to shore, only to discover that the missionary for whom they worked was more concerned about the loss of the boat than relieved at their miraculous escape. Apart from the dramatic content, the remarkable thing about the story was that it was remembered throughout with cardinal directions: the speaker jumped into the water on the western side of the boat, his companion to the east, they saw a giant shark swimming north, and so on. Perhaps the cardinal directions were just made up for the occasion? Well, quite by chance, the same person was filmed some years later telling the same story. The cardinal directions matched exactly in the two tellings. Even more remarkable were the spontaneous hand gestures that accompanied the story. For instance, the direction in which the boat rolled over was gestured in the correct geographic orientation, regardless of the direction the speaker was facing in the two films.

Psychological experiments have also shown that under certain circumstances, speakers of Guugu Yimithirr-style languages even remember “the same reality” differently from us. There has been heated debate about the interpretation of some of these experiments, but one compelling conclusion is that while we are trained to ignore directional rotations when we commit information to memory, speakers of geographic languages are trained not to do so. One way of understanding this is to imagine that you are traveling with a speaker of such a language and staying in a large chain-style hotel with corridor upon corridor of identical-looking doors. Your friend is staying in the room opposite yours, and when you go into his room, you’ll see an exact replica of yours: the same bathroom door on the left, the same mirrored wardrobe on the right, the same main room with the same bed on the left, the same curtains behind it, the same desk next to the wall on the right, the same television set on the left corner of the desk, and the same telephone on the right. In short, you have seen the same room twice. But when your friend comes into your room, he will see something quite different because everything is reversed north-to-south. In his room, the bed was in the north, while in yours it is in the south; the telephone that was in the west in his room is now in the east, and so on. So while you will see and remember the same room twice, a speaker of a geographic language will see and remember two different rooms.

It is not easy for us to conceive how Guugu Yimithirr speakers experience the world, with a crisscrossing of cardinal directions imposed on any mental picture and any piece of graphic memory. Nor is it easy to speculate about how geographic languages affect areas of experience other than spatial orientation—whether they influence the speaker’s sense of identity, for instance, or foster a less egocentric outlook on life. But one piece of evidence is telling: if you saw a Guugu Yimithirr speaker pointing at himself, you would naturally assume he meant to draw attention to himself. In fact, he is pointing at a cardinal direction that happens to be behind his back. While we are always at the center of our world and it would never occur to us that pointing at our chest could mean anything other than to draw attention to ourselves, a Guugu Yimithirr speaker points through himself, as if he were thin air and his own existence were irrelevant.

For example, English tends to describe events in terms of agents performing actions. English speakers often say things like "John broke the vase," even for accidents. Speakers of Spanish or Japanese are more likely to say "the vase broke" or "the vase was broken." Such differences between languages have profound consequences for how their speakers understand events, construct notions of causality and agency, remember events as eyewitnesses, and assign blame or punishment.

In studies conducted by Caitlin Fausey at Stanford, speakers of English, Spanish, and Japanese watched videos of two people popping balloons, breaking eggs, and spilling drinks, either intentionally or accidentally. Later, they were given a surprise memory test: for each event, could they remember who did it? Fausey discovered a striking cross-linguistic difference in eyewitness memory. Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as English speakers did. However, they remembered the agents of intentional events (for which their language would mention the agent) just fine. But for accidental events, when the agent would not typically be mentioned in Spanish or Japanese, they did not encode or remember the agent as well.

In another study, English speakers watched the video of Janet Jackson's infamous "wardrobe malfunction" (a nonagentive coinage introduced into the English language by Justin Timberlake), accompanied by one of two written reports. The reports were identical except for the last sentence, where one used the agentive phrase "ripped the costume" while the other said "the costume ripped." Even though everyone watched the same video and witnessed the ripping with their own eyes, language mattered. People who read "ripped the costume" not only blamed Justin Timberlake more but also imposed 53% higher fines.

Beyond space, time, and causality, patterns in language have been shown to shape many other domains of thought. Russian speakers, who make an extra distinction between light and dark blues in their language, are better able to visually discriminate shades of blue. The Pirahã, a tribe in the Amazon in Brazil, whose language lacks number words and instead uses terms like "few" and "many," are not able to keep track of exact quantities. And Shakespeare, it turns out, was wrong about roses: roses called by many other names (as told to blindfolded subjects) do not smell as sweet.

([http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html?fta=y&_r=0 source], [http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703467304575383131592767868 source])

menli saske papri

2024-09-03T18:42:04Z

Gleki: Undo revision 125341 by Gleki (talk)

{{nalcatni}}
ENG: This is a collection of notes regarding Lojban prepared mostly by [[User:Gleki|la gleki]].

==Tailed Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 01.jpg|300px]]
[[File:menli saske 02.jpg|300px]]

ENG: Tailed Lojban. Why talking about humans? Cats also have their own tail Lojban.

==You can't search for love==
[[File:menli saske 04.jpg|thumb]]

Lojban and why you cannot search for love like you search for your lost keys? And about the danger of natural languages .

Many search for love like they search for real objects like lost keys.

We can clearly imagine the "keys" as a thing, but what about "love"?

In English language (and not only English) a noun is a word such as 'car', 'love', or 'Jimm' which is used to refer to a person or thing.

However, "love" is just a word with a lot of individual values that describes preferences of the individual or a group of people, but not a thing!

Example: My love for cats is limitless.

This leads us to the Lojban Grammar, where words such as "key", "love" are relations between objects or phenomena.

Here are two examples of these:

prami - А loves B

ckiku - A is a key fitting lock B with properties C

You cannot search for love but you can search for "se prami", the creature loved by you or act in such a way so that you start feeling love.

And "love" is "su'u prami", the abstraction (e.g. state) of being in love.

So you can clearly distinguish between "things" and "abstractions" and make relevant conclusions when using Lojban as the instrument of your reasoning.

Comment: citations here are taken from discussions at the Zeitgeist Movement websites. the Zeit Geist movement doesn't have any relation to Lojban.

=="To feed" in Japanese==
[[File:menli saske 05.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Get imbued with Japanese style of reasoning, using Lojban!

The realisation of "to feed" concept.

In Japanese language the agent of an action can be defined using suffixes.

Let's explain it in English.

Japanese word - translation.

1. taberu - to eat

2. tabesaseru - to feed (to cause someone to eat)

1. miru - to look. misaseru - to show (to cause someone to look)

2. matsu - to wait. mataseru - to keep waiting (to cause someone to wait)

In Lojban:

citka – to eat

gasnu – A causes B to happen

citka gasnu – to feed, literally "to cause in the aspect of eating"

gasnu lo nu citka – to feed, literally "to cause an eating process"

In Lojban this concept is so important that the word "to feed" was even included into in the dictionary in the form of compound word created using compressed roots (usually called affixes or "rafsi" in Lojban)

ctigau

cti-gau - to feed

cti - an affix of the word "citka"

gau - an affix of the word "gasnu"

As for the rest of the words, we can apply the same concept only changing the roots when necessary.

One more example showing that causative is grammaticalised in Japanese.

先生が質問をたくさん聞かせてくれた。

Transfer: Following the teacher's proposal many questions were asked.

Parsing the text: Teacher {rheme, nominative case suffix} question {accusative case suffix} many ask+{causative suffix}+{verbal adverb suffix} give+{past tense suffix}.

==Aymara trivalent logic==

[[File:menli saske 07.jpg|500px]]

Was Aymara language created by aliens? And why Lojban here.

When European researchers started studying Aymara language spoken in South America they were astonished at it's orderly design.

Some even claimed that humans had no abilities to construct such language and therefore it had probably been constructed by aliens and presented to humanity.

But sometimes the reality is more enchanting than any fairy-tale.

Aymara is a language of people, constructed by people and for people.

One of it's core features is trivalent logic.

While European languages divide our world by two (yes/no, good/bad), Aymara divides it by three: yes, no and somewhere in between.

Let's have an example.

"Will it rain tomorrow?" And we have three realisations.
A. It will rain.
B. Either it will rain or it will be dry.
C. It will be dry.
For each option we can have three opinions
+ "yes, it is so"
0 "I don't know" or "it's not known"
‒ "not, it won't be so"
Now for each of the options we give one of our three opinions which (as a simple count says) can give us up to 27 possible answers. Let's have a look at one of them to be more clear
A B C
+ ‒ ‒
*Under A we see + and that means that we agree that it'll be raining tomorrow.
*Under B we see - so we reject any doubt about this event
*Under C we see - so we reject the draught for tomorrow.

In other words " + ‒ ‒ " means certitude that it will rain tomorrow (see the picture for some other examples).

Lojban although having native support for trivalent logic (such series as ja'ai/cu'i/nai and je'a/no'e/to'e) is still in the beginning of absorbing Aymara's advances in mind research.

The development of a clean trivalent logic system applied to lojbanic indicators of love, fear, doubt etc. will lead to the realisation of the instrument unprecedented in human history.

The instrument of expressing human emotions, attitudes and relations towards the Universe.
----
Further reading:

http://aymara.org/biblio/html/igr/igr3.html

http://aymara.org/biblio/html/igr/igr4.html
----
John Clifford once said this research was wrong. But yes we need learning resources to prove his claim. Well, learning spanish only in order to figure out whether to apply trivalent system to Lojban.. ha, nice idea.

=="Bitten by a dog" in different languages==
[[File:menli saske 08.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I was bitten by a dog". How people of different language background express this thing.

English style:

✔mi pu se batci lo gerku - I was bitten by a dog

Spanish style:

✔pu se batci lo gerku - Was bitten by a dog

German style:

✔mi lo gerku ba'o se batci - I have, by a dog, been bitten

Chinese style:

✔batci gerku- Bite dog

Turkish style:

✔fe lo gerku pu selbatci fa mi - By a dog bitten was I

Master Yoda from Star Wars:

✔pu batci mi fa lo gerku - Bitten me have a dog

[Source:http://arj.nvg.org/lojban/why-i-like.html]

==Italian "ciao" and Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 09.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"ciao" in Italian means both "Hello!" and "Good-bye!".

This attractive example shows that words of natural languages can possess incompatible properties.

Of course, in Lojban we can think up a word which will mean both a greeting, and a farewell.

For example, at a meeting it would be possible to say

"jikca" - it means something like "Contact!" Literally 'jikca' means "socialise". After all, we don't know, whether it's the beginning of the conversation of the end.

or 'penmi' - to meet (again 'penmi' could also denote a hint that the meeting is coming to an end).

There are other nice solutions.

.io (it is read as "yoh!") - expresses respect.

ge'e - is an interjection which expresses any emotion, without specifying it.

It would be entertaining to use these words not only in Lojban, but also while speaking in your native language.

==Lojban language. The power of simplicity.==
[[File:menli saske 10.jpg|thumb|Copyright Robin Lee Powell, 2012]]

Lojban helps us see relations between objects. But sometimes being precise in pointing to relations is not what we want. Is it possible to express thoughts shorter?

The answer is yes.

Skillfull lojban speakers have realised the power of tanru constructions.

Tanru is just a simple chain of words sticking to each other. Every word in this chain acts as a modifier, as an 'adjective' of the next word.

Let's take an example

"She is trying to crawl on the floor".

Although we can think a lot what process the verb "to try" should denote here or how "to crawl" is connected with the floor

we can simply say

"Ta loldi cpare troci" - literally "that-one floor-crawl-tries".

And yes, it's that short, simple and comprehensible!

"Floor" (loldi) is connected in an unspecified manner to "crawling" (cpare). And the resulting floor-crawling is connected to "trying" (troci).

Start learning Lojban and you'll set your mind free!

[about the photo in this post: Copyright Robin Lee Powell, 2012]

==How much Lojban is close to other languages?==
[[File:menli saske 11.jpg|thumb]]

Syntax apart Lojban sometimes acts and sounds similar to other languages.

Look at Chinese word "měi-nǚ" that denotes a beautiful girl. Literally

"měi" means "beautiful"

"nǚ" means "woman" (of any age)

Lojban acts the same way

"mle" is a short form for the word "beautiful"

"ni'u" is a short form for the word "woman" (of any age).

This results in a similar sounding and word structure.
==The word "Mu". Lojban is ready to explain Eastern philosophy.==
[[File:menli saske 12.jpg|thumb]]

There is a special word in Chinese and Japanese, pronounced as wú and mu correspondingly.

Although it's usually translated as "not, not having" it has special meaning in philosophy.

Here is the story.

A monk asked Zhaozhou Congshen, a Chinese Zen master, "Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?"

Zhaozhou answered, "Wú" (in Japanese translation - "Mu").

This answer, which is literally translated that dogs do not have Buddha nature may actually mean that such categorical thinking is a delusion and the question is not correct.

Alternatively it may mean that either a positive or negative answer is absurd because there is no particular thing called Buddha-nature.

Robert M. Pirsig said in one of his novels:

"For example, it's stated over and over again that computer circuits exhibit only two states, a voltage for 'one' and a voltage for 'zero'. ... [But try] to find a voltage representing one or zero when the power is off! The circuits are in a mu state."

So why Lojban here? It has several cute words such as

{na'i} - It lets the asker know the question cannot have been asked because it's incorrectly formed. Therefore, "na'i" metaphorically unasks the question.

{co'e} - it denotes any relation between any objects, facts or events.

e.g. {mi co'e do} - "I'm somehow have some relation, connection to you". It may mean anything depending on the context, from "I love you" or "I'm your son" to "I'll eat you".

There are more words that are so easy to use in Lojban but that are absent or extremely hard to express in other languages.

See how we can accelerate our thoughts if such complicated things can be managed in Lojban at the speed of light on a daily basis?

==Let's feel the spirit of Native American languages.==
[[File:menli saske 13.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

We'll use the standard emulating language of Lojban for that purpose.

inikwihl'minik'isit (in Nuu-chah-nulth language).

Translation: The lights were burning in the house

inikwihl'minik'isit is split into the following blocks:

inkiw - fire / burn

ihl - in-house

'minik - plural

'is - diminutive

it - past tense

So this is how we can emulate it in Lojban.

fagykemyzdanerso'icmapru

which is divided into the following blocks:

fag kem zda ner so'i cma pru

fag - fire

kem - opening bracket

zda - home

ner - within

so'i - few

cma - small

pru - past-event

So we get

fire ( house within few little past-event )

So the Indians literally say "Fire event, associated with the small objects in the number of several pieces inside the house".

Simple non-emulating translation to Lojban looks like this:

so'i cmalu fagri puca'o jelca ne'i le zdani

Several small fires in the past continuously burn inside the house.

=="wow" in languages==
[[File:menli saske 14.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

There is a lojbanic word .uesai (it's read as "weh-say!")

It means "Wow!" This exclamation is used when you are amazed by something.

Surprisingly, the Chinese "wasai" means almost the same.

"wasai" is the expression of strong surprise.

==Comparison of the languages with the fixed level of concretion.==
[[File:menli saske 15.jpg|300px]]

ENG:

Tokipona much depends on context. Quijada tried to get rid of all metaphors and therefore context in his Ithkuil. Lojban was never intended to be a semantically regularised language although of course it's much more regular than natlangs.
==aUI==
[[File:menli saske 16.jpg|300px]]
[[File:menli saske 17.jpg|300px]]
aUI, The Language of Space was created by W. John Weilgart. It's goal is to create a form of communication based on what he proposed to be universal, basic elements of human thought and expression, that presented meaning in a straightforward and logical manner.

Here is one possible translation of those elements to lojban.

See also http://www.anomalist.com/reports/language.html
=="I give you money" or "I give money to you?"==
[[File:menli saske 18.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I give you money" or "I give money to you?" - Direct and indirect object in Khmer language, English and Slavic.

In many languages, the order in which

the direct object (in this case "money") and

the indirect object (the one who gives)

are placed is very important.

For example, in English we say "I give you money", but "I give money you" sounds meaningless.

In the Khmer language, "Give me the money" will be "aoi luy kniom." But note that "lui" - is "money" and "knyom" is "I" (in English it would look like "Give money me", which is also impossible).

In some languages, e.g. in Slavic languages, we can play with the order using cases (in this example, accusative and dative).

In Lojban we have access to all options, including a version with the preposition "fa'a" (towards ..., in the direction of ...) to indicate the indirect object - the one who gives.

But the default word "dunda - to give" has the following order of objects.

dunda - "(A) gives/presents/gives the gift/present (B) towards (C) (recipient)"

==Amazingly "sold" means "bought" in Lojban!==
[[File:menli saske 19.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

What? Impossible?

The phrase "mo'u se vecnu" means both "sold" and "bought" in Lojban.

Meanings of each word:

vecnu = seller A sells goods B to buyer C for cost D.

mo'u = denotes completed action.

se = refers to the second argument (B)

If we think over this fact we'll understand that something sold is at the same time bought.

Lojban pays our attention to the interconnection of elements of any solid phenomenon.

==Feel the Hungarian way of thinking using Lojban language.==
[[File:menli saske 20.jpg|thumb]]

Emulating the phrase "German History".

"a Nemetorszag tortenelme" - "History of Germany" in Hungarian.

a - the definite article

Nemetorszag - Germany

tortenelem - history

tortenelme - history of it, the previous word (possessive form)

Some nouns lose the last vowel when the suffix is being attached to them. So we remove the vowel from "tortenelem" and get "tortenelm-". Then we attach the possessive suffix -a/-e (possessor: third person, singular, possessed:singular) and we get "tortenelme".

Simulation using Lojban language.

We need to make the phrase

"Germany" "history+possessiveness-of-the-last-word."

la doitcland. - Germany

citri - A is a history of B.

srana - A belongs to B

"la. doitcland. ke citri zei srana" - literally "to Germany in the historical aspect belonging" that can be reduced to

"la. doitcland. citrysrana - History of Germany"

==Logic and intuition. The European way.==
[[File:menli saske 21.png|thumb|In this picture: Lojban double ring logo. Logic - cornflower blue, intuition - violet.]]

ENG:

Speakers of Lojban often assert that this constructed language is that flexible so it's grammar is universal for the whole planet. It is indeed true.

But let us see from the height of Lojban how predicate relations are expressed in European languages.

We won't study every peculiar feature of every European language here. We need to get the gist of them.

Luckily this task was completed long ago. Main points of those languages are represented in Esperanto, a very well known planned language. So we can have a look at this gist from the viewpoint of only one language.

Morphemes in Esperanto words set a very precise structure of sentence.

-as/-is/-os/-us/-u = predicate

-е = modifiers for predicates.

-o / -on = arguments of predicates

-a / -an = subsidiary predicates-modifiers for those arguments

More complex structures are express using word order.

Let us take an example.

:''The brown fox quickly jumps to the tree.''
:Bruna vulpo rapide saltas al arbo.

Look at the endings of Esperanto words to understand the class of every word.

This design completely covers the expressiveness level of European languages.

We can easily understand this short list if we are familiar with more generalised lojbanic grammar.

:The brown fox quickly jumps onto the tree.
:'''lo bunre lorxu ku sutra plipe lo tricu'''

*Predicate is not marked.
*Modifiers stick to the left of predicates.
*Arguments are expressed using lo ... ku brackets.
*Subsidiary modifiers of arguments also stick to the left but inside lo ... ku brackets.
*More complex structures (of any level of complexity) are expressed with "be ... bei ... be'o" and "fi'o ...fe'u" brackets (for precise predicate style) or with "ke ... ke'e" brackets (simple style).

And while using them you are free to use "and" / "or" conjunctions and also more elegant conjunctions that are too long to describe in English. It's better to learn and feel them for examples of sentences.

==Our brain and ships of Christopher Columbus==
[[File:menli saske 22.jpg|thumb]]

ENG: They say, when the first ships of Christopher Columbus arrived in America then native citizens couldn't see those ships because the appearance of them was IMPOSSIBLE for their experience and therefore their brain DELETED the images of the ships from their perception. Therefore they just ignored those ships as if they didn't exist.

Many ask "What if a language doesn't express e.g. some feeling? May be the speakers of that language also can't possess that feeling?"

Although it can be partially true look at the example with Columbus'es ships. If we can't see them does it mean that they don't exist?

Isn't it the right way to start learning a language that will allow you to feel something that you have no words for in your native speech?

And indeed there is a language that can make your thoughts clean and expand your understanding of how we think.

So welcome to the world of Lojban, the language with the most elaborate design in the world, an instrument for personal development.

==Konstantin Boyandin about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 24.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Lojban, even though this analogy is not entirely accurate, is a version of the assembly language for natural languages. An intermediate language that can convey the most bizarre versions of the relationships between objects and the nuances of those relationships, not taking the bias of any of natural languages.

(Konstantin Boyandin, Russian science fiction writer)

==No nouns and verbs in Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 25.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Why there is no distinction between nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles and adverbs in Lojban ?

And also about "Melbi bajra - graceful runner".

Let's take three phrases in English:
A. Gracefully runs
B. Graceful runner
C. Gracefully running

What parts of speech have we used in the examples?
A. adverb, verb
B. Adjective, noun
C. Adverb, participle
But all the three sentences describe the same pattern.

And therefore we can call this picture as "Melbi bajra".

melbi - a beautiful, bajra - to run

And "melbi bajra" can be translated as any of the three examples.

This example shows that without any muddle and hangups Lojban describes the essence of the phenomenon having ONE meaning but which even within one language (English) can be expressed in different ways.

No surprise, the vocabulary of Lojban can be learnt much faster.

Just after you realise that there is no need in such distinctions between parts of speech. Lojban doesn't copy syntax and grammar of other languages.

Lojban expresses meaning. With any level of precision that you need.

And no language can rival it.

[Note:]

In English an adverb for a verb is the same as as an adjective for an noun. Adverbs and adjectives are kind of modifiers (not just "running", but "running gracefully", not just "a runner", but "a graceful runner".

==Gender in words==
[[File:menli saske 26.png|thumb]]

The class of a word it belongs to often imposes erroneous assumptions in natural languages.

Here is the story:

A father and his son got into a road accident. They were taken to the hospital. The surgeon looked at the son and said: "It's my son!"

How can that story be true?

The surgeon was his mother.

But 90% of surgeons are males. We subconsciously think that any surgeon must be male by default.

Such wrong assumptions might lead to unpredictable results.

But there is a way to get rid of such flaws encoded in the language. Just by choosing a better language.

E.g. Lojban, the language that has no bias of masculine/feminine words that should not imply gender in their meaning.

Lojban is the most documented language in the world with precise design.

==Place structure is like a necklace with gems==
[[File:menli saske 27.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Meanings are interconnected in Lojban like gems of a necklace.

"Rider - route - vehicle" are interconnected like gems of a necklace.

Five English terms:
A. rider
B. destination
C. a point of departure
D. route
E. vehicle.
One would think that they sound different. What do they have in common?

Well, look how they sound in Lojban
A. klama
B. se klama
C. te klama
D. ve klama
E. xe klama
This remarkable regularity and ease of memorization of the five words is explained by the fact that "klama" is a kind of a "necklace" of five beads, one associated with each other in meaning. Indeed, how can there be a destination without someone going to that destination (even if this person is imaginary)?

This is what the word "klama" really means:

klama - (A) goes to (B) from (C) via the route (D) using the vehicle (E)

This is just one example how Lojban is amazingly thought out.

==About plural number.==
[[File:menli saske 28.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

About plural number.

"Elephant lives in Africa" or "Elephants live in Africa?"

In English any noun has either singular or plural marker.

However, consider the following statement.

"Elephant lives in Africa."

Are we talking about one elephant? No, here we mean that most elephants live in Africa.

We use singular, but we mean plural.

To remove this barrier we can use Lojban language. In Lojban words don't have singular or plural by default. You don't have to add endings like you add -s/-es in English.

✔ lo xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - Elephant / Elephants live in Africa.

But we can clarify.

✔ lo'e xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - Typical elephant lives in Africa

✔ lo pa xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - An elephant, one elephant lives in Africa. We are talking about only one elephant.

✔ lo za'u xanto ku se zdani la. Afrik. - Elephants (any number greater than one) live in Africa

Note that some natural languages partially work this way. For example, in Japanese words don't have plural/singular marker by default.

==Deep-blue and light-blue in English and Slavic languages.==
[[File:menli saske 29.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

The language you speak can affect how you see the world.

Native speakers of Russian discriminated between light and dark blues differently from their English-speaking counterparts. The Russian language makes an obligatory distinction between light blue, pronounced "goluboy", and dark blue, pronounced "siniy". In English, both colors are denoted by one word - blue. This linguistic distinction influences colour perception.

During the experiment subjects completed two types of tests: in one version, the three squares were of a similar shade, whereas the other test involved one square that was a markedly different shade - for example, distinguishing a dark blue from a light blue.

It is noteworthy that Russian speakers were 10% faster at distinguishing between light (goluboy) blues and dark (siniy) blues than at discriminating between blues within the same shade category.

This shows cross-linguistic differences in colour perception in an objective task.

As for Lojban we are ready to eliminate this confusion.

cicna - aquamarine

blanu - blue

zirpu - purple

Using simple combinations like "cicna blanu, zirpu blanu" and by making compound single words out of them we can introduce the needed colors.

Source data: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11759-russian-speakers-get-the-blues.html

==Leibniz was dreaming about Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 31.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz said that reality is composed of 1. substances and 2. their properties, and the basic linguistic structure should mirror the having of properties by substances.

The subject-predicate form appears to be very convenient for this. E.g. in the sentence “Paris is the lover” the subject ‘Paris’ identifies the individual substance Paris, and the predicate ‘is the lover’ ascribes the property of loving to him.

(Note: Lojban is also based primarily on predicate logic)

And the sentence “Paris is the lover of Helen” asserts a relationship between two subjects, Paris and Helen. It is equivalent to the two sentences “Paris loves” and “Helen is loved” + that each is true only because the other is true. This removes relations from within sentences and turns them into causal relations between sentences.

Relations don't correspond to distinct components of reality, but to facts about why things are as they are.

(Note:Lojban doesn't split such relations into separate components preserving Leibniz's views).

Asymmetrical relations. Leibniz turns “a is wiser than b” into the two propositions “as to wisdom, a is superior” and “as to wisdom, b is inferior”.

(Note:Lojban also has the predicate {zmadu} meaning “a exceeds/is more than b in property/quantity c by amount d” and has separate predicate words for other concepts like “wise”).

Abstractions. It is essential to distinguish between truths about abstractions, and truths about individual substances. If we define a triangle as a plane figure with three angles and three sides, we can say: ‘A triangle is a plane figure’, or: ‘A triangle has three angles’, or even: ‘A triangle has fewer than five sides.’ But it makes no sense to ascribe a particular shape or size to triangularity in general, or to ascribe a particular colour or weight to an abstract triangle of a definite shape or size.

(Note: Lojban makes clear distinction between objects and abstractions by such words as su'u - generalise abstractor, ka - property, ni - amount etc.)

A better language. Leibniz was not interested in tinkering with ordinary language. He was concerned with the possibility of an ideal language in which every truth could be expressed without recourse to relational properties. If you could describe all the properties of substances, you could deduce any relational truths you liked, but they would give no new information about reality. For instance, if you knew the weights of two objects, the assertion that one was heavier than the other would add nothing. It would merely be a vaguer way of describing one particular aspect of the facts from which it was derived.

Computers. Leibniz imagined a machine in which binary numbers were represented by marbles moving by gravity, governed by a sort of punched cards. Modern computers replace marbles with pulses of electrons, but otherwise they run just as Leibniz envisioned in 1679.
==Quijada about Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 32.jpg|thumb]]
==Have a question about how to say a phrase Lojban?==
[[File:menli saske 33.jpg|thumb]]

Kidding of course.
==Deep blue sea==
[[File:menli saske 34.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

blanu je condi xamsi - Blue deep sea

(simple non-emulating translation)

But we can imitate Ithkuil language, known as allegedly the most precise language in the world.

"Deep Blue Sea" - in English

"xwaléix oípřai'lîň olfái'lobîň" - in Ithkuil

"blanu je condybarda je candydjacybracanlu" -

in Lojban

literally

(something) is blue and deep-large and is an inactive water-large-volume (i.e. the sea).

Well, in ordinary speech we can just say

blanu je condi xamsi - blue and deep sea

The parsing of the emulated phrase

1. blanu - blue

2. je - "and simultaneously"

3. condybarda - great in the aspect of depth

4. barda - large compared with the standard

5. condi (-cond-) - deep

6. je - "and simultaneously"

7. candy-djacy-bra-canlu - inactive, water, large, volume

cando (-cand-) inactive

djacu (-djac-) water

canlu (-canl-) volume

barda (-bra-) large

==Zlango picture language==
[[File:menli saske 35.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

menli melbi bangu - "mind beauty language" in Zlango symbolic language.

Literally

Thought - Beauty (swan) - Speak

==John Clifford==
[[File:menli saske 37.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

John E. Clifford: "Semantic Primes: aUI to Esperanto with Stops Along the Way"

Abstract: Semantic primes are units of meaning, presumably relatively few in number (relative to the OED anyhow), in terms of which "all" other meanings can be defined. That there must be such things has been known since defining began to be studied and they were early involved in created languages (histories always offer up typographical horrors from the 17th century, e.g., Urqhart's). We will look at how this notion plays out in a few modern created languages: aUI, in which it is of central importance, informing word construction as well as semantic; toki pona, in which the notion is not explicit but is clearly active in vocabulary choice; Lojban (and Loglan), in which the notion is rejected in favor of semantic primitives, a larger list which are still meant to allow defining everything else, but which may themselves also be defined; and Esperanto, in which the notion plays almost no role at all. We shall also look at the notion in the context of scientific linguistics, where the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) program is attempting to find the semantic primes of various languages in the hope of developing a list which works for all languages. This search is obviously an empirical one, while many created languages use an apriori (or intuitive) approach to selecting primes. These approaches as well as the limitations on techniques for forming definitions using primes are topics we take up. Along the way we will look at how vocabulary is related to meaning units, at some problems that proposed systems of primes run into, and at an emreging set of primes and definition techniques.

Bio: John E. Clifford (Parks-Clifford -- whence his sobriquets in Loglan and Lojban, pc and pycyn -- for the duration of one wife) received a BA from Michigan State, then spent a year at Princeton before settling in at UCLA for a decade. In that time he acquired an MA in Linguistics and a PhD in Philosophy (dissertation on natural language tense and tense logic). He spent 33 years in the Philosophy Department of the University of Missouri - St. Louis, teaching Logic (from Critical Thinking through Goedel), Asian Philosophy, and Philosphy of Religion , and occasionally other things that needed teaching. He was an Esperantist from his second year at Exeter, though mainly lapsed. He first worked with Loglan in 1960 (after the Scientific American article) as a contribution to the machine translation program at RAND. When Loglan reemerged in 1975, he reupped, becoming the first editor of The Loglanist, a member of the board of The Loglan Institute and eventually Vice-President, then President. He joined the Logical Language Group in the mid-80s and has participated actively in the development of Lojban, mainly advocating more logic in keeping with his early exposure -- under Carnap and the like -- to the notion of a logically perfect language. He was involved with aUI while sabbaticating on Iowa and has recently taken up toki pona and a good old Logical Positivist examination of NSM. He is still looking for an empirically testable hypothesis that comes close to the informal proposals of Sapir and Whorf.

=="A beautiful cat is sleeping." Imitating nominative sentences using Lojban==
[[File:menli saske 39.jpg|300px]]

[[File:menli saske 40.jpg|300px]]

ENG:

jibni je melbi je mlatu je sipna je cabna
"A beautiful cat is sleeping."

Literally 5 predicates equally interconnected with "and" conjunction ("je" in Lojban)

Something that is near and is beautiful and is a cat and is sleeping.

ko'a corresponds to "it/he/she" in English.

==Unhate!==
[[File:menli saske 41.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: Xenduktygau

ENG: Unhate!

RUS: Перестань ненавидеть!

"Unhate" means to change your hatred to the opposite feeling.

In Lojban

xebni - to hate (short root is -xen-)

dukti - contrary, opposite (-dukt-)

gasnu - to cause (-gau-)

To cause the opposite of hatred

'Xebni dukti gasnu" or in short "xenduktygau"

==mi prami do==
[[File:menli saske 45.jpg|thumb]]

JBO: mi prami do

ENG: I love you

RUS: Я люблю тебя

ENG:Zlango, the symbolic language. This is a sentence that can be understood by anyone without translation.

RUS:Символьный язык Zlango. Это понятная без перевода фраза.

==One of the longest place names in the world.==
[[File:menli saske 48.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

One of the longest place names that is in daily use today is the informal name of the hill (305 m above sea level) on the North Island, New Zealand. This name is composed of 85 letters, and translated from the Maori language as "The summit where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, the climber of mountains, the land-swallower who travelled about, played his nose flute to his loved one."

As it's just a curiosity, we will not emulate it's name in Lojban. Although we could.

==What people say about Lojban? Justin Gagnon==
[[File:menli saske 51.jpg|300px]]

Justin Gagnon (for whom mother tongue is English) is studying Latin, Esperanto, tokipona, German, Gaelic, Icelandic and American Sign Language.

==Wabi-sabi in Japan==
[[File:menli saske 52.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Wabi-sabi is the ability to see the beauty of something incomplete [in the picture: Garden "Ryōan-ji"].

Wabi-sabi is a Japanese ability to perceive beautiful objects in their natural simplicity, asymmetry or roughness.

A list of wabi-sabi examples:

Japanese gardens, Zen gardens and bonsai (tray gardens)

Ikebana (flower arrangement)

Japanese tea ceremony

Japanese poetry, particularly haiku

Japanese pottery, notably Hagi ware

Honkyoku (traditional shakuhachi music of wandering Zen monks)

Wabi-sabi is hard to explain using Western terms.

Wabi-sabi (侘寂) literally comes from words "wabi", the loneliness of living in nature, and "sabi", chill, lean or withered.

Wabi-sabi is the most conspicuous and characteristic feature of traditional Japanese beauty and it occupies roughly the same position in the Japanese pantheon of aesthetic values as do the Greek ideals of beauty and perfection in the West. [Koren, Leonard]

If an object or expression can bring about, within us, a sense of serene melancholy and a spiritual longing, then that object could be said to be wabi-sabi. [Juniper, Andrew]

And it nurtures all that is authentic by acknowledging three simple realities: nothing lasts, nothing is finished, and nothing is perfect. [Powell, Richard R.]

We suggest translating this term to Lojban as

nalmulnymle - from "na'e mulno melbi", beautiful in the aspect of incompleteness.

Comment:Some say that one can perceive it not being Japanese.

E.g. to see it in the crack on Campana Reina or in absence of hands and head in the Victory of Samothrace statue.

==Feminine logic and Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 53.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

All peacocks are beautiful - ro lo pavmora ku melbi

"Balance of female and male thinking in Lojban."

There are assumptions that the modern languages bear a shade of male thinking and aren't suitable for women.

This skew leads to the conflicts when men justify "But I told only..." And women are compelled to reply "You told this, but you meant that...". It is possible to tell a lot of things using intonation, gestures that aren't taken into consideration by both sexes.

The solution is available in some languages of American Indians that possess emotional indicators.

Those indicators find their their full embodiment in the system of Lojban language.

Do we have a right to say "All peacocks are beautiful" if they aren't pleasant to someone?

This is a trait of European languages. Postulates are given without mentioning whose opinion it is.

Let's recall uncountable slogans of politicians and advertizing.

"This medicine is the best!"

"This mop is the most durable!"

But who says that? Whose opinion is it?

Let's add an attitudinal indicator to the title of this article.

pe'i ro lo pavmora ku melbi - In my opinion all peacocks are beautiful

ru'a ro lo pavmora ku melbi - I postulate that all peacocks are beautiful

ju'a ro lo pavmora ku melbi - I state (without proofs) that all peacocks are beautiful

Now you are talking! We get understanding immediately.

Lojban gives balance of pure logic and live empathy of events.

One of Lojban symbols are two rings. Dark blue denotes pure logic, and violet denotes feelings.

P.S. One of our readers replied:

ru'a ji'a ro lo nanmu ku ka'e cinmo

.i ru'a ji'a so'u lo ninmu ku ka'e pensi

==What others say about Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 54.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:What others say about Lojban.

"I'm sure that the ability to understand, the live interaction is what the future will demand of people. Among other instruments of achieving this I can see Lojban, the language that allows carrying thoughts at ease and faultlessy".

Konstantin Boyandin, Russian science fiction/fantasy/ horror writer.

==What people say about Lojban? Dm. Lichargin==
[[File:menli saske 56.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

What people say about Lojban?

I have continued the development of the Palmer's concept of "Open and Talk" tables. These tables allow you to speak a foreign language without preliminary knowledge of words or rules. While developing the tables, I repeatedly appealed to examples from the Lojban Reference Grammar. It helped me make the method more efficient. (Dmitry Lichargin, Krasnoyarsk, Russia)

Dmitry Lichargin, Krasnoyarsk (Ph.D. in engineering linguistics), is studying how natural languages are generated. He is also developing oGiro, the language of the semantic transcription that among other applications allows recording non-terminal symbols of Chomsky's generative grammars.

==Life is beautiful without the marker of future tense==
[[File:menli saske 57.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Life is beautiful without the marker of future tense (and how it is related to Lojban language)

Studies have shown that the languages in which the future tense marker is optional

have an enormous impact on people's lives.

In languages such as German, Finnish, Chinese, you can talk about the future without a special marker.

for example by saying literally

"Tomorrow morning is cold" instead of

"Tomorrow morning will be cold."

Families that speak languages without obligatory future tense marker have shown to be

+ 13% less obese.

+ In these families, people are healthier during life.

+ On average they keep 30% more savings for the future.

Language affects people's lives.

The opportunity to talk about the future like of present makes people think about their future more often.

They perceive their future as it was within reach.

So let's start speaking a language that is free from limitations and let's live a happy life!

"lo bavlamdei cerni ku ka solri - Tomorrow morning *is* sunny!"
----

More on this subject (in English): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiobJhogNnA (or http://vk.com/videos-5014685?z=video-5014685_16253277)

See also http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21518574

==The feeling of unity==
[[File:menli saske 58.jpg|thumb]]

JBO:cecmu jbini se cinmo

Ithkuil:âpkal eqöerxh

Loglan: munbitfio

Laadan:lol

ENG:The feeling of unity.

RUS:Чувство единства.

ENG:

Largest thinkers in the field of semantics in known history.

John Quijada - the author of Ithkuil

James Cooke Brown - the author of Loglan

Suzette Haden Elgin - the author of Laadan

==Ivan A. Ruban about Lojban.==
[[File:menli saske 60.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

"I'm sure that the knowledge of Lojban will help understand and realise semantics structures and advance the theory of extraction, storage and convertion of data.

As a result this will bring closer the creation of artificial intelligence."

Ivan A. Ruban, was born in Pyatigorsk, Russia where he graduated from Kavminvodsky Service Institute (a branch of SRSUES) in "Information systems and technology." After completing graduate studies he became a postgraduate student in SRSUES Shakhty in "Information systems and processes."

Main interests: Programming, Psychology, Methods and tools for extraction and representation of meanings.

The research topic was originally called "Psychonetic functions", but so far it has expanded to the study of the structure of meanings.

The author's article (in Russian) on the theory of fuzzy meaning:

https://sites.google.com/site/cernidirgo/vsacina/necetkaa-semantika
=="Do you want tea or coffee? - Yes."==
[[File:menli saske 62.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:menli saske 63.jpg|thumb]]

This striking answer shows the power of Lojban, the logical language.

There is nothing wrong in this answer. Indeed, may be the man in the picture doesn’t care what to drink.

However, from logical point of view there is an important distinction from questions that ask for a choice.

In Lojban the word {jonai} means “either this or that”. E.g.

Xu do djica tu’a lo tcati jonai lo ckafi? - Do you want tea or coffee?

The answer can be either {go’i} (“Yes, I want tea or coffee”) or {na go’i} (“No, I don’t want tea or coffee”).

However, if we want to ask what the listener would like to choose from we need a different word - {je’i}. It’ll be translated to English exactly the same.

Xu do djica tu’a lo tcati je’i lo ckafi? - Do you want tea or coffee?

However, the answer will be different.

{je} - “Both” (both tea and coffee)

{naje} - not the first one but the second one (i.e. coffee)

{jenai} - the first one but not the second one (i.e. tea)

{najenai} - none (neither the first nor the second).

{jonai} - “either tea or coffee but not both”

This is how things work in our brains. But in order to correctly understand and express them we have to use a better language.

Start this journey today! http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/

[Note: some languages do work a bit like Lojban. E.g. Chinese employ the Lojbanic form of such connective question.

The Chinese sentence “ni3 zou3 hai2shi pao3 - You walk [or?] run?”

means “Do you walk or run?”, and is exactly parallel to the Lojban:

“do cadzu je'i bajra - You walk [or?] run?”

However, Chinese does not use similar logical connectives that we discussed here when replying to such a question, so it’s still doesn’t fully reflect what we can do in Lojban.]

==Question mark in Spanish==
[[File:menli saske 64.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

Question mark in Spanish is put not only in the end but also in the beginning of the sentence in a special reverse form.

"¿Te gusta el verano?" = "Do you like summer?"

"Te gusta el verano." = "You like summer."

But why having two symbols? In a long sentence this helps to understand that this sentence is gonna be interrogative.

Interestingly, in sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol inverted question mark.

For example:

“En el caso de que no puedas ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?” = “In case you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?”

What about Lojban? How can we show in the beginning of the sentence that it's interrogative? Of course all punctuation marks are absolutely optional in Lojban. Everything is expressed in pronounceable words.

And indeed the word we need exists. It’s {pau}.

{pau do nelci lo crisa vau xu} = "¿Do you like summer?"

{pau} explicitly marks the sentence as interrogative. And the real interrogative particle {xu} is put after the sentence is closed with {vau}.

Of course we can just say

{xu do nelci lo crisa} = literally “¿Do you like summer”. The meaning will be the same.

Or we can exchange the two words and say

{xu do nelci lo crisa vau pau} = "?Do you like summer¿"

Although the question word {xu} is in the beginning but in long sentences we might forget that there was a question. But {pau} at the end will remind us that the question is to be answered .

Isn’t it nice to have such optional flexibility?

==Topic and comment in different languages.==
[[File:menli saske 66.jpg|thumb]]

In many languages it is possible to declare some general information and then say some details about it.

E.g. in English we can say

“As for fish, sea bream is most delicious”

Here “As for fish” is the topic of the sentence, and “sea bream is most delicious” is the comment.

However, there are languages that enforce speakers to use such structure wherever possible. Japanese uses two special words: “wa” to mark topic, and “ga” to mark subject of comment.

Interestingly, subject is kind of a small topic inside the big one.

E.g.

“Sakana-wa tai-ga oishi-i desu.”

literally

“Fish: sea bream delicious [end of the sentence]”

Can we do that in Lojban? Sure.

Here we go.

{lo finpe zo’u lo kantaro cu kukte}.

Here {lo finpe} (“fish”) is separated from the rest of the sentence with {zo’u} that delimits topic from comment.

We can go even further and detach {lo kantaro} (“sea bream”, by the way, this word sounds just as in Italian!). And we get

{lo finpe zo’u lo kantaro zo’u kukte}.

So we have one big topic ("fish"), then a small one ("sea bream") and then the rest of the sentence that says that it is delicious.

Now it sounds structurally much like in Japanese.

Isn’t it cool?

==New words in Lojban and why ancient languages here?==
[[File:menli saske 67.jpg|thumb]]

ENG:

{vedli}.

x1 remembers experience x2 (li'i)

{x1 lifri x2} is implied. See also {morji}, {lifri}. Proposed short rafsi {-ve'i-}.

{vedli} is distinct from {morji} in that your own experience is a special type of memory.

Let's compare

1. I remember that Columbus discovered America ({morji}, remember facts like e.g. scientific facts).

2. I remember how I fell down the stairs ({vedli}, remember direct experience including your sensation).

This second experience-memory is the ability to "replay", in some sense, past experiences. A phone number and a kiss are two very different things to remember, which is why Lojban distinguishes between them in this case.

Interestingly, such clear distinction between memories-of-feelings (to wit) and memories-of-facts (to remember-know) existed in ancient languages like Sanskrit, Old English or Old Russian.

Example:

{da mi se vedli gi'e fi do se skicu}

What I wist I told to you.

("wist" is the past form of the verb "to wit")

==The unique Voynich manuscript==
[[File:menli saske 69.jpg|thumb]]

sei zgana lo munje - Watching the world.

The unique Voynich manuscript, written in an unknown alphabet in a mysterious language more than 600 years ago shows it has a genuine message inside.

For any given language content-bearing words tend to occur in a clustered pattern, where they are required as part of the specific information being written. When the topic is changed it leads to the shift in the patterns of words that carry meaning (not words that are only syntactically meaningful).

Dr Montemurro in the University of Manchester has found that the text of the Voynich manuscript reveals precisely such patterns. It's now clear that the text is not a hoax. And this is the first serious justification of the authenticity of the manuscript as a meaningful book.

Dr Montemurro believes it unlikely that these features were simply "incorporated" into the text to make a hoax more realistic, as most of the required academic knowledge of these structures did not exist at the time the Voynich manuscript was created.

What can hide itself in the text of the manuscript? Major crimes, buried treasures worth millions or a new understanding of the history of science?

Cracking the meaning of the text is in the lap of the future.

The original research published on June 21 is available at http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066344

==Say "cheese"!==
Since in other countries while being photographed people are asked to say words other than "cheese" the [http://blog.iamnikon.com/en_GB/coolpix/the-secret-to-a-perfect-photo-smile-not-%E2%80%98say-cheese%E2%80%99-but%E2%80%A6-%E2%80%98ouistiti%E2%80%99/ comparison] makes believe that French word "ouistiti" produces the best smile.

So I suggest that in Lojban we say {.ui} while being photographed.

http://blog.iamnikon.com/en_GB/wp-content/uploads/say-cheese1.jpg

== Bezhta language ==
[[Image:Bezhta.jpg|thumb]]In Bezhta language spoken in Dagestan "mi" means "you" and "do" means "I". In Lojban vice versa!

'''lo banku'apu zo'u: zo'oi mi se smuni do ije zo'oi do se smuni mi'''

==Words for sensory feelings==
There are actually natural languages that function somewhat similarly to the classifying languages in part of their lexicon. It’s relatively common among many Papuan languages to have a small group of highly generic verbs such as “do”, “say” and “hit” and to build loads of more specific predicates from these by adding nominal adjuncts to them or serialising them with other verbs.

An extreme case is Kalam which reportedly has less than 100 verb stems in the whole language and has to build most of its actually used complex verbs with the help of nominals and serialisation. For example, the generic verb glossed as “perceive” appears in the following constructions among others:
*consume perceive = taste
*take perceive = feel
*eye perceive = see
*ear perceive = hear
*thought perceive = think
*thought many perceive = worry
*thought good perceive = like
*liver perceive = be sorry
*arm break perceive = count (such languages go up the arm after they finish with the fingers and hand for counting higher numbers so “perceive a piece of the arm” makes sense shifting to “count”.)
These aren't very predictable at all and you absolutely have to learn them as independent lexical tokens. Some of them, like “be sorry” and “count”, are very culturally dependent and quite far from the nominal meaning of the generic verb at the base. The system can’t be understood to represent any objective classification of the world.

Sense words can either express experiencing the sensation or expressing an action being taken to acquire a sensation. In English, these are:
{| class="wikitable"

|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| look
|| see

|-
|| listen
|| hear

|-
|| touch
|| feel

|-
|| sniff
|| smell

|-
|| taste
|| taste

|}
In Lojban, there are few dedicated gismu:
{| class="wikitable"

||
|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| sight
|| catlu
|| viska

|-
|| sound
||
|| tirna

|-
|| touch
|| pencu
||

|-
|| scent
||
|| sumne

|-
|| taste
||
||

|-
|| '''generic'''
|| zgana
|| ganse

|}
[[xorxes]] proposed the follwoing. There are two options of lujvo. Naming based on the sensory organ gives:
{| class="wikitable"

||
|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| sight
|| kalzga
|| kalga'e

|-
|| sound
|| kerzga
|| kerga'e

|-
|| touch
|| pilzga
|| pilga'e

|-
|| scent
|| zbizga
|| zbiga'e

|-
|| taste
|| tacyzga
|| tacyga'e

|}
Naming based on the thing being sensed gives:
{| class="wikitable"

||
|| '''Active'''
|| '''Passive'''

|-
|| sight
|| vinzga
|| vinga'e

|-
|| sound
|| snazga
|| snaga'e

|-
|| touch
|| te'uzga
|| te'urga'e

|-
|| scent
|| panzga
|| panga'e

|-
|| taste
|| vu'izga
|| vu'irga'e

|}

==My name is ...==
Lojban allows to see the differences between expressing yourself in different languages more clearly.

Let's take the most common phrase: "My name is ..."

The Lojban verb '''cmene''' literally means ''x1 is a name of x2 used by x3''.

For example,
{{mu|zo gleki cmene mi lo pendo|"Gleki" is my name used by friends.}}
{{mu|zo tsani cmene lo pendo mi|"Tsani" is a friend's name used by me.}}
Now let's see how other languages work.

English:
{{mu|lo mi cmene cu du zo gleki|My name is Gleki.|My name is equal to "gleki"}}
Spanish:
{{mu|fe mi te cmene fa mi fi zo gleki|Me llamo Gleki.|Me [I] call "gleki"}}
{{mu|fe lo nei te cmene fa ra fi zo tsani|Se llama Tsani.|Self [he/she] calls "tsani"}}
Russian:
{{mu|fe mi te cmene fi zo gleki|Меня зовут Gleki.|me [they] call "gleki"}}

==Laputa Island==
[[Image:Laputa_-_Grandville.jpg|thumb]]
We next went to the school of languages, where three professors sat in consultation upon improving that of their own cou
ntry.

The first project was, to shorten discourse, by cutting polysyllables into one, and leaving out verbs and participles, because, in reality, all things imaginable are but norms.

The other project was, a scheme for entirely abolishing all words whatsoever; and this was urged as a great advantage in point of health, as well as brevity.

(Gulliver's Travels)

==Lojban particle around the world==
{{gl|ma|what?}}

'''ma''' has generally the same meaning as in Lojban in Khoisan, Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, Dené–Caucasian languages. In Amerind languages the word ''mana'' has the same meaning.
==Wishes, hopes and optative mood==
The optative mood is a grammatical construct that indicates a wish or hope.

In Lojban the interjections '''da'i''' for hypothetical situations, '''au''' for desire and '''.a'o''' for ''hope'' can give us optative meaning.

English has no explicit optative, but there are various constructions with optative meaning.
Let's looks at them with their translation to Lojban:
{{mu|a'o do ba ze'u jmive|May you have a long life!|(hope!) you will for a long time live}}
Another uses the phrase if only with a verb in the past or past subjunctive, e.g.
{{mu|au do ca ricfu|If only I were rich!|(desire!) you now are rich}}

Different language have specific constructs to express optative mood.

In Ancient Greek the optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle ''εἴθε'' (''eithe''):
{{mu|au do renro|Εἴθε βάλλοις {{=}} Eíthe bállois {{=}} If only you would throw.}}
The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ''ἄν'' in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause:
{{mu|mi gleki da'i fau lo nu do litru|Χαίροιμι ἂν, εἰ πορεύοισθε (Chaíroimi àn, ei poreúoisthe) "I would be glad, if you could travel.}}
==General Semantics and The 12 Steps To Semantic Modeling==
Semantics is an important part of constructing languages. However, people usually use the semantics from their native languages. Here is a way to understand semantics better, and it gives us a way to build semantic models rather than using the semantics from our native languages.
For those of you familiar with Alfred Korzybski, this is a way of abstracting reality. Alfred Korzybski talked about "consciousness of abstraction" with his work in general semantics. With practice of semantics, we can develop our minds to become conscious of
the semantics behind the words which is the “consciousness of abstraction” that Alfred Korzybski talked about. There are not too many people that know how to do this in the world, so practicing and studying this will give you a great mental power that few people have. A student of Alfred Korzybski constructed a language called E-prime to deal with the ambiguity and semantic problems of the verb "to be".
#Identification. This is how we identify the phenomena which can include the word, some identifier, a symbol, our observations, and/or sensory/perception pattern recognition. In most cases, this would be the word or symbol in our native languages.
#Measurables. Many call these properties or attributes in semantics and philosophy/ontology, but that is often an error. The word 'color' represents a measurable from light that reflected off an object which means the light is not a property of the object itself; the light frequency, which is the color, is reflected and what is measured when we use the word 'color'. In simple terms, we can just list the properties and attributes for our semantic models in this step.
#Inheritance. This refers to the generality/specificity relationships in semantics. For example, the semantics of the words "man" and "woman" are specific classes of the more general semantic class that we use with the word "human". In Spanish, we use the words "hombre", "mujer", and "humana", but the semantics underneath those words are equivalent to the semantics of "man", "woman", and "human". That means the semantics underneath the words in both languages have the same generality/specificity relationship. For another example, we have the semantics of "car" and "truck" being more specific classes of "vehicles". We can call them a subclass of vehicle.
#Composition. Here we list the components in the phenomena for the semantic model that we are building. If we are building a semantic model of a rose, we would need to know it's components such as the leafs, thorns, stem, and pedals. "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" - Shakespeare
#Arrangement. The shape or form common to this the phenomena we are modeling. This is usually more of the surface measures than the depth we find in composition. For example, Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian orders each refer to a different forms of column that come from ancient Greece.
#Creation. This step is about including and modeling, to some extent, the cause of creation. For example, the semantic model of the word "forgery" is connected to a false cause of creation. In other contexts, it's about modeling the process of creation which we can do with the question "what causes the phenomena to come into existence?".
#Causality. With this step you can refer to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes Aristotle's Four Causes] if you need help. In the preceding steps, we addressed some of those causes already. We can look at what causes it to behave the way it does. What causes it to start, stop, change, and others. We can look at what cause was it created for, it's intent or purpose. Causality is a large area of study since it is connected to everything. Additionally, we can use it to validate truth. If you are interested in going in depth on causality, then let me know.
#Spaces (environments, scopes, situations, events). Phenomena exists in various environments or situations (spaces). Notice that some words change meaning (change semantics) based on the context. That context is a situation which is a chunk or slice of space in space-time. For each phenomena that we make words for, we have to look at the scope in which they operate. That scope, that space, may be bounded. Different types of fish are bound by water, oceans, rivers, and other geographical locations. So for this step, we list the common environments, situations, scopes or events for the phenomena of our semantic models.
#Relationships. Organisms have relationships to other organisms, objects are related to other objects by distance in an environment, and some objects are related by how they are touching one another, adjacency. There are many other classes of relationships between objects in environments. You will find that most prepositions have a semantic model of a relationship. Try it! Go through a list of prepositions and see how the preposition refers to a relationship between other items.
# Change. Transitions, states, life-cycle, and various other changes common to the phenomena being modeled. Be careful not to model the changes of the components in this semantic model. For each component, you have another semantic model with the change to that component kept in that component's semantic model.
# Actions. We can enumerate actions initiated by the phenomena or coactions which are actions in which the phenomena is used, and we can model them to some extent. In this step too, be careful not to list the actions or coactions of each component. For example, a human can perform the action of shaking ones hand which is an action done by the whole human. Moving a finger is an action connected to a component of a human, a finger amongst other parts. Keeping actions of components with the components own semantic model will give your semantic models clarity by connecting actions to their proper scope.
# Complexity. This is an interesting and, sometimes, difficult step. In the previous step, we discussed actions. Notice the following words: operation, function, action, reaction, interaction, and process. Each word is used often with semantics that are equivalent other than a change in complexity. We usually use the word "operation" when it is simple (few steps), and we use the word "process" when it is more complex and has many steps involved. In other words, the difference in the usual semantics of the words in that list goes on a level starting from the simple "operation" and increasing in complexity to the semantic of "process".

==Scalability and backward compatibility of languages==
In what ways can any given language be better or worse than any other?
# Scalability.

#Backward compatibility. Обратная совместимость. (Далее - BWC)
Scalability means that new constructs of a language such as new syntax, lexicon, affixes must be easily addable to the language if they become required by new demands imposed by the current situation

If a language is too stiff scalability is low. With a high scalability the language can also absorb features of other languages.

Backward compatibility means that new constructs of a language should not annule or conflict with the old rules.

==Colors in different languages==
Most ancient languages didn't have words describing spectral colors. This is why Homer describes iron, fir of lambs and sea as all having the color of wine. This is nothing strange here since all of those objects might have had the same hue or texture or other properties similar to which wine has.

Only since 19th century mankind (primarily in Europe and USA) started to develop a color system based on spectrum (or colors of rainbow) in their languages.

Many languages had no words for "green" and "blue". Instead, both of them were described using the same word:
*in Thai "khiaw" means "green" or the color of the sky or the sea
*in Korean "purueda"
*in Chinese "qīng"
*in Japanese "ao" means both "green" and "blue". In 20th century in Japan the word "midori" denoting a greenish shade of "ao" became more popular due to the influence from the Western civilization.

Prototyping:

In Hurdu the word for vegetable "sabzi" is synonymous with "green", in English we use the term "greenery".

The concept of redness, that vivid region of the visual spectrum that we associate with fire, strawberries, blood or ketchup, is something that most cultures share.

In ancient languages:
First language adopted words for lightness, the words for black and white, then for red, then for green and yellow, then for blue.

To the Dani people who live in the highlands of New Guiniea, objects comes in just two shades: "mili" is for the cooler shades, from blues and greens to black, and "mola" is for the lighter shades, like reds, yellows and white.

Pirahã tribe of the Amazon doesn't have any specialized color words at all, they use prototyping instead.

SWH:

The linguistic distinction between blue and green may heighten the perceived difference between them.

In 2006, a study led by Aubrey Gilbert made a rather surprising discovery. Imagine that you’re a subject in their experiment. You’re asked to stare at the cross in the middle of the screen. A circle of colored tiles appear. One of the tiles is different from the others. Sometimes it will be on the left, and other times on the right. Your task is to spot whether the odd-color-out is on the left or on the right. Keep your eyes on the cross.

[[Image:bluegreencircle.png]]

Well, sometimes you’ll also get a picture that looks like this.

[[Image:greengreencircle.png]]

See the difference? In one case, English speakers have different words for the two colors, blue and green. So there’s a concept that builds a wall between them. But in other cases like above, the two colors are conceptually the same.

If you have a word to distinguish two colors, that makes you better at telling them apart. It takes less time to identify that odd blue square compared to the odd green one. This makes sense to anyone who’s ever tried looking for a tennis ball in the grass. It’s not that hard, but I’d rather the ball be blue. In once case you are jumping categories (blue versus green), and in the other, staying with a category (green versus green). This usually works only for the right part of your visual field, however, since word language is usually encoded in the left part of our brains which operates the right part of visual field.

[[Image:1-s2.0-S0010027707002351-gr1.png]]

For Korean To the left of the dotted line is yeondu, and to the right chorok. Is it still as easy to spot the odd square in the circle?

We rely on our experience, rather than recognize the color outright.

More reading: [http://mw.lojban.org/files/docs/ENG%20Deutscher,Guy%20-%20Through%20the%20Language%20Glass.pdf Guy Deutscher - Through the language glass].

==Free word order==
Some languages like English are more of a strict word order. First you put a subject, then a verb, then an object:
{{mu|I saw a big dog yesterday.}}

However, in some languages like Russian words are always marked for their role in a sentence so you can literally say:
{{mu|Большую вчера увидел я собаку.||Big yesterday saw I dog.}}

Chinese is similar to English in that it has a strict word order, however, the helping verb 把 (bǎ) being placed in front of the object of a sentence, allows for the object of the sentence to be placed before the verb:

{{mu|他把刀放在桌子上 (tā bǎ dāo fàng zài zhuōzi shàng)|He put the knife on the table.|He bǎ knife put at table top}}

In Lojban we have the particles of FA series that can change from strict word order to free word order thus allowing for greater flexibility in complex sentence constructions, for greater expressivity when packing information and for following the advantages of different languages.
==Friends of both genders in Spanish==
[[File:amig@s.png|thumb|right]]In Spanish AMIGOS means 'male friends', AMIGAS means 'female friends'.

But how to say 'friends' in general? Earlier 'amigos' was used for that. However, recently a new style has appeared. In e-mail conversations AMIG@S is used when addressing friends of both genders.
==Linguistic relativity. A brief explanation==
In 1940 Benjamin Lee Whorf let loose an alluring idea that our mother tongue restricts what we are able to think. In particular, Whorf announced, Native American languages impose on their speakers a picture of reality that is totally different from ours, so their speakers would simply not be able to understand some of our most basic concepts, like the flow of time or the distinction between objects (like "stone") and actions (like "fall"). For decades, Whorf's theory dazzled both academics and the general public alike. In his shadow, others made a whole range of imaginative claims:
*that Native American languages instill in their speakers an intuitive understanding of Einstein's concept of time as a fourth dimension
*that the nature of the Jewish religion was determined by the tense system of ancient Hebrew.
*if a language has no future tense, for instance, its speakers would simply not be able to grasp our notion of future time.
However, when you ask, in perfectly normal English, and in the present tense, "Are you coming tomorrow?" do you feel your grip on the notion of futurity slipping away?

Do English speakers who have never heard the German word Schadenfreude find it difficult to understand the concept of relishing someone else's misfortune?

The renowned linguist Roman Jakobson said: "Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey." This maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue: if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about.

Suppose I say to you in English that "I spent yesterday evening with a neighbor." You may well wonder whether my companion was male or female, but I have the right to tell you politely that it's none of your business. But if we were speaking French or German, I wouldn't have the privilege to equivocate in this way, because I would be obliged by the grammar of language to choose between voisin or voisine; Nachbar or Nachbarin. These languages compel me to inform you about the sex of my companion whether or not I feel it is remotely your concern. This does not mean, of course, that English speakers are unable to understand the differences between evenings spent with male or female neighbors, but it does mean that they do not have to consider the sexes of neighbors, friends, teachers and a host of other persons each time they come up in a conversation, whereas speakers of some languages are obliged to do so.

On the other hand, English does oblige you to specify certain types of information that can be left to the context in other languages. If I want to tell you in English about a dinner with my neighbor, I may not have to mention the neighbor’s sex, but I do have to tell you something about the timing of the event: I have to decide whether we dined, have been dining, are dining, will be dining and so on. Chinese, on the other hand, does not oblige its speakers to specify the exact time of the action in this way, because the same verb form can be used for past, present or future actions. Again, this does not mean that the Chinese are unable to understand the concept of time. But it does mean they are not obliged to think about timing whenever they describe an action.

When your language routinely obliges you to specify certain types of information, it forces you to be attentive to certain details in the world and to certain aspects of experience that speakers of other languages may not be required to think about all the time.

Languages like Spanish, French, German and Russian not only oblige you to think about the sex of friends and neighbors, but they also assign a male or female gender to a whole range of inanimate objects quite at whim. What, for instance, is particularly feminine about a Frenchman’s beard (la barbe)? Why is Russian water a she, and why does she become a he once you have dipped a tea bag into her? When I speak English, I may say about a bed that “it” is too soft, but as a native Hebrew speaker, I actually feel “she” is too soft. “She” stays feminine all the way from the lungs up to the glottis and is neutered only when she reaches the tip of the tongue.

A German bridge is feminine (die Brücke), for instance, but el puente is masculine in Spanish; and the same goes for clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world and love. On the other hand, an apple is masculine for Germans but feminine in Spanish, and so are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain and garbage. When speakers were asked to grade various objects on a range of characteristics, Spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks and violins to have more “manly properties” like strength, but Germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. With objects like mountains or chairs, which are “he” in German but “she” in Spanish, the effect was reversed.

In a different experiment, French and Spanish speakers were asked to assign human voices to various objects in a cartoon. When French speakers saw a picture of a fork (la fourchette), most of them wanted it to speak in a woman’s voice, but Spanish speakers, for whom el tenedor is masculine, preferred a gravelly male voice for it. More recently, psychologists have even shown that “gendered languages” imprint gender traits for objects so strongly in the mind that these associations obstruct speakers’ ability to commit information to memory.

In order to speak a language like Guugu Yimithirr, you need to know where the cardinal directions are at each and every moment of your waking life.

In order to speak a language like Guugu Yimithirr, you need to know where the cardinal directions are at each and every moment of your waking life. You need to have a compass in your mind that operates all the time, day and night, without lunch breaks or weekends off, since otherwise you would not be able to impart the most basic information or understand what people around you are saying. Indeed, speakers of geographic languages seem to have an almost-superhuman sense of orientation. Regardless of visibility conditions, regardless of whether they are in thick forest or on an open plain, whether outside or indoors or even in caves, whether stationary or moving, they have a spot-on sense of direction. They don’t look at the sun and pause for a moment of calculation before they say, “There’s an ant just north of your foot.” They simply feel where north, south, west and east are, just as people with perfect pitch feel what each note is without having to calculate intervals. There is a wealth of stories about what to us may seem like incredible feats of orientation but for speakers of geographic languages are just a matter of course. One report relates how a speaker of Tzeltal from southern Mexico was blindfolded and spun around more than 20 times in a darkened house. Still blindfolded and dizzy, he pointed without hesitation at the geographic directions.

How does this work? The convention of communicating with geographic coordinates compels speakers from the youngest age to pay attention to the clues from the physical environment (the position of the sun, wind and so on) every second of their lives, and to develop an accurate memory of their own changing orientations at any given moment. So everyday communication in a geographic language provides the most intense imaginable drilling in geographic orientation (it has been estimated that as much as 1 word in 10 in a normal Guugu Yimithirr conversation is “north,” “south,” “west” or “east,” often accompanied by precise hand gestures). This habit of constant awareness to the geographic direction is inculcated almost from infancy: studies have shown that children in such societies start using geographic directions as early as age 2 and fully master the system by 7 or 8. With such an early and intense drilling, the habit soon becomes second nature, effortless and unconscious. When Guugu Yimithirr speakers were asked how they knew where north is, they couldn’t explain it any more than you can explain how you know where “behind” is.

But there is more to the effects of a geographic language, for the sense of orientation has to extend further in time than the immediate present. If you speak a Guugu Yimithirr-style language, your memories of anything that you might ever want to report will have to be stored with cardinal directions as part of the picture. One Guugu Yimithirr speaker was filmed telling his friends the story of how in his youth, he capsized in shark-infested waters. He and an older person were caught in a storm, and their boat tipped over. They both jumped into the water and managed to swim nearly three miles to the shore, only to discover that the missionary for whom they worked was far more concerned at the loss of the boat than relieved at their miraculous escape. Apart from the dramatic content, the remarkable thing about the story was that it was remembered throughout in cardinal directions: the speaker jumped into the water on the western side of the boat, his companion to the east of the boat, they saw a giant shark swimming north and so on. Perhaps the cardinal directions were just made up for the occasion? Well, quite by chance, the same person was filmed some years later telling the same story. The cardinal directions matched exactly in the two tellings. Even more remarkable were the spontaneous hand gestures that accompanied the story. For instance, the direction in which the boat rolled over was gestured in the correct geographic orientation, regardless of the direction the speaker was facing in the two films.

Psychological experiments have also shown that under certain circumstances, speakers of Guugu Yimithirr-style languages even remember “the same reality” differently from us. There has been heated debate about the interpretation of some of these experiments, but one conclusion that seems compelling is that while we are trained to ignore directional rotations when we commit information to memory, speakers of geographic languages are trained not to do so. One way of understanding this is to imagine that you are traveling with a speaker of such a language and staying in a large chain-style hotel, with corridor upon corridor of identical-looking doors. Your friend is staying in the room opposite yours, and when you go into his room, you’ll see an exact replica of yours: the same bathroom door on the left, the same mirrored wardrobe on the right, the same main room with the same bed on the left, the same curtains drawn behind it, the same desk next to the wall on the right, the same television set on the left corner of the desk and the same telephone on the right. In short, you have seen the same room twice. But when your friend comes into your room, he will see something quite different from this, because everything is reversed north-side-south. In his room the bed was in the north, while in yours it is in the south; the telephone that in his room was in the west is now in the east, and so on. So while you will see and remember the same room twice, a speaker of a geographic language will see and remember two different rooms.

It is not easy for us to conceive how Guugu Yimithirr speakers experience the world, with a crisscrossing of cardinal directions imposed on any mental picture and any piece of graphic memory. Nor is it easy to speculate about how geographic languages affect areas of experience other than spatial orientation — whether they influence the speaker’s sense of identity, for instance, or bring about a less-egocentric outlook on life. But one piece of evidence is telling: if you saw a Guugu Yimithirr speaker pointing at himself, you would naturally assume he meant to draw attention to himself. In fact, he is pointing at a cardinal direction that happens to be behind his back. While we are always at the center of the world, and it would never occur to us that pointing in the direction of our chest could mean anything other than to draw attention to ourselves, a Guugu Yimithirr speaker points through himself, as if he were thin air and his own existence were irrelevant.

For example, English likes to describe events in terms of agents doing things. English speakers tend to say things like "John broke the vase" even for accidents. Speakers of Spanish or Japanese would be more likely to say "the vase broke" or "the vase was broken". Such differences between languages have profound consequences for how their speakers understand events, construct notions of causality and agency, what they remember as eyewitnesses and how much they blame and punish others.

In studies conducted by Caitlin Fausey at Stanford, speakers of English, Spanish and Japanese watched videos of two people popping balloons, breaking eggs and spilling drinks either intentionally or accidentally. Later everyone got a surprise memory test: For each event, can you remember who did it? She discovered a striking cross-linguistic difference in eyewitness memory. Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as did English speakers. Mind you, they remembered the agents of intentional events (for which their language would mention the agent) just fine. But for accidental events, when one wouldn't normally mention the agent in Spanish or Japanese, they didn't encode or remember the agent as well.

In another study, English speakers watched the video of Janet Jackson's infamous "wardrobe malfunction" (a wonderful nonagentive coinage introduced into the English language by Justin Timberlake), accompanied by one of two written reports. The reports were identical except in the last sentence where one used the agentive phrase "ripped the costume" while the other said "the costume ripped." Even though everyone watched the same video and witnessed the ripping with their own eyes, language mattered. Not only did people who read "ripped the costume" blame Justin Timberlake more, they also levied a whopping 53% more in fines.

Beyond space, time and causality, patterns in language have been shown to shape many other domains of thought. Russian speakers, who make an extra distinction between light and dark blues in their language, are better able to visually discriminate shades of blue. The Piraha, a tribe in the Amazon in Brazil, whose language eschews number words in favor of terms like few and many, are not able to keep track of exact quantities. And Shakespeare, it turns out, was wrong about roses: Roses by many other names (as told to blindfolded subjects) do not smell as sweet.

([http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html?fta=y&_r=0 source], [http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703467304575383131592767868 source])

menli saske papri

2024-09-03T18:41:30Z

Gleki: grammar, style

==Lojban particle around the world==
{{gl|ma|what?}}

'''ma''' has generally the same meaning as in Lojban in Khoisan, Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, and Dené–Caucasian languages. In Amerind languages, the word ''mana'' has the same meaning.

==Wishes, hopes and optative mood==
The optative mood is a grammatical construct that indicates a wish or hope.

In Lojban, the interjections '''da'i''' for hypothetical situations, '''au''' for desire, and '''.a'o''' for ''hope'' can give us optative meaning.

English has no explicit optative, but there are various constructions with optative meaning.
Let's look at them with their translation to Lojban:
{{mu|a'o do ba ze'u jmive|May you have a long life!|(hope!) you will for a long time live}}
Another uses the phrase "if only" with a verb in the past or past subjunctive, e.g.
{{mu|au do ca ricfu|If only I were rich!|(desire!) you now are rich}}

Different languages have specific constructs to express optative mood.

In Ancient Greek, the optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle ''εἴθε'' (''eithe''):
{{mu|au do renro|Εἴθε βάλλοις {{=}} Eíthe bállois {{=}} If only you would throw.}}
The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ''ἄν'' in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause:
{{mu|mi gleki da'i fau lo nu do litru|Χαίροιμι ἂν, εἰ πορεύοισθε (Chaíroimi àn, ei poreúoisthe) "I would be glad if you could travel.}}

==General Semantics and The 12 Steps To Semantic Modeling==
Semantics is an important part of constructing languages. However, people usually use the semantics from their native languages. Here is a way to understand semantics better, and it gives us a way to build semantic models rather than using the semantics from our native languages.

For those of you familiar with Alfred Korzybski, this is a way of abstracting reality. Alfred Korzybski talked about "consciousness of abstraction" with his work in general semantics. With practice of semantics, we can develop our minds to become conscious of the semantics behind the words, which is the "consciousness of abstraction" that Alfred Korzybski talked about. There are not too many people that know how to do this in the world, so practicing and studying this will give you a great mental power that few people have. A student of Alfred Korzybski constructed a language called E-prime to deal with the ambiguity and semantic problems of the verb "to be".

1. Identification. This is how we identify the phenomena, which can include the word, some identifier, a symbol, our observations, and/or sensory/perception pattern recognition. In most cases, this would be the word or symbol in our native languages.

2. Measurables. Many call these properties or attributes in semantics and philosophy/ontology, but that is often an error. The word 'color' represents a measurable from light that reflected off an object, which means the light is not a property of the object itself; the light frequency, which is the color, is reflected and what is measured when we use the word 'color'. In simple terms, we can just list the properties and attributes for our semantic models in this step.

3. Inheritance. This refers to the generality/specificity relationships in semantics. For example, the semantics of the words "man" and "woman" are specific classes of the more general semantic class that we use with the word "human". In Spanish, we use the words "hombre", "mujer", and "humana", but the semantics underneath those words are equivalent to the semantics of "man", "woman", and "human". That means the semantics underneath the words in both languages have the same generality/specificity relationship. For another example, we have the semantics of "car" and "truck" being more specific classes of "vehicles". We can call them a subclass of vehicle.

4. Composition. Here we list the components in the phenomena for the semantic model that we are building. If we are building a semantic model of a rose, we would need to know its components such as the leaves, thorns, stem, and petals. "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" - Shakespeare

5. Arrangement. The shape or form common to the phenomena we are modeling. This is usually more of the surface measures than the depth we find in composition. For example, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders each refer to different forms of columns that come from ancient Greece.

6. Creation. This step is about including and modeling, to some extent, the cause of creation. For example, the semantic model of the word "forgery" is connected to a false cause of creation. In other contexts, it's about modeling the process of creation, which we can do with the question "what causes the phenomena to come into existence?".

7. Causality. With this step, you can refer to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes Aristotle's Four Causes] if you need help. In the preceding steps, we addressed some of those causes already. We can look at what causes it to behave the way it does. What causes it to start, stop, change, and others. We can look at what cause it was created for, its intent or purpose. Causality is a large area of study since it is connected to everything. Additionally, we can use it to validate truth. If you are interested in going in-depth on causality, then let me know.

8. Spaces (environments, scopes, situations, events). Phenomena exist in various environments or situations (spaces). Notice that some words change meaning (change semantics) based on the context. That context is a situation which is a chunk or slice of space in space-time. For each phenomenon that we make words for, we have to look at the scope in which they operate. That scope, that space, may be bounded. Different types of fish are bound by water, oceans, rivers, and other geographical locations. So for this step, we list the common environments, situations, scopes, or events for the phenomena of our semantic models.

9. Relationships. Organisms have relationships to other organisms, objects are related to other objects by distance in an environment, and some objects are related by how they are touching one another, adjacency. There are many other classes of relationships between objects in environments. You will find that most prepositions have a semantic model of a relationship. Try it! Go through a list of prepositions and see how the preposition refers to a relationship between other items.

10. Change. Transitions, states, life-cycle, and various other changes common to the phenomena being modeled. Be careful not to model the changes of the components in this semantic model. For each component, you have another semantic model with the change to that component kept in that component's semantic model.

11. Actions. We can enumerate actions initiated by the phenomena or coactions which are actions in which the phenomena is used, and we can model them to some extent. In this step too, be careful not to list the actions or coactions of each component. For example, a human can perform the action of shaking one's hand, which is an action done by the whole human. Moving a finger is an action connected to a component of a human, a finger amongst other parts. Keeping actions of components with the component's own semantic model will give your semantic models clarity by connecting actions to their proper scope.

12. Complexity. This is an interesting and, sometimes, difficult step. In the previous step, we discussed actions. Notice the following words: operation, function, action, reaction, interaction, and process. Each word is often used with semantics that are equivalent other than a change in complexity. We usually use the word "operation" when it is simple (few steps), and we use the word "process" when it is more complex and has many steps involved. In other words, the difference in the usual semantics of the words in that list goes on a level starting from the simple "operation" and increasing in complexity to the semantic of "process".

==Scalability and backward compatibility of languages==
In what ways can any given language be better or worse than any other?
1. Scalability. (Literally, scalability, modularity, the possibility of modular expansion. (Hereinafter - SCA))

2. Backward compatibility. (Hereinafter - BWC)

Scalability means that new constructs of a language such as new syntax, lexicon, affixes must be easily addable to the language if they become required by new demands imposed by the current situation.

If a language is too stiff, scalability is low. With high scalability, the language can also absorb features of other languages.

Backward compatibility means that new constructs of a language should not annul or conflict with the old rules.

==Colors in different languages==
Most ancient languages didn't have words describing spectral colors. This is why Homer describes iron, fleece of lambs, and sea as all having the color of wine. This is nothing strange here since all of those objects might have had the same hue or texture or other properties similar to which wine has.

Only since the 19th century has mankind (primarily in Europe and USA) started to develop a color system based on spectrum (or colors of rainbow) in their languages.

Many languages had no words for "green" and "blue". Instead, both of them were described using the same word:
*in Thai "khiaw" means "green" or the color of the sky or the sea
*in Korean "purueda"
*in Chinese "qīng"
*in Japanese "ao" means both "green" and "blue". In the 20th century in Japan, the word "midori" denoting a greenish shade of "ao" became more popular due to the influence from Western civilization.

Prototyping:

In Urdu, the word for vegetable "sabzi" is synonymous with "green"; in English, we use the term "greenery".

The concept of redness, that vivid region of the visual spectrum that we associate with fire, strawberries, blood, or ketchup, is something that most cultures share.

In ancient languages:
First, languages adopted words for lightness, the words for black and white, then for red, then for green and yellow, then for blue.

To the Dani people who live in the highlands of New Guinea, objects come in just two shades: "mili" is for the cooler shades, from blues and greens to black, and "mola" is for the lighter shades, like reds, yellows, and white.

The Pirahã tribe of the Amazon doesn't have any specialized color words at all; they use prototyping instead.

SWH:

The linguistic distinction between blue and green may heighten the perceived difference between them.

In 2006, a study led by Aubrey Gilbert made a rather surprising discovery. Imagine that you're a subject in their experiment. You're asked to stare at the cross in the middle of the screen. A circle of colored tiles appears. One of the tiles is different from the others. Sometimes it will be on the left, and other times on the right. Your task is to spot whether the odd-color-out is on the left or on the right. Keep your eyes on the cross.

[[Image:bluegreencircle.png]]

Well, sometimes you'll also get a picture that looks like this.

[[Image:greengreencircle.png]]

See the difference? In one case, English speakers have different words for the two colors, blue and green. So there's a concept that builds a wall between them. But in other cases like above, the two colors are conceptually the same.

If you have a word to distinguish two colors, that makes you better at telling them apart. It takes less time to identify that odd blue square compared to the odd green one. This makes sense to anyone who's ever tried looking for a tennis ball in the grass. It's not that hard, but I'd rather the ball be blue. In one case, you are jumping categories (blue versus green), and in the other, staying within a category (green versus green). This usually works only for the right part of your visual field, however, since word language is usually encoded in the left part of our brains which operates the right part of visual field.

[[Image:1-s2.0-S0010027707002351-gr1.png]]

For Korean: To the left of the dotted line is yeondu, and to the right chorok. Is it still as easy to spot the odd square in the circle?

We rely on our experience, rather than recognize the color outright.

More reading: [http://mw.lojban.org/files/docs/ENG%20Deutscher,Guy%20-%20Through%20the%20Language%20Glass.pdf Guy Deutscher - Through the Language Glass].

==Free word order==
Some languages like English have a more strict word order. First, you put a subject, then a verb, then an object:
{{mu|I saw a big dog yesterday.}}

However, in some languages like Russian, words are always marked for their role in a sentence, so you can literally say:
{{mu|Большую вчера увидел я собаку.||Big yesterday saw I dog.}}

Chinese is similar to English in that it has a strict word order; however, the helping verb 把 (bǎ) being placed in front of the object of a sentence allows for the object of the sentence to be placed before the verb:

{{mu|他把刀放在桌子上 (tā bǎ dāo fàng zài zhuōzi shàng)|He put the knife on the table.|He bǎ knife put at table top}}

In Lojban, we have the particles of FA series that can change from strict word order to free word order, thus allowing for greater flexibility in complex sentence constructions, for greater expressivity when packing information, and for following the advantages of different languages.

==Friends of both genders in Spanish==
[[File:amig@s.png|thumb|right]]In Spanish, AMIGOS means 'male friends', AMIGAS means 'female friends'.

But how to say 'friends' in general? Earlier, 'amigos' was used for that. However, recently a new style has appeared. In e-mail conversations, AMIG@S is used when addressing friends of both genders.

==Linguistic relativity. A brief explanation==
In 1940, Benjamin Lee Whorf let loose an alluring idea that our mother tongue restricts what we are able to think. In particular, Whorf announced, Native American languages impose on their speakers a picture of reality that is totally different from ours, so their speakers would simply not be able to understand some of our most basic concepts, like the flow of time or the distinction between objects (like "stone") and actions (like "fall"). For decades, Whorf's theory dazzled both academics and the general public alike. In his shadow, others made a whole range of imaginative claims:
*that Native American languages instill in their speakers an intuitive understanding of Einstein's concept of time as a fourth dimension
*that the nature of the Jewish religion was determined by the tense system of ancient Hebrew
*if a language has no future tense, for instance, its speakers would simply not be able to grasp our notion of future time

However, when you ask, in perfectly normal English, and in the present tense, "Are you coming tomorrow?" do you feel your grip on the notion of futurity slipping away?

Do English speakers who have never heard the German word Schadenfreude find it difficult to understand the concept of relishing someone else's misfortune?

The renowned linguist Roman Jakobson said: "Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey." This maxim offers us the key to unlocking the real force of the mother tongue: if different languages influence our minds in different ways, this is not because of what our language allows us to think but rather because of what it habitually obliges us to think about.

Suppose I say to you in English that "I spent yesterday evening with a neighbor." You may well wonder whether my companion was male or female, but I have the right to tell you politely that it's none of your business. But if we were speaking French or German, I wouldn't have the privilege to equivocate in this way, because I would be obliged by the grammar of language to choose between voisin or voisine; Nachbar or Nachbarin. These languages compel me to inform you about the sex of my companion whether or not I feel it is remotely your concern. This does not mean, of course, that English speakers are unable to understand the differences between evenings spent with male or female neighbors, but it does mean that they do not have to consider the sexes of neighbors, friends, teachers, and a host of other persons each time they come up in a conversation, whereas speakers of some languages are obliged to do so.

On the other hand, English requires you to specify certain types of information that can be left to context in other languages. If I want to tell you in English about a dinner with my neighbor, I may not have to mention the neighbor’s gender, but I do have to provide some information about the timing of the event: I must decide whether we dined, have been dining, are dining, will be dining, and so on. Chinese, in contrast, does not require its speakers to specify the exact time of an action in this way, because the same verb form can be used for past, present, or future actions. Again, this does not mean that Chinese speakers are unable to understand the concept of time; rather, they are not compelled to think about timing whenever they describe an action.

When your language routinely requires you to specify certain types of information, it forces you to be attentive to specific details in the world and to certain aspects of experience that speakers of other languages may not need to consider constantly.

Languages like Spanish, French, German, and Russian not only require you to consider the gender of friends and neighbors, but they also assign a masculine or feminine gender to a wide range of inanimate objects, often quite arbitrarily. For example, what is particularly feminine about a Frenchman’s beard (*la barbe*)? Why is Russian water considered feminine, and why does it become masculine once you dip a tea bag into it? When I speak English, I might say about a bed that “it” is too soft, but as a native Hebrew speaker, I actually feel “she” is too soft. “She” remains feminine all the way from the lungs up to the glottis and becomes neuter only when reaching the tip of the tongue.

For instance, a German bridge is feminine (*die Brücke*), but *el puente* is masculine in Spanish; the same applies to clocks, apartments, forks, newspapers, pockets, shoulders, stamps, tickets, violins, the sun, the world, and love. Conversely, an apple is masculine in German but feminine in Spanish, as are chairs, brooms, butterflies, keys, mountains, stars, tables, wars, rain, and garbage. When speakers were asked to rate various objects on a range of characteristics, Spanish speakers deemed bridges, clocks, and violins to have more “manly properties,” like strength, while Germans tended to think of them as more slender or elegant. With objects like mountains or chairs, which are masculine in German but feminine in Spanish, the effect was reversed.

In a different experiment, French and Spanish speakers were asked to assign human voices to various objects in a cartoon. When French speakers saw a picture of a fork (la fourchette), most of them wanted it to speak in a woman’s voice. However, Spanish speakers, for whom el tenedor is masculine, preferred a gravelly male voice for it. More recently, psychologists have even shown that “gendered languages” imprint gender traits onto objects so strongly in the mind that these associations obstruct speakers’ ability to commit information to memory.

To speak a language like Guugu Yimithirr, you need to know where the cardinal directions are at every moment of your waking life. You need to have a mental compass that operates all the time, day and night, without breaks, since otherwise, you would not be able to convey even the most basic information or understand what people around you are saying. Indeed, speakers of geographic languages seem to have an almost superhuman sense of orientation. Regardless of visibility conditions—whether they are in thick forests or on an open plain, indoors or outdoors, or even in caves—they have a precise sense of direction. They don’t look at the sun and pause for a moment of calculation before they say, “There’s an ant just north of your foot.” They simply feel where north, south, west, and east are, just as people with perfect pitch can identify each note without calculating intervals. There are numerous stories about what might seem to us like incredible feats of orientation, but for speakers of geographic languages, they are just routine. One report relates how a speaker of Tzeltal from southern Mexico was blindfolded and spun around more than 20 times in a darkened house. Still blindfolded and dizzy, he pointed without hesitation in the correct geographic directions.

How does this work? The convention of communicating with geographic coordinates compels speakers from a young age to pay attention to clues from the physical environment (such as the position of the sun and the direction of the wind) every second of their lives and to develop an accurate memory of their own changing orientations at any given moment. Everyday communication in a geographic language provides intense training in geographic orientation (it has been estimated that as much as one word in ten in a typical Guugu Yimithirr conversation is “north,” “south,” “west,” or “east,” often accompanied by precise hand gestures). This habit of constant awareness of geographic direction is inculcated almost from infancy: studies have shown that children in such societies start using geographic directions as early as age 2 and fully master the system by ages 7 or 8. With such early and intense training, the habit soon becomes second nature—effortless and unconscious. When Guugu Yimithirr speakers were asked how they knew where north was, they couldn’t explain it any more than you could explain how you know where “behind” is.

But there is more to the effects of a geographic language, as the sense of orientation must extend further in time than just the immediate present. If you speak a Guugu Yimithirr-style language, your memories of anything that you might ever want to report will have to be stored with cardinal directions as part of the picture. One Guugu Yimithirr speaker was filmed telling his friends the story of how, in his youth, he capsized in shark-infested waters. He and an older person were caught in a storm, and their boat tipped over. They both jumped into the water and managed to swim nearly three miles to shore, only to discover that the missionary for whom they worked was more concerned about the loss of the boat than relieved at their miraculous escape. Apart from the dramatic content, the remarkable thing about the story was that it was remembered throughout with cardinal directions: the speaker jumped into the water on the western side of the boat, his companion to the east, they saw a giant shark swimming north, and so on. Perhaps the cardinal directions were just made up for the occasion? Well, quite by chance, the same person was filmed some years later telling the same story. The cardinal directions matched exactly in the two tellings. Even more remarkable were the spontaneous hand gestures that accompanied the story. For instance, the direction in which the boat rolled over was gestured in the correct geographic orientation, regardless of the direction the speaker was facing in the two films.

Psychological experiments have also shown that under certain circumstances, speakers of Guugu Yimithirr-style languages even remember “the same reality” differently from us. There has been heated debate about the interpretation of some of these experiments, but one compelling conclusion is that while we are trained to ignore directional rotations when we commit information to memory, speakers of geographic languages are trained not to do so. One way of understanding this is to imagine that you are traveling with a speaker of such a language and staying in a large chain-style hotel with corridor upon corridor of identical-looking doors. Your friend is staying in the room opposite yours, and when you go into his room, you’ll see an exact replica of yours: the same bathroom door on the left, the same mirrored wardrobe on the right, the same main room with the same bed on the left, the same curtains behind it, the same desk next to the wall on the right, the same television set on the left corner of the desk, and the same telephone on the right. In short, you have seen the same room twice. But when your friend comes into your room, he will see something quite different because everything is reversed north-to-south. In his room, the bed was in the north, while in yours it is in the south; the telephone that was in the west in his room is now in the east, and so on. So while you will see and remember the same room twice, a speaker of a geographic language will see and remember two different rooms.

It is not easy for us to conceive how Guugu Yimithirr speakers experience the world, with a crisscrossing of cardinal directions imposed on any mental picture and any piece of graphic memory. Nor is it easy to speculate about how geographic languages affect areas of experience other than spatial orientation—whether they influence the speaker’s sense of identity, for instance, or foster a less egocentric outlook on life. But one piece of evidence is telling: if you saw a Guugu Yimithirr speaker pointing at himself, you would naturally assume he meant to draw attention to himself. In fact, he is pointing at a cardinal direction that happens to be behind his back. While we are always at the center of our world and it would never occur to us that pointing at our chest could mean anything other than to draw attention to ourselves, a Guugu Yimithirr speaker points through himself, as if he were thin air and his own existence were irrelevant.

For example, English tends to describe events in terms of agents performing actions. English speakers often say things like "John broke the vase," even for accidents. Speakers of Spanish or Japanese are more likely to say "the vase broke" or "the vase was broken." Such differences between languages have profound consequences for how their speakers understand events, construct notions of causality and agency, remember events as eyewitnesses, and assign blame or punishment.

In studies conducted by Caitlin Fausey at Stanford, speakers of English, Spanish, and Japanese watched videos of two people popping balloons, breaking eggs, and spilling drinks, either intentionally or accidentally. Later, they were given a surprise memory test: for each event, could they remember who did it? Fausey discovered a striking cross-linguistic difference in eyewitness memory. Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as English speakers did. However, they remembered the agents of intentional events (for which their language would mention the agent) just fine. But for accidental events, when the agent would not typically be mentioned in Spanish or Japanese, they did not encode or remember the agent as well.

In another study, English speakers watched the video of Janet Jackson's infamous "wardrobe malfunction" (a nonagentive coinage introduced into the English language by Justin Timberlake), accompanied by one of two written reports. The reports were identical except for the last sentence, where one used the agentive phrase "ripped the costume" while the other said "the costume ripped." Even though everyone watched the same video and witnessed the ripping with their own eyes, language mattered. People who read "ripped the costume" not only blamed Justin Timberlake more but also imposed 53% higher fines.

Beyond space, time, and causality, patterns in language have been shown to shape many other domains of thought. Russian speakers, who make an extra distinction between light and dark blues in their language, are better able to visually discriminate shades of blue. The Pirahã, a tribe in the Amazon in Brazil, whose language lacks number words and instead uses terms like "few" and "many," are not able to keep track of exact quantities. And Shakespeare, it turns out, was wrong about roses: roses called by many other names (as told to blindfolded subjects) do not smell as sweet.

([http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html?fta=y&_r=0 source], [http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703467304575383131592767868 source])

User:Gleki/xorlo as seen by La Gleki

2024-08-25T07:16:36Z

Gleki: grammar/spelling/formatting

[[File:khor-lo.jpg|zoi by.འཁོར་ལོ།.by.<br/>noi se sance zoi zoi.'''xorlo'''.zoi<br/>valsi lu '''lo xislu''' li'u lo banbu'odu|thumb]]
==Abbrevs==
;UD
:Universe of Discourse
==Scope generators==
'''da''' series, [[preposition]]s create scope.

lo bridi can have a prenex that declares '''da'''.

All '''da''' that are not declared in the prenex of the bridi where they are used are inherited from lo bridi from higher levels:
{{mun|su'o da zo'u da broda lo nu da brode}} - here, the last '''da''' is inherited from the first '''da'''.

All '''da''' that are declared in the prenex of the bridi where they are used shadow all the '''da''' declared at higher levels:
{{mun|su'o da zo'u da broda lo nu su'o da da zo'u da brode}} - here, the last '''da''' is given a new scope, it's actually a new variable and in this inner bridi the first '''da''' is no longer valid.

Prepositions, '''pa da'''-like and '''pa broda'''-like nouns create scope to the right of each of them.

Pure '''da''' with its quantification declared in the prenex doesn't create scope.

'''lo'''-like nouns have the top priority scope within the entire UD to the left and to the right of them up to the boundaries of UD, they don't scope over each other.

=={{vlapoi|lo}}==
*This construct doesn't have a prenex thus every usage of it creates a new scope and a new variable.
*Additionally, all variables implicitly created by '''lo''' have top scope.

{{vlapoi|lo}} means the same as {{vlapoi|da|poi}} except it's implicitly declared in an implicit UD-wide prenex and therefore has a different scope.

UD-wide prenex is always implicit, in other words '''lo broda''' has no prenex, it's always quantified only in the place where it is used. '''lo''' is impossible to redeclare in UD.

No matter how much context is given '''lo''' can always be rephrased using a '''da poi''' prenex wrapped into new scopes
{{mu|lo plise cu kukte<br/>su'o da poi plise zo'u da kukte|Apples are tasty.}}
The difference is that '''lo''' doesn't require and is not capable of any explicit variable declarations.

More examples:
{{mu|lo pa valsi cu se vamji ko'a<br/>rau da poi valsi zo'u da se vamji ko'a|One word (any word) is worth ko'a.}}
{{mu|lo pa bangu noroi jai banzu<br/>no nu pa da bangu cu banzu|One language (any language) is never enough.}}

==Pragmatic utility of '''lo'''==
The only utility of '''lo''' compared to '''da poi''' is
#the ability to percolate through boundaries imposed by prepositions, '''da''' and '''pa broda'''-like nouns
As one of the consequences of that is that '''lo''' allows for free word order.

=='''lo''', '''da poi''', '''pa broda''' similarity and differences==
The basic and most important similarity is that
*nothing within UD is able to penetrate the scope of '''lo'''.
*declared '''da''' from upper scopes is not able to penetrate the scope of another '''da''' declared at levels inner to the first (upper) '''da'''. When needed '''goi'''-type assignments to intermediate pointers can be used.

Examples:
*{{mun|su'o da zo'u da gasnu lo nu su'o da zo'u da brode}}
*#'''da''' is not able to redeclare the '''da''' in '''da brode''' because the latter '''da''' is explicitly declared in the inner bridi.
*#the scope of '''da brode''' is beyond the scope of the first '''da'''
* {{mun|su'o da zo'u da gasnu lo brode}}
*#'''da''' is not able to redeclare '''lo brode''' (because there are no explicit variables)
*#the scope of '''lo brode''' is beyond the scope of '''da'''
* {{mun|su'o da zo'u da gasnu pa brode}}
*#'''da''' is not able to redeclare '''pa brode''' (because there are no explicit variables)
*#the scope of '''pa brode''' is within the scope of '''da'''

=='''pa broda'''==
*This construct doesn't have a prenex thus every usage of it creates a new scope and a new variable.

==Examples of scope boundaries==
Some scopes are shown here with their boundaries marked with '''<nowiki>[ ... ]</nowiki>'''.
*'''nu [mi broda] kei'''
*'''su'o da [broda de]'''
*'''mi na ku [bai ku [klama da]]'''

=='''ci gerku''' and '''ci lo gerku'''==
{{quotation|By a quirk of Lojban syntax, it is possible to omit the descriptor "lo", but never any other descriptor, from a description like that of Example 7.5; namely, one which has an explicit outer quantifier but no explicit inner quantifier.|[https://lojban.github.io/cll/6/8/ CLL 1.0]}}

In other words, in CLL 1.0 '''ci gerku''' and '''ci lo gerku''' meant the same.
After the [[xorlo]] reform the expansions are:

<code>{{gln|ci    gerku|                 '''ci da poi ke'a'''       '''gerku'''}}</code><br/><code>{{gln|ci lo gerku {{=}} ci me lo gerku|'''ci da poi ke'a''' me lo '''gerku'''}}</code>

Hence, the difference is only in top-level declarations of dogs (by saying or implying '''lo gerku''' somewhere in UD) in '''ci lo gerku''' construct.

After the xorlo reform the difference is still very subtle to think of any useful difference between them.

=='''le''' and particularity vs. any-ness==

{{gl|le|non-veridical descriptor: the one(s) described as ...}}

{{gl|le zarci|one-or-more-specific-things-each-of-which-I-describe-as being-a-market}}
{{quotation|"le" is quite close in meaning to English "the"...<br/>..."le" ... indicates that the speaker has one or more specific markets in mind (whether or not the listener knows which ones they are). Second, it also indicates that the speaker is merely describing the things he or she has in mind ..., without being committed to the truth of that description.|[https://lojban.github.io/cll/6/2/ CLL 1.0]}}

The description of the meaning of '''le''' is not very precise. Instead of
{{gl|le zarci|one-or-more-specific-things-each-of-which-I-describe-as being-a-market}}
I suggest this glossing:
{{gl|le zarci|one-or-more-specific-things-each-of-which-I-describe-in-this-UD-as being-a-market}}

Other explanations of '''le''' above are fine whether or not they are useful to turn Lojban into a colloquial language to be used to bake cookies. Namely, these explanations are fine if we assume that "the" is to be used anaphorically/cataphorically/exophorically:
* <code>"le" is quite close in meaning to English "the"</code>
* <code>whether or not the listener knows which ones they are</code>
In CLL 1.0 both '''da poi''' and '''lo''' can be translated as "some/any". '''le''' is opposed to both of them.

=='''voi'''==
'''le''' was poorly understood because people were relying on logical theories that for the most part ignored the notion of discourse (that is more related to linguistics). However, although '''le''' was more or less caught a similar particle '''voi''' was not popular.

The relation is
* '''noi/poi''' - '''lo'''
* '''voi''' - '''le'''

Here, '''voi''' starts a relative clause but unlike '''noi''' and '''poi''' it refers to things/events/etc. that the speaker has in their mind, that is that have already been created for the speaker's UD.

{{mu|za'a melbi vanbi i lo vacri voi melbi vanbi cu vifne|Such a nice neighbourhood. The air here is fresh.}}
{{mu|mu da prenu gi'e zvati le kumfa i pa pendo be mi ku voi zvati cu xanka|There are five people present in the room. There is one friend of mine present there and he/she is nervous.}}

==Veridicality==
{{gl|lo|at least one of all of those which really are}}
CLL deals with veridicality when showing '''lo'''/'''le''' distinction.

"veritas" implies knowledge, thus implies either {{vlapoi|jetnu}}2 or {{vlapoi|djuno}}1 and thus requires the presence of either epistemology or the subject who knows.
* for '''lo''' <code>at least one of all of those which really are</code>, the definition provided by CLL, is fine provided that veridicality is explained (even if implicitly or by context) in UD.
Hence, the whole idea of veridicality is correct and only needs pedagogical rephrasings leading to a colloquial "logical" Lojban becoming real.

==outer quantifiers for predicate arguments in the discourse==
Nouns to be referred to can also be quantified:
{{mu|ci gerku cu batci lo remna i re le gerku cu citka lo rectu|There are 3 dogs that bite humans. For two of them: each eats meat.}}

Notice that when using this method "'''ci gerku'''"/"'''ci lo gerku'''" distinction is unreachable.

==pre-xorlo expansions of '''lo''', '''le''', '''la'''==
They were expanded as
*'''le''':
**'''ro le su'o'''
**all of the at-least-one described as
*'''lo''':
**'''su'o lo ro'''
**at least one of all of those which really are
*'''la''':
**'''ro la su'o'''
**all of the at least one named
It's too late to take them into account due to a natural shift in Lojban usage leading to the adoption of [[BPFK_Section:_gadri#Formal_definitions|BPFK]] expansions.

=="Back to CLL 1.0" ideology (Neo-prexorloism) ==
With the explanations provided above the distinction between " '''lo/da''' and '''le''' ", which is described in CLL 1.0 (no matter how awkward or inutile the description is for colloquial usage), is nevertheless in general fine and useful for the language design and its applications (e.g. through translations into Laymen English).

In short it describes the difference between indefiniteness ('''lo''' and '''da''') and definiteness, i.e. anaphora/cataphora/exophora.

Lojban Live Chat

2024-08-24T08:58:35Z

Gleki:

{{se inspekte/en}}The Internet Relay Chat (aka IRC)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC</ref> channel is a place for people to textually chat in real-time.
==Connecting quickly==
To get connected to Lojban chat use any of the following methods (your and others' messages will be available in all of them no matter which method you use).

People involved in Lojban community usually read each day's backlog and will answer your questions within several hours and often even within minutes.

===Telegram===
[[Image:Telegram logo.svg|thumb|x70px|link=]]Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat since the beginning of 2016.

# Install the free [https://telegram.org Telegram messenger] app on your Apple, Android or your desktop device
# by following this link: <span class="plainlinks">[https://t.me/lojban Lojban]</span>.

===Mattermost ===
Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat since September 2018.

Signup via [https://framateam.org/signup_user_complete/?id=17b4ir6u6by6px693dm8kmy7yw Framateam's server].

===Slack===
[[Image:Slack Technologies Logo.svg|thumb|x70px|link=]]Using this method you will be able to read the history of the chat for the last ~7 days or so.
# Use <span class="plainlinks">[https://join.slack.com/t/lojban/shared_invite/zt-k3s96tvq-4mtkvG0ZlW2rFIwTPb4rIg the invite link]</span>.
# Open <span class="plainlinks">http://lojban.slack.com</span>
# Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule channel, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban channel and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu channel.

===Discord===
The chat is also connected to a [https://discord.gg/BVm4EYR Discord server].
# Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule channel, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban channel and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu channel.
# Freely chat about anything to like-minded Lojbanists in the #jboselbau channel.


===Direct web access===
[[Image:IRC logo.svg|thumb|x70px|link=]]Using this method you will be able to see messages that are sent only while you are connected.
#Navigate to <span class="plainlinks">[{{Webchat url qwebirc}} the web-based IRC client (Kiwi)]</span>, choose a nickname you want yourself to be known as, and click "Start". Easy!
#Click on the channel you want (tabs on the top of the page), and type your text in the text bar at the bottom - the last line at the bottom of the chat page.
#Ask questions on Lojban in #ckule tab, talk in or about Lojban in #lojban tab and talk only in Lojban in #jbosnu tab.

=== Trickier ways of connecting ===
This is for geeks. If you have an IRC application installed use the following information:
*The Lojban IRC channel is on the [http://libera.chat Libera IRC network]. Use '''irc.libera.chat''' for the server, port '''6667''' (or 6679 for an SSL-encrypted connection). Registering with NickServ is recommended.
*The three channels are used:
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/lojban #lojban] for basic discussions in any language,
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/ckule #ckule] for questions from new learners in any language,
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/jbosnu #jbosnu] for discussions in Lojban only,
** [irc://irc.libera.chat/proga #proga] for lojban-related software development (such as parsers).
It is recommended, but by no means required, that you learn what IRC is by briefly reading some of the [http://www.mirc.com/ircintro.html IRC Frequently Asked Questions] or [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html The IRC Prelude].

You may also use [https://irssi.org/ irssi command line app] on your server to keep the whole log of chat activity.

== Conduct ==
There are almost always more than 100 people connected, but since they live in different timezones most of the time, they'll be idle. Say '''coi''', hit Enter and wait. Get a soda. Practice your vocabulary. But be patient. Dedicated IRC'ers don't sit in front of the computer 24/7 waiting to respond within 10 seconds of everything said. Think of it as sort of a fast moving message board.

You might also have a look at the [[IRC cheat sheet|IRC cheat sheet]], which contains a list of translations of frequently used expressions.

==[[IRC Bots]]==

== Rules ==
Just behave and be respectful, don't intentionally try to annoy others. Don't worry though, usually you'll only annoy people if you're actively trying.
== Logs ==
There are [http://www.lojban.org/irclogs/ public logs of the utterances in Lojban of the IRC channel]<ref>Thanks to help from Theodore Reed and Jordan DeLong</ref>.

The logs are filtered so that they contain only Lojban text. However, you might still be offended by the things discussed there. If you are, that's your problem and the [[LLG]] explicitly disclaims responsibility for anything said on the IRC channel, including by members or officers of the [[LLG]].

Furthermore, no guarantee is made as to the correctness of the Lojban therein. Nonetheless, the IRC logs currently constitute one of the largest corpora of Lojban text.
== Discussion Topics ==
A list of interesting discussion topics, about the nature of the language, is being actively maintained and [[jboske discussion|copied]] into this wiki. They often include specific terminology. The discussions are presented as is, copied from the IRC channel.

==References==
<references />

Template:Lojban StackExchange

2024-08-24T08:58:09Z

Gleki:

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informal description of the PEG morphology algorithm/Single page

2024-07-13T06:26:39Z

Gleki: /* Splitting a stream of speech into words */

This is a description of the formal PEG morphology algorithm. If there are or appear to be discrepancies between this description and the formal grammar, the formal grammar wins.

Given any string of characters, this algorithm will split it uniquely into words, including possibly some non-lojban words.

We examine the string from the left, and words are extracted one by one from the left.
# Extract all [[#Morphology: special characters|pauses]], if there are any.
# Extract a [[#Morphology: words|word]] and then any following [[#Morphology: special characters|pauses]], if there are any.
# Repeat 2 until there is nothing left.

==Morphology: Rules of formation==

These are the rules for generating Lojban words. Any speech generated following these rules will be uniquely decomposable by the [[BPFK Section: PEG Morphology Algorithm|PEG Morphology Algorithm]].

=== pauses ===
*You <u>may not</u> pause in the middle of any word.
*You <u>may</u> pause between any two words.
*You <u>must</u> pause in the following cases:
**Before any word that starts with a vowel or diphthong or y.
**Before and after a cmevla.
**Between a finally stressed cmavo and a brivla that starts with a cluster.
**Between two cmavo of form CVCy (without an intervening pause) and a string of one or more rafsi (including gismu and fu'ivla as possible final rafsi).
**Before and after a non-lojban-word.

=== cmevla ===
*A cmevla can consist of any number of syllables (possibly none) and must have a final consonant or consonant cluster (details of what is a permissible final cluster still to be worked out).

=== cmavo ===
*A cmavo consists of a non-h, non-cluster syllable followed by zero or more h-syllables (Any stress is allowed, but see pause rules).

=== gismu ===
*A gismu can have either CCVCV or CVC/CV forms, where CC is an initial-pair. The first vowel must be stressed and the second unstressed.

=== fu'ivla ===
*A fu'ivla is any string of non-y syllables such that:
**It does not begin with h or with a consonantal-syllable.
**Only the penultimate vocalic syllable is stressed (therefore it must have at least two vocalic syllables).
**The last syllable ends in a vowel or a diphthong.
**It does not begin with a cmavo-form followed by a cmavo, a gismu, a fu'ivla or a lujvo (tosmabru test).
**It does not consist of a string of rafsi (lujvo test).
**It does not consist of a consonant followed by a string of rafsi (slinku'i test).

=== lujvo ===
*A lujvo is any string of two or more rafsi such that:
**It has penultimate stress.
**The final rafsi ends in a vowel or diphthong.
**If the first rafsi is an unstressed CVV-rafsi or is followed by another CVV-rafsi, it must be immediately followed by either an r-hyphen or n-hyphen.
**If the first rafsi is a CVC-rafsi, and the second consonant plus what follows is a lujvo, then the CVC-rafsi must have a y-hyphen.
**Any CVC-rafsi followed by a consonant such that the pair is impermissible requires a y-hyphen.
**gismu and fu'ivla are allowed as final rafsi.
**extended (brivla and fu'ivla) rafsi can only be preceded by y-final rafsi.
**extended rafsi that begin with a vowel or diphthong take an {'} if they are preceded by another rafsi.

=== rafsi ===
*gismu-rafsi have the forms CVCCy, CCVCy, CCV, CVC(y), CVV(r/n). The parenthesized hyphens are always allowed, and sometimes required (see lujvo).
*brivla-rafsi are any y-less brivla, minus the stress, followed by {'y}.
*fu'ivla-rafsi is a fu'ivla that end in CV with the V changed to y if
**it is not a string of y-less rafsi plus CVCy or CCy. (lujvy test)
**it is not a consonant plus a string of y-less rafsi plus CVCy or CCy. (slinkujy test)

==Morphology: words==

A ''word'' can be a ''lojban-word'' or a [[#Morphology: special characters|non-lojban-word]].

A ''lojban-word'' can be a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]], a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] or a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]].

If the string begins with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]], extract it, else if it begins with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], extract it, else if it begins with a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]], extract it, else it begins with a [[#Morphology: special characters|non-lojban-word]], and so extract it.

==Morphology: cmevla==

To check if a string begins with a ''cmevla'', extract as many ''cmevla-syllaboid''s as you can from the left (possibly none), then you must find a consonant or cluster (details of which clusters are allowed are still to be worked out) followed by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]]. In that case, you have a ''cmevla'', otherwise the string does not begin with a ''cmevla''.

A ''cmevla-syllaboid'' consists of an optional [[#Morphology: syllables|coda]], any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|consonantal-syllable]]s (possibly none), an [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|nucleus]]. It can also be a [[#Morphology: vowels|digit]], which stands for the syllable corresponding to its name, as in '''la .2005nan. '''(''the year 2005''). The reason to include the coda and consonantal-syllables as part of the syllaboid is so that things like "ndoi" are admissible.

=== List of examples that maybe should parse but don't ===

* '''masytcusets'''

==Morphology: cmavo==

To check whether a string begins with a ''cmavo'', first you have to check that it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]] or with a ''CVCy-lujvo''.

A ''CVCy-lujvo'' consists of a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVC-rafsi]], then a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], then any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|initial-rafsi]] (possibly none) and finally a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla-core]].

If the string does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]] or with a ''CVCy-lujvo'', then it begins with a ''cmavo'' if it begins with a ''cmavo-form'' and is followed by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]] or by a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]].

A ''cmavo-form'' consists of a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]], non-[[#Morphology: consonants|cluster]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]] (possibly none), and a final [[#Morphology: vowels|nucleus]] which is not [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed]] or, if [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed]], it is not followed by a [[#Morphology: consonants|cluster]]. A ''cmavo-form'' can also consist of one or more [[#Morphology: vowels|y']]<nowiki/>s in a row, or of a [[#Morphology: special characters|digit]].

==Morphology: brivla==

A string begins with a ''brivla'' if it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] and consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|initial-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a ''brivla-core''.

A ''brivla-core'' is the part of a ''brivla'' that carries the penultimate stress. It can be a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]], a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVV-final-rafsi]] or a ''short-lujvo''.

A ''short-lujvo'' consists of a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-initial-rafsi]] and a [[#Morphology: rafsi|short-final-rafsi]].

''Note that a ''CVV-final-rafsi'' ''<u>needs at least one</u>'' ''initial-rafsi'' ''<u>in front in order to constitute a</u>'' ''brivla'', ''<u>otherwise it will be taken as a</u>'' ''cmavo''.''

-----------

A ''lujvo'' is any ''brivla'' that is not only a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]] or only a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]].

==Morphology: fu'ivla==

A string begins with a ''fu'ivla'' if it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] or a ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinku'i'', it does begin with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], and consists of any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|onstressed-syllable]]s (possibly none), one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]] and then a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]].

A ''rafsi-string'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-less-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVV-final-rafsi]], or a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-less-rafsi]] and a [[#Morphology: rafsi|short-final-rafsi]]

A ''slinku'i'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] followed by a ''rafsi-string''.

==Morphology: extended rafsi==

''any-extended-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]], a ''fu'ivla-rafsi'', a ''stressed-fu'ivla-rafsi'', a ''brivla-rafsi'' or a ''stressed-brivla-rafsi''.

A ''fu'ivla-rafsi'' consists of one or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s and a [[#Morphology: syllables|y-syllable]] and possibly a [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a y-final ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinkujy''.

A ''stressed-fu'ivla-rafsi'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s (possibly none), one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]] and then a [[#Morphology: syllables|y-syllable]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a y-final ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinkujy''.

A ''brivla-rafsi'' consists of two or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s, an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]]), and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]] and possibly another [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a ''slinkujy''.

A ''stressed-brivla-rafsi'' consists of one or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s, one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]], an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]]), and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a ''slinkujy''.

A ''slinkujy'' is a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] followed by a y-final ''rafsi-string''

A y-final ''rafsi-string'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-less-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-rafsi]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-rafsi]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-less-rafsi]] plus an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], or just an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]].

==Morphology: gismu==

''gismu'' consists either of an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]], a [[#Morphology: vowels|stressed-vowel]], and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] composed of [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CCVCV), or of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], a [[#Morphology: vowels|stressed-vowel]], a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] composed of [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CVC/CV).

==Morphology: rafsi==

A ''CVV-final-rafsi'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], a [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]], an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]] and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CVhV).

A ''short-final-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] consisting of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] (CVV), or an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CCV).

An ''initial-rafsi'' is an [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]], a ''y-rafsi'', or a ''y-less-rafsi'' not the beginning of [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|any-extended-rafsi]].

A ''stressed-initial-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|stressed-extended-rafsi]], a ''stressed-y-rafsi'', or a ''stressed-y-less-rafsi''.

A ''y-rafsi'' is a CCVCy, CVCCy or CVCy form with an [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-vowel]], possibly followed by an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]] (in case a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]]-initial [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]] follows).

A ''stressed-y-rafsi'' is a CCVCy, CVCCy or CVCy form with a [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]]. In this case an [[#Morphology: consonants]] can never follow because there are no single-syllable [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]] that could come after it.

A ''y-less-rafsi'' is a CVC, CCV or CVV form rafsi with [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-vowel]]s such that they are not the beginning of a ''y-rafsi'' and such that they are not followed by [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|any-extended-rafsi]].

A ''stressed-y-less-rafsi'' is a CVC, CCV or CVV form rafsi with final [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]]s such that they are not the beginning of a ''stressed-y-rafsi''.

A stressed or unstressed CVV form rafsi include a possible ''r-hyphen'' at the end.

An ''r-hyphen'' is an 'r' if what follows is a consonant and an 'n' if what follows is an 'r'.

==Morphology: syllables==

A ''syllable'' consists of an ''onset'', a ''non-[[#Morphology: vowels|y]] nucleus'', and a ''coda''. (A ''y-nucleus'' is excluded from the definition of ''syllable'' just for convenience, because ''y-syllable''s are not allowed in [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|''fu'ivla'']]. ''y-syllable''s in [[#Morphology: brivla|''brivla'']] always have an empty ''coda'').

An ''onset'' is an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster, or a [[#Morphology: vowels|glide]], or an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], or empty. (An empty onset can only appear at the beginning of a word, an ''h onset'' can never appear at the beginning of a word, a ''glide'' onset can never appear immediately after a diphthong).

A ''nucleus'' is a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]], or a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]], or a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], not followed directly by another ''nucleus''.

A ''coda'' is a single [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], or empty, not the start of a ''consonantal-syllable'', nor of an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster.

A ''consonantal-syllable'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] and a [[#Morphology: consonants|syllabic]] consonant, and must always be followed by another ''consonantal-syllable'' or by an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster.

A ''final-syllable'' (of a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]]) is a ''syllable'' whose nucleus is not ''stressed'', followed directly by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]] or by a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]] other than a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]].

A ''stressed-syllable'', a ''stressed-diphthong'' and a ''stressed-vowel'' are, respectively, a ''syllable'', a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] with where the vowel is ''stressed'' ('A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U') or with ''stress'' being marked by being followed (possibly after intervening y and/or consonantal syllables) by just one ''syllable'' and then by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]]. (The use of capital 'I' and 'U' in [[#Morphology: vowels|glide]] position, or capital consonants, is not taken as a mark of stress).

An ''unstressed-syllable'', an ''unstressed-diphthong'' and an ''unstressed-vowel'' are, respectively, a ''syllable'', a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] not ''stressed'' as described above.

==Morphology: vowels==

A ''glide'' is '''i''' or '''u''' when followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]] and not followed by abother ''glide''.

A ''diphthong'' is one of '''ai''', '''au''', '''ei''', '''oi''' not followed by a ''glide''.

A ''vowel'' is one of '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''' not followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]].

'''a''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'a' or 'A'.

'''e''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'e' or 'E'.

'''i''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'i' or 'I'.

'''o''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'o' or 'O'.

'''u''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'u' or 'U'.

'''y''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'y' or 'Y'.

==Morphology: consonants==

An ''initial'' is empty or one of the following single consonants or clusters, in any case not followed by another consonant:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|   || r || l || c || cr || cl || s || sr || sl ||   ||   ||   ||   || j || - || - || z || - || -
|-
| f || fr || fl || cf || cfr || cfl || sf || sfr || sfl ||   || v || vr || vl || jv || jvr || jvl || zv || zvr || zvl
|-
| p || pr || pl || cp || cpr || cpl || sp || spr || spl ||   || b || br || bl || jb || jbr || jbl || zb || zbr || zbl
|-
| k || kr || kl || ck || ckr || ckl || sk || skr || skl ||   || g || gr || gl || jg || jgr || jgl || zg || zgr || zgl
|-
| t || tr || - || ct || ctr || - || st || str || - ||   || d || dr || - || jd || jdr || - || zd || zdr || -
|-
| x || xr || xl || - || - || - || - || - || - ||   || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| m || mr || ml || cm || cmr || cml || sm || smr || sml ||   ||   ||   ||   || jm || jmr || jml || zm || zmr || zml
|-
| n || - || - || cn || - || - || sn || - || - ||   ||   ||   ||   || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- ||   || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || ---
|-
|   ||   ||   || tc ||   ||   || ts ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || dj ||   ||   || dz ||   ||  
|}

There are in all 102 possible initials, including the empty one.

An ''initial-pair'' is an initial cluster that consist of exactly two consonants.

An ''affricate'' pair is one of '''tc''', '''ts''', '''dj''', '''dz'''.

A ''consonant'' is a ''voiced'' consonant, an ''unvoiced'' consonant or a ''syllabic'' consonant.

A ''voiced'' consonant is one of '''b''', '''d''', '''g''', '''j''', '''v''', '''z'''.

An ''unvoiced'' consonant is one of '''c''', '''f''', '''k''', '''p''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x'''.

A ''syllabic'' consonant is one of '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''r'''.

'''l''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'l' or 'L', not followed by '''h''' or '''l'''.

'''m''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'm' or 'M', not followed by '''h''' or '''m''' or '''z'''.

'''n''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'n' or 'N', not followed by '''h''' or '''n''' or an ''affricate''.

'''r''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'r' or 'R'.not followed by '''h''' or '''r'''.

'''f''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'f' or 'F', not followed by '''h''' or '''f''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''p''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'p' or 'P', not followed by '''p''' or '''P''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''t''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 't' or 'T', not followed by '''h''' or '''t''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''k''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'k' or 'K', not followed by '''h''' or '''k''' or '''x''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''x''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'x' or 'X', not followed by '''h''' or '''x''' or '''k''' or '''c''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''c''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'c' or 'C', not followed by '''h''' or '''c''' or '''s''' or '''x''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''s''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 's' or 'S', not followed by '''h''' or '''s''' or '''c''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''j''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'j' or 'J', not followed by '''h''' or '''j''' or '''z''' or any '''unvoiced''' consonant.

'''z''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'z' or 'Z', not followed by '''h''' or '''z''' or '''j''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''b''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'b' or 'B', not followed by '''h''' or '''b''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''d''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'd' or 'D', not followed by '''h''' or '''d''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''g''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'g' or 'G', not followed by '''h''' or '''g''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''v''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'v' or 'V', not followed by '''h''' or '''v''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''h''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and ' ' ' or 'h', followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]].

==Morphology: special characters==

A ''digit'' is one of ''1'', ''2'', ''3'', ''4'', ''5'', ''6'', ''7'', ''8'', ''9'', ''0''. They can stand for the syllables '''pa''', '''re''', '''ci''', '''vo''', '''mu''', '''xa''', '''ze''', '''bi''', '''so''', '''no''' in [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], in which case they constitute the whole [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], as part of a [[#Morphology: cmene|cmene]], anywhere but at the end of it. They cannot appear in [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]].

A ''pause'' is any number (at least one) of ''space-character''s, possibly preceded by ''commas''.

A ''space-character'' is a blank, a dot, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an end-of-line or an end of string.

A ''comma'' is accepted anywhere and absorbed by the following character, treated as if it wasn't there (not a space!).

A ''non-lojban-word'' is any string of non-''space-character''s up to the next ''pause'' such that it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]]. Any string that contains an unrecognized character or an impermissible sequence is a ''non-lojban-word''.

==Another informal description of the morphology, less tied to the PEG rules==

This is an attempt at describing the PEG morphology in a less formal way, condensed into a single page. It also includes some experimental rules, marked as such, that open up previously forbidden word shapes.

=== Phonemes ===

At the most basic level, an utterance is made of phonemes. Here are the main classes of phonemes (there are subclasses as seen later):

* consonants ({{jvs|zunsna}}):
** '''bdgjvz''' (voiced), '''cfkpstx''' (unvoiced), '''lmnr''' (syllabic)
* glides ({{jvs|karmlisna}}): '''i u'''
* h ('''me'o .y'y'''): ''' ' '''
* word break (glottal stop) ({{jvs|depybu'i}}): '''.'''
* vowels ({{jvs|karsna}}): '''a e i o u'''
* diphthongs: '''au ai ei oi'''
* y ('''me'o .ybu'''): '''y'''

The comma (me'o slaka bu) isn't a phoneme, but is used to separate syllables for clarity. Removing it has no effect.

'''i''' and '''u''' are vowels, unless a vowel or diphthong follows, in which case they are glides. '''iau''' is a glide and a diphthong; '''iaua''' is two glide-vowel pairs.

At this level, strings of consonants follow these rules:
* consonants can be next to consonants, word breaks, vowels, diphthongs, and '''y'''
* no consonant can be followed by itself
* voiced consonants can't be next to voiceless ones, and vice versa
* sibilants (cjsz) can't be next to each other
* '''x''' can't be next to '''c''' or '''k'''
* the substrings '''mz''', '''nts''', '''ntc''', '''ndz''', '''ndj''' are not allowed

Glides must follow a word break, vowel, diphthong, or '''y''', and be followed by a vowel, diphthong, or '''y'''. '''i''' as a glide can't follow a diphthong ending in '''i''', and '''u''' as a glide can't follow the diphthong '''au'''.

'''h''' must both follow and be followed by a vowel, diphthong, or '''y'''.

Vowels, diphthongs, and '''y''' can be next to consonants, glides, '''h''', and word breaks.

=== Syllables ===

These are the shapes syllables ({{jvs|slaka}}) can have:

* Vowel syllable
** a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
** then a vowel or a diphthong
** then optionally a consonant
{{mu|.a, spa, pan, blaif, stra}}

* h-syllable
** the letter '''''''
** then a vowel or diphthong
** then optionally a consonant
{{mu|'u, 'ei, 'am}}

* y-syllable
** a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
** then the letter y
{{mu|by, .y, gry, zbly}}

* hy-syllable
** the string ''''y'''

* consonantal syllable ({{jvs|zunsnaslaka}})
** a consonant
** then a syllabic consonant
{{mu|fl, sm, rn}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="ysyll"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
* y-consonant syllable: a consonant, '''y''', then another consonant. These behave exactly like consonantal syllables, and when the second consonant is a syllabic one, the syllable with a '''y''' is equivalent to the one without when distinguishing between words.
</div>
}}

When a syllable starts with more than one consonant, the rules for these clusters ({{jvs|zunsnagri}}) are more restrictive than the general ones above. These are the permissible initial doubles, stolen with love from CLL:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| pl pr || || fl fr
|-
| bl br || || vl vr
|-
| cp cf || ct ck cm cn || cl cr
|-
| jb jv || jd jg jm ||
|-
| sp sf || st sk sm sn || sl sr
|-
| zb zv || zd zg zm ||
|-
| tc tr || ts || kl kr
|-
| dj dr || dz || gl gr
|-
| ml mr || || xl xr
|}

And the permissible initial triples:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| cfr cfl sfr sfl || jvr jvl zvr zvl
|-
| cpr cpl spr spl || jbr jbl zbr zbl
|-
| ckr ckl skr skl || jgr jgl zgr zgl
|-
| ctr str || jdr zdr
|-
| cmr cml smr sml || jmr jml zmr zml
|}

When segmenting text into syllables, when a consonant could possibly either start a syllable or end one, it's always taken to start one. In other words, onsets are greedy, codas are lazy.

=== Words ===

Words can be {{jvs|cmavo}}, {{jvs|cmevla}}, or {{jvs|brivla}}. cmavo and brivla are made of syllables, while cmevla are free strings of phonemes.

cmavo are composed of:

* one vowel- or '''y'''-syllable, with at most one initial consonant and no final consonant
* optionally followed by any number of '''h'''- or '''hy'''-syllables without any final consonants

{{mu|.a, ba, bai, ba'i, ba'ai, by, by'i, ia, iai, iy, ua'ai'y}}

There are two exceptions: '''ybu''', also spelled '''y.bu''', is a single cmavo despite the medial consonant and word break, and '''y''' surrounded by word breaks and not followed by '''bu''' is a word break itself, not a cmavo.

cmavo can be stressed on any syllable.

cmevla are arbitrary strings of phonemes, following phoneme but not syllable restrictions, starting with a word break, containing no word breaks, and ending with a consonant followed by a word break. They can be stressed anywhere.

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div><strong>Experimental</strong></div><div>
There is also an [[Defining brivla without using lujvo rules|alternative definition of brivla that doesn't depend on rafsi]].
</div>
}}

A brivla is composed of any number of initial {{jvs|rafsi}} followed by a final rafsi. It must begin with a vowel syllable, end with a vowel- or '''h'''-syllable, and have at least two syllables. It may not be a [[#slinkuhi|slinkuhi]], and may not start with a sequence of cmavo that yields a valid word when removed. Stress (marked here with a grave accent) is on the second-last vowel- or '''h'''-syllable.

A final rafsi is:

(1) a zihevla:
* a vowel syllable
* followed by any number of vowel, h-, or consonantal syllables
* followed by a vowel- or h-syllable with no final consonant
* is not a gismu or sequence of more than one rafsi
* can stand alone as a brivla (meets the other requirements above)
{{mu|cpi,kù,ku  àl,ga  fì,pr,koi  glàu,ka  sprà,'e}}

(2) or a gismu:
* a CV vowel syllable followed by a CCV one
* or a CVC one then a CV one
* or a CCV one then a CV one
{{mu|pà,stu  vèd,li  tsà,ni}}

(3) or a short final rafsi:
* a CVV or CCV vowel syllable, e.g. '''xau''', '''cpa'''
* or a CV vowel syllable followed by a 'V h-syllable, e.g. '''fà'i'''

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="rafsi3a"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
(3a) or a CV syllable. These must be at least one rafsi ending in '''y''' in the part of the word preceding a CV rafsi, and a CV rafsi may not directly follow a rafsi of [[#rafsi8|type 8]].
{{mu|dat,ky,nèi,bi cmà,vyr,fy,ja -> well-formed lujvo:|datky-nei-bi cmavyrfy-ja}}
{{mu|bla,ny,kàir,ze -> coarser-grained lujvo:|blany-kairze (type 3a can't follow type 8)}}
{{mu|xag,màu,ri -> single zihevla:|xagmauri (no y-rafsi preceding "ri")}}
</div>
}}

An initial rafsi is any one of these:

(4) a gismu followed by the syllable ''''y''', e.g. '''fasnu'y'''

(5) a gismu with its final vowel replaced with '''y''', e.g. '''fasny'''

(6) a zihevla followed by the syllable ''''y''', e.g. '''sorpeka'y'''

(7) a CV vowel syllable followed by a Cy '''y'''-syllable, e.g. '''fa,ky'''

<span id="rafsi8">(8)</span> a vowel syllable of the form CVC, CCV, or CVVr
* or a CV syllable followed by a 'V or 'Vr syllable
* may not be followed by a rafsi derived from a zihevla
{{mu|'''gas'''  '''jbu'''  '''gaur'''  '''li,'ar'''}}

(9) a vowel syllable of the form CVV
* or a CV syllable followed by a 'V syllable
* may not be followed by a rafsi derived from a zihevla
{{mu|'''gau'''  '''li,'a'''}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="rafsi9a"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
(9a) a CV syllable, with the restrictions of [[#rafsi3a|(3a)]], and that no competing interpretation where the CV is the beginning of a [[#rafsi8|type 8]] rafsi parses.
* e.g. '''tat,py,ri,nun,lì,'u''' -> '''tatpy-ri-nun-li'u''';  '''sla,by,si,ri,ju''' -> '''slaby-si-ri-ju''';  '''va,ny,nu,plì,ste''' -> '''!! vany-nup-liste'''

(9b) a CV and then a 'y syllable, with the restrictions of [[#rafsi3a|(3a)]] only.
* e.g. '''va,ny,nu,'y,plì,ste''' -> '''vany-nu'y-pli-ste'''
</div>}}

(10) a type 8 or 9 rafsi followed by a type 3 rafsi followed by ''''y'''
{{mu|'''cau,cni,'y'''  '''ri,'ar,ju,'o,'y'''  '''mul,fau,'y''',  '''jbo,jbe,'y'''}}

(11) a zihevla that ends in a vowel syllable, ending in a vowel and not a diphthong, with the final vowel replaced with y, unless the result breaks up into any other valid string of rafsi
{{mu|'''ka,'or,ty'''  '''a,sny'''}}

<span id="rafsirecog">Note</span> that while all rafsi are valid syllables by themselves, strings of them are recognized as strings of phonemes, not syllables. For example '''gastro''', even though its syllable structure is '''gà,stro''', is a lujvo made of two rafsi '''gas''' '''tro'''.

If a CVVr or CV'Vr rafsi is followed by a rafsi beginning with '''r''', and only then, the final '''r''' of the first rafsi is replaced with an '''n'''.
If a rafsi ending in '''y''' is followed by a rafsi beginning with a vowel, and only then, an ''' ' ''' is prepended to the second rafsi. In other situations where sticking two rafsi together violates phoneme or syllable rules, the left rafsi needs to be replaced with one ending with '''y'''.

A brivla consisting of just a zihevla is called a zihevla, one consisting of just a gismu is a gismu, and all others are called lujvo.

A <span id="slinkuhi">slinkuhi</span> ({{jvs|valslinku'i}}) is a [''consonant followed by a string of rafsi that up to its first y-syllable, or if no y-syllables, in its entirety, is composed of non-zihevla rafsi''] that itself can't be broken up into a string of rafsi.
{{mu|''p''rà,'i  ''s''pòr,te  ''z''bla,zdà,vro  ''c''nar,jy,fra,gà,ri  ''z''gà,stro ''(see note on [[#rafsirecog|rafsi recognition]] above)}}

Other non-words also behave like slinkuhi, in that prepending a cmavo makes them a word, but these arise from rules other than the one named slinkuhi.
{{mu|cpa  cpau  cpra  cprau  (''brivla must have 2+ syllables'')}}
{{mu|cl,pàr,nu  (''brivla must start with a vowel syllable'')}}

A <span id="tosmabru">tosmabru</span> ({{jvs|valrtosmabru}}) is a string intended to be a brivla but which decomposes into multiple words. tosmabru can be coerced into being brivla by adding a consonant at the end of the last syllable of the first cmavo.
* gau,tcì,ni -> gau tcini; cmavo + gismu
* gaur,tcì,ni -> gaurtcini; a single lujvo
* .a,'u,nain,mo -> .a'u nainmo; cmavo + zi'evla
* .a,'ur,nain,mo -> .a'urnainmo; a single zihevla
* boi,kèi,foi -> boi kèi foi; three cmavo
* boir,kèi,foi -> boirkeifoi; a single lujvo

=== Word breaks, glottal stops ===

All word breaks may be pronounced as glottal stops, and some word breaks have to. Glottal stops are required before and after all cmevla, as well as before all words starting with a vowel or "y". They are also required after certain cmavo:

* When pronouncing two words together would break a phonotactic rule, they need to be separated with a glottal stop.
{{mu|"au" "uàn,mo" -> {.au .uanmo} }}

* Each pair of cmavo of the form CV Cy followed by either a brivla or a cmavo of the form CVV or CV'V needs a glottal stop at one of the word breaks. (This is the only case where cmavo-shaped syllables are absorbed by brivla by default but can be detached.)
{{mu|"ca" "vy" "càr,vi" -> {ca vy. carvi} /ʃa.vəʔ.ˈʃar.vi/ |(/ʃa.və.ˈʃar.vi/ would be {cavycarvi}, a lujvo)}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="cikybi"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
This also applies to CV Cy CV sequences: /ˈʃi.kə.bi/ is {cikybi}, /ˈʃiʔ.kə.bi/ is {ci. ky bi}
</div>}}

* Every stressed cmavo followed by a brivla starting with a consonant cluster needs a glottal stop after the cmavo.
{{mu|"bà" "sna,jù,'i" -> {bà. snaju'i} /ˈbaʔ.sna.ˈʒu.hi/|(/ˈba.sna.ˈʒu.hi/ would be {basna jù'i}, a gismu and a cmavo)}}

=== Splitting a stream of speech into words ===

This is a simplified procedure to split speech into words, not taking arbitrary quotes (ZOI, ZOhOI, MEhOI, GOhOI) into account. The input is a (magically) perfectly recognized string of phonemes, with the vowels marked for stress.

Each split described below is to be treated as a boundary of the speech stream for subsequent steps. These chunks will get increasingly smaller until they all coincide with single words.

(1) Split the stream at each glottal stop or pause.

(2) If the stream ends with a consonant, stop processing it.

(3) Detect the syllables in the stream. For each stressed syllable:
* If the syllable after it is also stressed, split between the two syllables.
* If not, find the next vowel or h-syllable after it, and split the stream after that syllable, unless the syllable after that begins with ''' ' ''' - don't split in that case.

(4) Try to read a cmavo, then after that cmavo try to read a cmavo, or if that fails, a brivla.
* If the stream ends after the first cmavo read, stop processing it.
* If two cmavo are read, split the stream after the first one, and stop processing the first part.
* If a cmavo and brivla are read, split the stream after the cmavo and stop processing both parts.
* If only a cmavo is read, but this cmavo is shorter than the stream, try to read a brivla from the start of the stream. If that succeeds, stop processing the stream. If not, declare the stream malformed and abandon ship.

Repeat the above step for each piece where processing was not stopped, until no such pieces remain.

An example:

<pre>
còiju'idoi.rktk.si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(1) còiju'idoi rktk si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(2) còiju'idoi [rktk] si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(3) còi,ju,'i,doi [rktk] si,'au,dàu,rà,tcu,cu,ba,zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
còi,ju,'i,doi [rktk] si,'au,dàu rà,tcu cu,ba,zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
(4) (còi),(ju,'i),doi
[coi] (ju,'i),(doi)
[coi] [ju'i] [doi]
(4) (si,'au),(dàu)
[si'au] [dau]
(4) (rà),(tcu)!
(rà,tcu)
[ratcu]
(4) (cu),(ba),zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] (ba),(zi),ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] (zi),(ba,'a),ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] [zi] (ba,'a),(ca),zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] (ca),(zgùn,ta)!
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] (ca,zgùn,ta)
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] [cazgunta]

Result: coi ju'i doi rktk si'au dau ratcu cu ba zi ba'a cazgunta
</pre>

informal description of the PEG morphology algorithm/Single page

2024-07-13T06:26:23Z

Gleki: /* Splitting a stream of speech into words */

This is a description of the formal PEG morphology algorithm. If there are or appear to be discrepancies between this description and the formal grammar, the formal grammar wins.

Given any string of characters, this algorithm will split it uniquely into words, including possibly some non-lojban words.

We examine the string from the left, and words are extracted one by one from the left.
# Extract all [[#Morphology: special characters|pauses]], if there are any.
# Extract a [[#Morphology: words|word]] and then any following [[#Morphology: special characters|pauses]], if there are any.
# Repeat 2 until there is nothing left.

==Morphology: Rules of formation==

These are the rules for generating Lojban words. Any speech generated following these rules will be uniquely decomposable by the [[BPFK Section: PEG Morphology Algorithm|PEG Morphology Algorithm]].

=== pauses ===
*You <u>may not</u> pause in the middle of any word.
*You <u>may</u> pause between any two words.
*You <u>must</u> pause in the following cases:
**Before any word that starts with a vowel or diphthong or y.
**Before and after a cmevla.
**Between a finally stressed cmavo and a brivla that starts with a cluster.
**Between two cmavo of form CVCy (without an intervening pause) and a string of one or more rafsi (including gismu and fu'ivla as possible final rafsi).
**Before and after a non-lojban-word.

=== cmevla ===
*A cmevla can consist of any number of syllables (possibly none) and must have a final consonant or consonant cluster (details of what is a permissible final cluster still to be worked out).

=== cmavo ===
*A cmavo consists of a non-h, non-cluster syllable followed by zero or more h-syllables (Any stress is allowed, but see pause rules).

=== gismu ===
*A gismu can have either CCVCV or CVC/CV forms, where CC is an initial-pair. The first vowel must be stressed and the second unstressed.

=== fu'ivla ===
*A fu'ivla is any string of non-y syllables such that:
**It does not begin with h or with a consonantal-syllable.
**Only the penultimate vocalic syllable is stressed (therefore it must have at least two vocalic syllables).
**The last syllable ends in a vowel or a diphthong.
**It does not begin with a cmavo-form followed by a cmavo, a gismu, a fu'ivla or a lujvo (tosmabru test).
**It does not consist of a string of rafsi (lujvo test).
**It does not consist of a consonant followed by a string of rafsi (slinku'i test).

=== lujvo ===
*A lujvo is any string of two or more rafsi such that:
**It has penultimate stress.
**The final rafsi ends in a vowel or diphthong.
**If the first rafsi is an unstressed CVV-rafsi or is followed by another CVV-rafsi, it must be immediately followed by either an r-hyphen or n-hyphen.
**If the first rafsi is a CVC-rafsi, and the second consonant plus what follows is a lujvo, then the CVC-rafsi must have a y-hyphen.
**Any CVC-rafsi followed by a consonant such that the pair is impermissible requires a y-hyphen.
**gismu and fu'ivla are allowed as final rafsi.
**extended (brivla and fu'ivla) rafsi can only be preceded by y-final rafsi.
**extended rafsi that begin with a vowel or diphthong take an {'} if they are preceded by another rafsi.

=== rafsi ===
*gismu-rafsi have the forms CVCCy, CCVCy, CCV, CVC(y), CVV(r/n). The parenthesized hyphens are always allowed, and sometimes required (see lujvo).
*brivla-rafsi are any y-less brivla, minus the stress, followed by {'y}.
*fu'ivla-rafsi is a fu'ivla that end in CV with the V changed to y if
**it is not a string of y-less rafsi plus CVCy or CCy. (lujvy test)
**it is not a consonant plus a string of y-less rafsi plus CVCy or CCy. (slinkujy test)

==Morphology: words==

A ''word'' can be a ''lojban-word'' or a [[#Morphology: special characters|non-lojban-word]].

A ''lojban-word'' can be a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]], a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] or a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]].

If the string begins with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]], extract it, else if it begins with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], extract it, else if it begins with a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]], extract it, else it begins with a [[#Morphology: special characters|non-lojban-word]], and so extract it.

==Morphology: cmevla==

To check if a string begins with a ''cmevla'', extract as many ''cmevla-syllaboid''s as you can from the left (possibly none), then you must find a consonant or cluster (details of which clusters are allowed are still to be worked out) followed by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]]. In that case, you have a ''cmevla'', otherwise the string does not begin with a ''cmevla''.

A ''cmevla-syllaboid'' consists of an optional [[#Morphology: syllables|coda]], any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|consonantal-syllable]]s (possibly none), an [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|nucleus]]. It can also be a [[#Morphology: vowels|digit]], which stands for the syllable corresponding to its name, as in '''la .2005nan. '''(''the year 2005''). The reason to include the coda and consonantal-syllables as part of the syllaboid is so that things like "ndoi" are admissible.

=== List of examples that maybe should parse but don't ===

* '''masytcusets'''

==Morphology: cmavo==

To check whether a string begins with a ''cmavo'', first you have to check that it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]] or with a ''CVCy-lujvo''.

A ''CVCy-lujvo'' consists of a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVC-rafsi]], then a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], then any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|initial-rafsi]] (possibly none) and finally a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla-core]].

If the string does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]] or with a ''CVCy-lujvo'', then it begins with a ''cmavo'' if it begins with a ''cmavo-form'' and is followed by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]] or by a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]].

A ''cmavo-form'' consists of a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]], non-[[#Morphology: consonants|cluster]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]] (possibly none), and a final [[#Morphology: vowels|nucleus]] which is not [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed]] or, if [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed]], it is not followed by a [[#Morphology: consonants|cluster]]. A ''cmavo-form'' can also consist of one or more [[#Morphology: vowels|y']]<nowiki/>s in a row, or of a [[#Morphology: special characters|digit]].

==Morphology: brivla==

A string begins with a ''brivla'' if it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] and consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|initial-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a ''brivla-core''.

A ''brivla-core'' is the part of a ''brivla'' that carries the penultimate stress. It can be a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]], a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVV-final-rafsi]] or a ''short-lujvo''.

A ''short-lujvo'' consists of a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-initial-rafsi]] and a [[#Morphology: rafsi|short-final-rafsi]].

''Note that a ''CVV-final-rafsi'' ''<u>needs at least one</u>'' ''initial-rafsi'' ''<u>in front in order to constitute a</u>'' ''brivla'', ''<u>otherwise it will be taken as a</u>'' ''cmavo''.''

-----------

A ''lujvo'' is any ''brivla'' that is not only a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]] or only a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]].

==Morphology: fu'ivla==

A string begins with a ''fu'ivla'' if it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] or a ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinku'i'', it does begin with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], and consists of any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|onstressed-syllable]]s (possibly none), one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]] and then a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]].

A ''rafsi-string'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-less-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVV-final-rafsi]], or a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-less-rafsi]] and a [[#Morphology: rafsi|short-final-rafsi]]

A ''slinku'i'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] followed by a ''rafsi-string''.

==Morphology: extended rafsi==

''any-extended-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]], a ''fu'ivla-rafsi'', a ''stressed-fu'ivla-rafsi'', a ''brivla-rafsi'' or a ''stressed-brivla-rafsi''.

A ''fu'ivla-rafsi'' consists of one or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s and a [[#Morphology: syllables|y-syllable]] and possibly a [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a y-final ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinkujy''.

A ''stressed-fu'ivla-rafsi'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s (possibly none), one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]] and then a [[#Morphology: syllables|y-syllable]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a y-final ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinkujy''.

A ''brivla-rafsi'' consists of two or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s, an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]]), and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]] and possibly another [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a ''slinkujy''.

A ''stressed-brivla-rafsi'' consists of one or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s, one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]], an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]]), and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a ''slinkujy''.

A ''slinkujy'' is a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] followed by a y-final ''rafsi-string''

A y-final ''rafsi-string'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-less-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-rafsi]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-rafsi]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-less-rafsi]] plus an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], or just an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]].

==Morphology: gismu==

''gismu'' consists either of an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]], a [[#Morphology: vowels|stressed-vowel]], and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] composed of [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CCVCV), or of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], a [[#Morphology: vowels|stressed-vowel]], a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] composed of [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CVC/CV).

==Morphology: rafsi==

A ''CVV-final-rafsi'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], a [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]], an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]] and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CVhV).

A ''short-final-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] consisting of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] (CVV), or an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CCV).

An ''initial-rafsi'' is an [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]], a ''y-rafsi'', or a ''y-less-rafsi'' not the beginning of [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|any-extended-rafsi]].

A ''stressed-initial-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|stressed-extended-rafsi]], a ''stressed-y-rafsi'', or a ''stressed-y-less-rafsi''.

A ''y-rafsi'' is a CCVCy, CVCCy or CVCy form with an [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-vowel]], possibly followed by an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]] (in case a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]]-initial [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]] follows).

A ''stressed-y-rafsi'' is a CCVCy, CVCCy or CVCy form with a [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]]. In this case an [[#Morphology: consonants]] can never follow because there are no single-syllable [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]] that could come after it.

A ''y-less-rafsi'' is a CVC, CCV or CVV form rafsi with [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-vowel]]s such that they are not the beginning of a ''y-rafsi'' and such that they are not followed by [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|any-extended-rafsi]].

A ''stressed-y-less-rafsi'' is a CVC, CCV or CVV form rafsi with final [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]]s such that they are not the beginning of a ''stressed-y-rafsi''.

A stressed or unstressed CVV form rafsi include a possible ''r-hyphen'' at the end.

An ''r-hyphen'' is an 'r' if what follows is a consonant and an 'n' if what follows is an 'r'.

==Morphology: syllables==

A ''syllable'' consists of an ''onset'', a ''non-[[#Morphology: vowels|y]] nucleus'', and a ''coda''. (A ''y-nucleus'' is excluded from the definition of ''syllable'' just for convenience, because ''y-syllable''s are not allowed in [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|''fu'ivla'']]. ''y-syllable''s in [[#Morphology: brivla|''brivla'']] always have an empty ''coda'').

An ''onset'' is an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster, or a [[#Morphology: vowels|glide]], or an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], or empty. (An empty onset can only appear at the beginning of a word, an ''h onset'' can never appear at the beginning of a word, a ''glide'' onset can never appear immediately after a diphthong).

A ''nucleus'' is a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]], or a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]], or a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], not followed directly by another ''nucleus''.

A ''coda'' is a single [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], or empty, not the start of a ''consonantal-syllable'', nor of an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster.

A ''consonantal-syllable'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] and a [[#Morphology: consonants|syllabic]] consonant, and must always be followed by another ''consonantal-syllable'' or by an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster.

A ''final-syllable'' (of a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]]) is a ''syllable'' whose nucleus is not ''stressed'', followed directly by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]] or by a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]] other than a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]].

A ''stressed-syllable'', a ''stressed-diphthong'' and a ''stressed-vowel'' are, respectively, a ''syllable'', a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] with where the vowel is ''stressed'' ('A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U') or with ''stress'' being marked by being followed (possibly after intervening y and/or consonantal syllables) by just one ''syllable'' and then by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]]. (The use of capital 'I' and 'U' in [[#Morphology: vowels|glide]] position, or capital consonants, is not taken as a mark of stress).

An ''unstressed-syllable'', an ''unstressed-diphthong'' and an ''unstressed-vowel'' are, respectively, a ''syllable'', a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] not ''stressed'' as described above.

==Morphology: vowels==

A ''glide'' is '''i''' or '''u''' when followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]] and not followed by abother ''glide''.

A ''diphthong'' is one of '''ai''', '''au''', '''ei''', '''oi''' not followed by a ''glide''.

A ''vowel'' is one of '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''' not followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]].

'''a''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'a' or 'A'.

'''e''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'e' or 'E'.

'''i''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'i' or 'I'.

'''o''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'o' or 'O'.

'''u''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'u' or 'U'.

'''y''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'y' or 'Y'.

==Morphology: consonants==

An ''initial'' is empty or one of the following single consonants or clusters, in any case not followed by another consonant:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|   || r || l || c || cr || cl || s || sr || sl ||   ||   ||   ||   || j || - || - || z || - || -
|-
| f || fr || fl || cf || cfr || cfl || sf || sfr || sfl ||   || v || vr || vl || jv || jvr || jvl || zv || zvr || zvl
|-
| p || pr || pl || cp || cpr || cpl || sp || spr || spl ||   || b || br || bl || jb || jbr || jbl || zb || zbr || zbl
|-
| k || kr || kl || ck || ckr || ckl || sk || skr || skl ||   || g || gr || gl || jg || jgr || jgl || zg || zgr || zgl
|-
| t || tr || - || ct || ctr || - || st || str || - ||   || d || dr || - || jd || jdr || - || zd || zdr || -
|-
| x || xr || xl || - || - || - || - || - || - ||   || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| m || mr || ml || cm || cmr || cml || sm || smr || sml ||   ||   ||   ||   || jm || jmr || jml || zm || zmr || zml
|-
| n || - || - || cn || - || - || sn || - || - ||   ||   ||   ||   || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- ||   || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || ---
|-
|   ||   ||   || tc ||   ||   || ts ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || dj ||   ||   || dz ||   ||  
|}

There are in all 102 possible initials, including the empty one.

An ''initial-pair'' is an initial cluster that consist of exactly two consonants.

An ''affricate'' pair is one of '''tc''', '''ts''', '''dj''', '''dz'''.

A ''consonant'' is a ''voiced'' consonant, an ''unvoiced'' consonant or a ''syllabic'' consonant.

A ''voiced'' consonant is one of '''b''', '''d''', '''g''', '''j''', '''v''', '''z'''.

An ''unvoiced'' consonant is one of '''c''', '''f''', '''k''', '''p''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x'''.

A ''syllabic'' consonant is one of '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''r'''.

'''l''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'l' or 'L', not followed by '''h''' or '''l'''.

'''m''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'm' or 'M', not followed by '''h''' or '''m''' or '''z'''.

'''n''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'n' or 'N', not followed by '''h''' or '''n''' or an ''affricate''.

'''r''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'r' or 'R'.not followed by '''h''' or '''r'''.

'''f''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'f' or 'F', not followed by '''h''' or '''f''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''p''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'p' or 'P', not followed by '''p''' or '''P''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''t''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 't' or 'T', not followed by '''h''' or '''t''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''k''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'k' or 'K', not followed by '''h''' or '''k''' or '''x''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''x''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'x' or 'X', not followed by '''h''' or '''x''' or '''k''' or '''c''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''c''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'c' or 'C', not followed by '''h''' or '''c''' or '''s''' or '''x''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''s''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 's' or 'S', not followed by '''h''' or '''s''' or '''c''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''j''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'j' or 'J', not followed by '''h''' or '''j''' or '''z''' or any '''unvoiced''' consonant.

'''z''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'z' or 'Z', not followed by '''h''' or '''z''' or '''j''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''b''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'b' or 'B', not followed by '''h''' or '''b''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''d''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'd' or 'D', not followed by '''h''' or '''d''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''g''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'g' or 'G', not followed by '''h''' or '''g''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''v''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'v' or 'V', not followed by '''h''' or '''v''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''h''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and ' ' ' or 'h', followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]].

==Morphology: special characters==

A ''digit'' is one of ''1'', ''2'', ''3'', ''4'', ''5'', ''6'', ''7'', ''8'', ''9'', ''0''. They can stand for the syllables '''pa''', '''re''', '''ci''', '''vo''', '''mu''', '''xa''', '''ze''', '''bi''', '''so''', '''no''' in [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], in which case they constitute the whole [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], as part of a [[#Morphology: cmene|cmene]], anywhere but at the end of it. They cannot appear in [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]].

A ''pause'' is any number (at least one) of ''space-character''s, possibly preceded by ''commas''.

A ''space-character'' is a blank, a dot, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an end-of-line or an end of string.

A ''comma'' is accepted anywhere and absorbed by the following character, treated as if it wasn't there (not a space!).

A ''non-lojban-word'' is any string of non-''space-character''s up to the next ''pause'' such that it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]]. Any string that contains an unrecognized character or an impermissible sequence is a ''non-lojban-word''.

==Another informal description of the morphology, less tied to the PEG rules==

This is an attempt at describing the PEG morphology in a less formal way, condensed into a single page. It also includes some experimental rules, marked as such, that open up previously forbidden word shapes.

=== Phonemes ===

At the most basic level, an utterance is made of phonemes. Here are the main classes of phonemes (there are subclasses as seen later):

* consonants ({{jvs|zunsna}}):
** '''bdgjvz''' (voiced), '''cfkpstx''' (unvoiced), '''lmnr''' (syllabic)
* glides ({{jvs|karmlisna}}): '''i u'''
* h ('''me'o .y'y'''): ''' ' '''
* word break (glottal stop) ({{jvs|depybu'i}}): '''.'''
* vowels ({{jvs|karsna}}): '''a e i o u'''
* diphthongs: '''au ai ei oi'''
* y ('''me'o .ybu'''): '''y'''

The comma (me'o slaka bu) isn't a phoneme, but is used to separate syllables for clarity. Removing it has no effect.

'''i''' and '''u''' are vowels, unless a vowel or diphthong follows, in which case they are glides. '''iau''' is a glide and a diphthong; '''iaua''' is two glide-vowel pairs.

At this level, strings of consonants follow these rules:
* consonants can be next to consonants, word breaks, vowels, diphthongs, and '''y'''
* no consonant can be followed by itself
* voiced consonants can't be next to voiceless ones, and vice versa
* sibilants (cjsz) can't be next to each other
* '''x''' can't be next to '''c''' or '''k'''
* the substrings '''mz''', '''nts''', '''ntc''', '''ndz''', '''ndj''' are not allowed

Glides must follow a word break, vowel, diphthong, or '''y''', and be followed by a vowel, diphthong, or '''y'''. '''i''' as a glide can't follow a diphthong ending in '''i''', and '''u''' as a glide can't follow the diphthong '''au'''.

'''h''' must both follow and be followed by a vowel, diphthong, or '''y'''.

Vowels, diphthongs, and '''y''' can be next to consonants, glides, '''h''', and word breaks.

=== Syllables ===

These are the shapes syllables ({{jvs|slaka}}) can have:

* Vowel syllable
** a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
** then a vowel or a diphthong
** then optionally a consonant
{{mu|.a, spa, pan, blaif, stra}}

* h-syllable
** the letter '''''''
** then a vowel or diphthong
** then optionally a consonant
{{mu|'u, 'ei, 'am}}

* y-syllable
** a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
** then the letter y
{{mu|by, .y, gry, zbly}}

* hy-syllable
** the string ''''y'''

* consonantal syllable ({{jvs|zunsnaslaka}})
** a consonant
** then a syllabic consonant
{{mu|fl, sm, rn}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="ysyll"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
* y-consonant syllable: a consonant, '''y''', then another consonant. These behave exactly like consonantal syllables, and when the second consonant is a syllabic one, the syllable with a '''y''' is equivalent to the one without when distinguishing between words.
</div>
}}

When a syllable starts with more than one consonant, the rules for these clusters ({{jvs|zunsnagri}}) are more restrictive than the general ones above. These are the permissible initial doubles, stolen with love from CLL:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| pl pr || || fl fr
|-
| bl br || || vl vr
|-
| cp cf || ct ck cm cn || cl cr
|-
| jb jv || jd jg jm ||
|-
| sp sf || st sk sm sn || sl sr
|-
| zb zv || zd zg zm ||
|-
| tc tr || ts || kl kr
|-
| dj dr || dz || gl gr
|-
| ml mr || || xl xr
|}

And the permissible initial triples:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| cfr cfl sfr sfl || jvr jvl zvr zvl
|-
| cpr cpl spr spl || jbr jbl zbr zbl
|-
| ckr ckl skr skl || jgr jgl zgr zgl
|-
| ctr str || jdr zdr
|-
| cmr cml smr sml || jmr jml zmr zml
|}

When segmenting text into syllables, when a consonant could possibly either start a syllable or end one, it's always taken to start one. In other words, onsets are greedy, codas are lazy.

=== Words ===

Words can be {{jvs|cmavo}}, {{jvs|cmevla}}, or {{jvs|brivla}}. cmavo and brivla are made of syllables, while cmevla are free strings of phonemes.

cmavo are composed of:

* one vowel- or '''y'''-syllable, with at most one initial consonant and no final consonant
* optionally followed by any number of '''h'''- or '''hy'''-syllables without any final consonants

{{mu|.a, ba, bai, ba'i, ba'ai, by, by'i, ia, iai, iy, ua'ai'y}}

There are two exceptions: '''ybu''', also spelled '''y.bu''', is a single cmavo despite the medial consonant and word break, and '''y''' surrounded by word breaks and not followed by '''bu''' is a word break itself, not a cmavo.

cmavo can be stressed on any syllable.

cmevla are arbitrary strings of phonemes, following phoneme but not syllable restrictions, starting with a word break, containing no word breaks, and ending with a consonant followed by a word break. They can be stressed anywhere.

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div><strong>Experimental</strong></div><div>
There is also an [[Defining brivla without using lujvo rules|alternative definition of brivla that doesn't depend on rafsi]].
</div>
}}

A brivla is composed of any number of initial {{jvs|rafsi}} followed by a final rafsi. It must begin with a vowel syllable, end with a vowel- or '''h'''-syllable, and have at least two syllables. It may not be a [[#slinkuhi|slinkuhi]], and may not start with a sequence of cmavo that yields a valid word when removed. Stress (marked here with a grave accent) is on the second-last vowel- or '''h'''-syllable.

A final rafsi is:

(1) a zihevla:
* a vowel syllable
* followed by any number of vowel, h-, or consonantal syllables
* followed by a vowel- or h-syllable with no final consonant
* is not a gismu or sequence of more than one rafsi
* can stand alone as a brivla (meets the other requirements above)
{{mu|cpi,kù,ku  àl,ga  fì,pr,koi  glàu,ka  sprà,'e}}

(2) or a gismu:
* a CV vowel syllable followed by a CCV one
* or a CVC one then a CV one
* or a CCV one then a CV one
{{mu|pà,stu  vèd,li  tsà,ni}}

(3) or a short final rafsi:
* a CVV or CCV vowel syllable, e.g. '''xau''', '''cpa'''
* or a CV vowel syllable followed by a 'V h-syllable, e.g. '''fà'i'''

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="rafsi3a"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
(3a) or a CV syllable. These must be at least one rafsi ending in '''y''' in the part of the word preceding a CV rafsi, and a CV rafsi may not directly follow a rafsi of [[#rafsi8|type 8]].
{{mu|dat,ky,nèi,bi cmà,vyr,fy,ja -> well-formed lujvo:|datky-nei-bi cmavyrfy-ja}}
{{mu|bla,ny,kàir,ze -> coarser-grained lujvo:|blany-kairze (type 3a can't follow type 8)}}
{{mu|xag,màu,ri -> single zihevla:|xagmauri (no y-rafsi preceding "ri")}}
</div>
}}

An initial rafsi is any one of these:

(4) a gismu followed by the syllable ''''y''', e.g. '''fasnu'y'''

(5) a gismu with its final vowel replaced with '''y''', e.g. '''fasny'''

(6) a zihevla followed by the syllable ''''y''', e.g. '''sorpeka'y'''

(7) a CV vowel syllable followed by a Cy '''y'''-syllable, e.g. '''fa,ky'''

<span id="rafsi8">(8)</span> a vowel syllable of the form CVC, CCV, or CVVr
* or a CV syllable followed by a 'V or 'Vr syllable
* may not be followed by a rafsi derived from a zihevla
{{mu|'''gas'''  '''jbu'''  '''gaur'''  '''li,'ar'''}}

(9) a vowel syllable of the form CVV
* or a CV syllable followed by a 'V syllable
* may not be followed by a rafsi derived from a zihevla
{{mu|'''gau'''  '''li,'a'''}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="rafsi9a"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
(9a) a CV syllable, with the restrictions of [[#rafsi3a|(3a)]], and that no competing interpretation where the CV is the beginning of a [[#rafsi8|type 8]] rafsi parses.
* e.g. '''tat,py,ri,nun,lì,'u''' -> '''tatpy-ri-nun-li'u''';  '''sla,by,si,ri,ju''' -> '''slaby-si-ri-ju''';  '''va,ny,nu,plì,ste''' -> '''!! vany-nup-liste'''

(9b) a CV and then a 'y syllable, with the restrictions of [[#rafsi3a|(3a)]] only.
* e.g. '''va,ny,nu,'y,plì,ste''' -> '''vany-nu'y-pli-ste'''
</div>}}

(10) a type 8 or 9 rafsi followed by a type 3 rafsi followed by ''''y'''
{{mu|'''cau,cni,'y'''  '''ri,'ar,ju,'o,'y'''  '''mul,fau,'y''',  '''jbo,jbe,'y'''}}

(11) a zihevla that ends in a vowel syllable, ending in a vowel and not a diphthong, with the final vowel replaced with y, unless the result breaks up into any other valid string of rafsi
{{mu|'''ka,'or,ty'''  '''a,sny'''}}

<span id="rafsirecog">Note</span> that while all rafsi are valid syllables by themselves, strings of them are recognized as strings of phonemes, not syllables. For example '''gastro''', even though its syllable structure is '''gà,stro''', is a lujvo made of two rafsi '''gas''' '''tro'''.

If a CVVr or CV'Vr rafsi is followed by a rafsi beginning with '''r''', and only then, the final '''r''' of the first rafsi is replaced with an '''n'''.
If a rafsi ending in '''y''' is followed by a rafsi beginning with a vowel, and only then, an ''' ' ''' is prepended to the second rafsi. In other situations where sticking two rafsi together violates phoneme or syllable rules, the left rafsi needs to be replaced with one ending with '''y'''.

A brivla consisting of just a zihevla is called a zihevla, one consisting of just a gismu is a gismu, and all others are called lujvo.

A <span id="slinkuhi">slinkuhi</span> ({{jvs|valslinku'i}}) is a [''consonant followed by a string of rafsi that up to its first y-syllable, or if no y-syllables, in its entirety, is composed of non-zihevla rafsi''] that itself can't be broken up into a string of rafsi.
{{mu|''p''rà,'i  ''s''pòr,te  ''z''bla,zdà,vro  ''c''nar,jy,fra,gà,ri  ''z''gà,stro ''(see note on [[#rafsirecog|rafsi recognition]] above)}}

Other non-words also behave like slinkuhi, in that prepending a cmavo makes them a word, but these arise from rules other than the one named slinkuhi.
{{mu|cpa  cpau  cpra  cprau  (''brivla must have 2+ syllables'')}}
{{mu|cl,pàr,nu  (''brivla must start with a vowel syllable'')}}

A <span id="tosmabru">tosmabru</span> ({{jvs|valrtosmabru}}) is a string intended to be a brivla but which decomposes into multiple words. tosmabru can be coerced into being brivla by adding a consonant at the end of the last syllable of the first cmavo.
* gau,tcì,ni -> gau tcini; cmavo + gismu
* gaur,tcì,ni -> gaurtcini; a single lujvo
* .a,'u,nain,mo -> .a'u nainmo; cmavo + zi'evla
* .a,'ur,nain,mo -> .a'urnainmo; a single zihevla
* boi,kèi,foi -> boi kèi foi; three cmavo
* boir,kèi,foi -> boirkeifoi; a single lujvo

=== Word breaks, glottal stops ===

All word breaks may be pronounced as glottal stops, and some word breaks have to. Glottal stops are required before and after all cmevla, as well as before all words starting with a vowel or "y". They are also required after certain cmavo:

* When pronouncing two words together would break a phonotactic rule, they need to be separated with a glottal stop.
{{mu|"au" "uàn,mo" -> {.au .uanmo} }}

* Each pair of cmavo of the form CV Cy followed by either a brivla or a cmavo of the form CVV or CV'V needs a glottal stop at one of the word breaks. (This is the only case where cmavo-shaped syllables are absorbed by brivla by default but can be detached.)
{{mu|"ca" "vy" "càr,vi" -> {ca vy. carvi} /ʃa.vəʔ.ˈʃar.vi/ |(/ʃa.və.ˈʃar.vi/ would be {cavycarvi}, a lujvo)}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="cikybi"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
This also applies to CV Cy CV sequences: /ˈʃi.kə.bi/ is {cikybi}, /ˈʃiʔ.kə.bi/ is {ci. ky bi}
</div>}}

* Every stressed cmavo followed by a brivla starting with a consonant cluster needs a glottal stop after the cmavo.
{{mu|"bà" "sna,jù,'i" -> {bà. snaju'i} /ˈbaʔ.sna.ˈʒu.hi/|(/ˈba.sna.ˈʒu.hi/ would be {basna jù'i}, a gismu and a cmavo)}}

=== Splitting a stream of speech into words ===

This is a simplified procedure to split speech into words, not taking arbitrary quotes (ZOI, ZOhOI, MEhOI, GOhOI) into account. The input is a (magically) perfectly recognized string of phonemes, with the vowels marked for stress.

Each split described below is to be treated as a boundary of the speech stream for subsequent steps. These chunks will get increasingly smaller until they all coincide with single words.

(1) Split the stream at each glottal stop or pause.

(2) If the stream ends with a consonant, stop processing it.

(3) Detect the syllables in the stream. For each stressed syllable:
* If the syllable after it is also stressed, split between the two syllables.
* If not, find the next vowel or h-syllable after it, and split the stream after that syllable, unless the syllable after that begins with ''' ' ''' - don't split in that case.

(4) Try to read a cmavo, then after that cmavo try to read a cmavo, or if that fails, a brivla.
* If the stream ends after the first cmavo read, stop processing it.
* If two cmavo are read, split the stream after the first one, and stop processing the first part.
* If a cmavo and brivla are read, split the stream after the cmavo and stop processing both parts.
* If only a cmavo is read, but this cmavo is shorter than the stream, try to read a brivla from the start of the stream. If that succeeds, stop processing the stream. If not, declare the stream malformed and abandon ship.

Repeat the above step for each piece where processing was not stopped, until no such pieces remain.

An example:

<blockquote>
còiju'idoi.rktk.si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(1) còiju'idoi rktk si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(2) còiju'idoi [rktk] si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(3) còi,ju,'i,doi [rktk] si,'au,dàu,rà,tcu,cu,ba,zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
còi,ju,'i,doi [rktk] si,'au,dàu rà,tcu cu,ba,zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
(4) (còi),(ju,'i),doi
[coi] (ju,'i),(doi)
[coi] [ju'i] [doi]
(4) (si,'au),(dàu)
[si'au] [dau]
(4) (rà),(tcu)!
(rà,tcu)
[ratcu]
(4) (cu),(ba),zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] (ba),(zi),ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] (zi),(ba,'a),ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] [zi] (ba,'a),(ca),zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] (ca),(zgùn,ta)!
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] (ca,zgùn,ta)
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] [cazgunta]

Result: coi ju'i doi rktk si'au dau ratcu cu ba zi ba'a cazgunta
</blockquote>

machine parsing

2024-07-13T06:25:32Z

Gleki:

The book ''Parsing Techniques - A Practical Guide'' is available on the web in Postscript and PDF format at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110402024640/http://www.cs.vu.nl:80/~dick/PTAPG.html http://www.cs.vu.nl:80/~dick/PTAPG.html]

It contains nearly everything you could possibly want to know about machine parsing techniques. Also it contains a <u>HUGE</u> annotated bibliography covering every important paper in the field of parsing written up until its publication.

lALR

2024-07-13T06:22:30Z

Gleki: Gleki moved page lALR to LALR over redirect

#REDIRECT [[LALR]]

LALR

2024-07-13T06:22:30Z

Gleki: Gleki moved page lALR to LALR over redirect

A LALR(k) grammar represents a language which can be parsed by a [[LR|LR]] automaton with k-tokens of look ahead. LALR differs from [[LR|LR]] in the way in which the look-up tables are generated.

See [[Machine parsing|Machine parsing]].

word Resolution Algorithm

2024-07-13T06:22:11Z

Gleki: Gleki moved page word Resolution Algorithm to Word resolution algorithm

#REDIRECT [[Word resolution algorithm]]

Word resolution algorithm

2024-07-13T06:22:11Z

Gleki: Gleki moved page word Resolution Algorithm to Word resolution algorithm

{{jbocre/en}}
See the [[BPFK|BPFK]]'s [http://www.lojban.org/phpbb/viewforum.php?f=72 Morphology Forum]

I think I could not spent one day more without creating a wiki page for this issue.
{{vajni|While Lojban has a very precise, strict, easy-to-parse, thus unambiguous ''grammar'', it has <u>not</u> been proved ''syntactically'' unambiguous.}}
Let me rephrase this statement.

If we consider the Lojban language in a purely formal sense, involving an '''alphabet''' composed of its ''words'', supposedly classified into ''lexemes'', then <u>any finite ''string''</u> of lojban (stream of ''words'') can be proven either grammatically correct or not in a finite amount of time using a Turing machine.

This is what the Lojban grammar is for: it defines axioms and inference rules between its words (more precisely its ''lexemes'') in a form that can be fed into a [[LALR|LALR]](1) parser. And because the [[LALR|LALR]](1) parsing algorithm can be implemented using a [[Turing Machine|Turing Machine]], and that it can tell, within a finite amount of time, whether a (finite) string of lexemes follow its grammar or not, we have the result stated above.

Now, what does that mean ?

It means that given any stream of Lojban text, if we are able to distinguish its words and categorize them into lexemes, then (roughly) we can parse the text using a computer; however it actually ''presupposes'' that we know a way to distinguish the words and categorize them.

And so ?

Two facts:
* To this day, the way to distinguish the words in a lojban stream of text is very, very poorly documented (from a computer programmer's point of view). The only rules are given in the [[refgram|refgram]], are vague, and <u>were never proven unambiguous</u>.
* The most precise lojban lexer to this day, the morph algorithm of [[jbofi'e|jbofi'e]], has not been proved complete nor unambiguous, while already beginning to be hugely complex. IIRC, the more a system is complex, the less it is credible to the human mind.

==== Discussion ====

As far as I can understand in the morphology of lojban, a complete lexer simply cannot be written using a [[LR|LR]](k) nor [[LL|LL]](k) grammar, for various reasons related to backtracking and the relation between semantics and morphology.

* What does anything have to do with semantics? brkwords.txt will correctly break up '''djan.polake'ebrIvlaboinoigIsmumu''' just as well as something grammatical.
** However, we still have a hard time with "su" and "sa", even "si" when it is used to erase a morphologically wrong piece of text. Not to mention that it is possible that the morphology in itself is possible, while altogether being unambiguous when considered together with the grammar (like an ambiguity that cannot happen because the ambiguous lexemes are not allowed in such or such place by the grammar).
* The attempt in [[jbofi'e|jbofi'e]] to solve the problem using [[NFA|NFA]]'s is interesting, but leads to a huge graph of automata, which is very difficult to prove right.
* Elrond:
*: While continuing to search for an elegant algorithmic solution to this issue, I nonetheless believe that real parsing of Lojban using computers (one which involves a real lexer) is a very difficult task unlikely to be done right soon.
* One should see the file [http://www.lojban.org/files/software/BRKWORDS.TXT BRKWORDS.TXT] for the official LLG morphology algorithm.
** Definitely not official!
*** It is what the official LLG parser uses, isn't it?
**** No. As noted elsewhere, the official parser can only segment compound cmavo, and otherwise relies on spaces/dots (which it considers the same).
** It seems to work quite well, but it could probably be polished up a little on type 4 fu'ivla.
* [[Jay Kominek|Jay]]:
*: At one point I put some thought into trying to write a [[context free grammars|context free grammar]] describing the morphology. (Not a context-free one, however. I was intending to use the grammar in conjunction with a generalized parser, like [[General Parsing|Tomita]]'s or [[General Parsing|Early]]'s). Didn't get anywhere. I think that if an [[NFA|NFA]] can parse it, there should definitely be a [[CFG|CFG]] which can describe it, however. ([[CFG|(CFG]]s being more powerful language-recognition mechanisms than automata.)
** [[Jay Kominek|Jay Kominek]]:
**: Btw, parsing, even with an [[NFA|NFA]] is Really Really fast. So even if the process is ugly, then just as long as it works unambiguously, you're all set.
** [[User:4D enthusiast|4D enthusiast]] ([[User talk:4D enthusiast|talk]]) 07:41, 27 December 2016 (PST)
**: An NFA won't work e.g. zoi.{ab}^n.q.{ab}^m.la.{ab}^p is valid for some p iff n ≠ m, so it's not regular. A slightly more complicated example would show that it's not even context-free.
* Okay. I read thoroughly the brkwords.txt file. The algorithm described there can be coded with a "classic" programming language, which means (according to Church's law) that a Turing machine, or a possibly infinite-state automaton, can morphologically parse (using this algorithm) any lojban text.
** However, there still remain two problems:
** First, we are still not sure that brkwords.txt describes the reverse of the word formation rules described in the refgram. In other words, it is not sure that is is exactly the reverse of the WordFormationAlgorithm. If it is, all is well (we have an algorithm which given a finite-sized word can classify it into a unique lexeme). If it is not (proving it or not), it won't mean anything, because it is not yet proven impossible to invert the formation algorithm by some other way.
** In the case where brkwords.txt describes the opposite of the formation algorithm (which I doubt, but...), it is very unsatisfying. In particular, running this algorithm requires parsing the text in both directions from any "important" point. More practically, it requires the reader (be it computer or human) to memorize the whole of the text (when it is not cmavo-prefixed) upto the first pause (which may occur at an arbitrary point of time) before starting to parse. Although this is allowable for computers, I find this constraint very cumbersome as a human listener.
** At any rate, I would far prefer to invert the word formation algorithm.
*** All very well, except that there is no WFA for [[type 4 fu'ivla]].
**** Well, we have a general rule to recognize brivla, and morphology rules for every other type of brivla. Therefore a parser which can recognize a brivla will recognize type 4 fu'ivla using its "default" brivla rule.
* [[Jay Kominek]]:
*: It does not mean that a listener has to remember the string all the way up until the first pause. Humans are capable of performing lexical, syntactic and semantic processing of language simultaneously. As the lexical part of your mind tries to split up words, the syntactic part is looking to see if the series of words is valid, while the semantic part is looking to see if it makes sense. You'll discard parses which aren't syntactically or semantically valid. Further, there are parsing algorithms which won't be tripped up by bidirectionality of processing, so a computer isn't going to have a very big problem with it, <u>just as long as it isn't ambiguous</u>.

informal description of the PEG morphology algorithm/Single page

2024-07-13T06:21:01Z

Gleki: mw tables

This is a description of the formal PEG morphology algorithm. If there are or appear to be discrepancies between this description and the formal grammar, the formal grammar wins.

Given any string of characters, this algorithm will split it uniquely into words, including possibly some non-lojban words.

We examine the string from the left, and words are extracted one by one from the left.
# Extract all [[#Morphology: special characters|pauses]], if there are any.
# Extract a [[#Morphology: words|word]] and then any following [[#Morphology: special characters|pauses]], if there are any.
# Repeat 2 until there is nothing left.

==Morphology: Rules of formation==

These are the rules for generating Lojban words. Any speech generated following these rules will be uniquely decomposable by the [[BPFK Section: PEG Morphology Algorithm|PEG Morphology Algorithm]].

=== pauses ===
*You <u>may not</u> pause in the middle of any word.
*You <u>may</u> pause between any two words.
*You <u>must</u> pause in the following cases:
**Before any word that starts with a vowel or diphthong or y.
**Before and after a cmevla.
**Between a finally stressed cmavo and a brivla that starts with a cluster.
**Between two cmavo of form CVCy (without an intervening pause) and a string of one or more rafsi (including gismu and fu'ivla as possible final rafsi).
**Before and after a non-lojban-word.

=== cmevla ===
*A cmevla can consist of any number of syllables (possibly none) and must have a final consonant or consonant cluster (details of what is a permissible final cluster still to be worked out).

=== cmavo ===
*A cmavo consists of a non-h, non-cluster syllable followed by zero or more h-syllables (Any stress is allowed, but see pause rules).

=== gismu ===
*A gismu can have either CCVCV or CVC/CV forms, where CC is an initial-pair. The first vowel must be stressed and the second unstressed.

=== fu'ivla ===
*A fu'ivla is any string of non-y syllables such that:
**It does not begin with h or with a consonantal-syllable.
**Only the penultimate vocalic syllable is stressed (therefore it must have at least two vocalic syllables).
**The last syllable ends in a vowel or a diphthong.
**It does not begin with a cmavo-form followed by a cmavo, a gismu, a fu'ivla or a lujvo (tosmabru test).
**It does not consist of a string of rafsi (lujvo test).
**It does not consist of a consonant followed by a string of rafsi (slinku'i test).

=== lujvo ===
*A lujvo is any string of two or more rafsi such that:
**It has penultimate stress.
**The final rafsi ends in a vowel or diphthong.
**If the first rafsi is an unstressed CVV-rafsi or is followed by another CVV-rafsi, it must be immediately followed by either an r-hyphen or n-hyphen.
**If the first rafsi is a CVC-rafsi, and the second consonant plus what follows is a lujvo, then the CVC-rafsi must have a y-hyphen.
**Any CVC-rafsi followed by a consonant such that the pair is impermissible requires a y-hyphen.
**gismu and fu'ivla are allowed as final rafsi.
**extended (brivla and fu'ivla) rafsi can only be preceded by y-final rafsi.
**extended rafsi that begin with a vowel or diphthong take an {'} if they are preceded by another rafsi.

=== rafsi ===
*gismu-rafsi have the forms CVCCy, CCVCy, CCV, CVC(y), CVV(r/n). The parenthesized hyphens are always allowed, and sometimes required (see lujvo).
*brivla-rafsi are any y-less brivla, minus the stress, followed by {'y}.
*fu'ivla-rafsi is a fu'ivla that end in CV with the V changed to y if
**it is not a string of y-less rafsi plus CVCy or CCy. (lujvy test)
**it is not a consonant plus a string of y-less rafsi plus CVCy or CCy. (slinkujy test)

==Morphology: words==

A ''word'' can be a ''lojban-word'' or a [[#Morphology: special characters|non-lojban-word]].

A ''lojban-word'' can be a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]], a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] or a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]].

If the string begins with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]], extract it, else if it begins with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], extract it, else if it begins with a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]], extract it, else it begins with a [[#Morphology: special characters|non-lojban-word]], and so extract it.

==Morphology: cmevla==

To check if a string begins with a ''cmevla'', extract as many ''cmevla-syllaboid''s as you can from the left (possibly none), then you must find a consonant or cluster (details of which clusters are allowed are still to be worked out) followed by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]]. In that case, you have a ''cmevla'', otherwise the string does not begin with a ''cmevla''.

A ''cmevla-syllaboid'' consists of an optional [[#Morphology: syllables|coda]], any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|consonantal-syllable]]s (possibly none), an [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|nucleus]]. It can also be a [[#Morphology: vowels|digit]], which stands for the syllable corresponding to its name, as in '''la .2005nan. '''(''the year 2005''). The reason to include the coda and consonantal-syllables as part of the syllaboid is so that things like "ndoi" are admissible.

=== List of examples that maybe should parse but don't ===

* '''masytcusets'''

==Morphology: cmavo==

To check whether a string begins with a ''cmavo'', first you have to check that it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]] or with a ''CVCy-lujvo''.

A ''CVCy-lujvo'' consists of a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVC-rafsi]], then a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], then any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|initial-rafsi]] (possibly none) and finally a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla-core]].

If the string does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]] or with a ''CVCy-lujvo'', then it begins with a ''cmavo'' if it begins with a ''cmavo-form'' and is followed by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]] or by a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]].

A ''cmavo-form'' consists of a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]], non-[[#Morphology: consonants|cluster]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]] (possibly none), and a final [[#Morphology: vowels|nucleus]] which is not [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed]] or, if [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed]], it is not followed by a [[#Morphology: consonants|cluster]]. A ''cmavo-form'' can also consist of one or more [[#Morphology: vowels|y']]<nowiki/>s in a row, or of a [[#Morphology: special characters|digit]].

==Morphology: brivla==

A string begins with a ''brivla'' if it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] and consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|initial-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a ''brivla-core''.

A ''brivla-core'' is the part of a ''brivla'' that carries the penultimate stress. It can be a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]], a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVV-final-rafsi]] or a ''short-lujvo''.

A ''short-lujvo'' consists of a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-initial-rafsi]] and a [[#Morphology: rafsi|short-final-rafsi]].

''Note that a ''CVV-final-rafsi'' ''<u>needs at least one</u>'' ''initial-rafsi'' ''<u>in front in order to constitute a</u>'' ''brivla'', ''<u>otherwise it will be taken as a</u>'' ''cmavo''.''

-----------

A ''lujvo'' is any ''brivla'' that is not only a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]] or only a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]].

==Morphology: fu'ivla==

A string begins with a ''fu'ivla'' if it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]] or a ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinku'i'', it does begin with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], and consists of any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|onstressed-syllable]]s (possibly none), one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]] and then a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]].

A ''rafsi-string'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-less-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a [[#Morphology: gismu|gismu]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|CVV-final-rafsi]], or a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-less-rafsi]] and a [[#Morphology: rafsi|short-final-rafsi]]

A ''slinku'i'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] followed by a ''rafsi-string''.

==Morphology: extended rafsi==

''any-extended-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|fu'ivla]], a ''fu'ivla-rafsi'', a ''stressed-fu'ivla-rafsi'', a ''brivla-rafsi'' or a ''stressed-brivla-rafsi''.

A ''fu'ivla-rafsi'' consists of one or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s and a [[#Morphology: syllables|y-syllable]] and possibly a [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a y-final ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinkujy''.

A ''stressed-fu'ivla-rafsi'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s (possibly none), one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]] and then a [[#Morphology: syllables|y-syllable]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a y-final ''rafsi-string'' or a ''slinkujy''.

A ''brivla-rafsi'' consists of two or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s, an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]]), and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]] and possibly another [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a ''slinkujy''.

A ''stressed-brivla-rafsi'' consists of one or more [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-syllable]]s, one [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-syllable]], an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]]), and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], such that it starts with a non-[[#Morphology: consonants|h]] [[#Morphology: syllables|onset]], it doesn't start with a [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], and it is not a ''slinkujy''.

A ''slinkujy'' is a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] followed by a y-final ''rafsi-string''

A y-final ''rafsi-string'' consists of any number of [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-less-rafsi]] (possibly none) followed by a [[#Morphology: rafsi|y-rafsi]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-rafsi]], a [[#Morphology: rafsi|stressed-y-less-rafsi]] plus an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], or just an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]].

==Morphology: gismu==

''gismu'' consists either of an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]], a [[#Morphology: vowels|stressed-vowel]], and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] composed of [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CCVCV), or of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], a [[#Morphology: vowels|stressed-vowel]], a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] composed of [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CVC/CV).

==Morphology: rafsi==

A ''CVV-final-rafsi'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], a [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]], an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]] and a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CVhV).

A ''short-final-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: syllables|final-syllable]] consisting of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] (CVV), or an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial-pair]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] (CCV).

An ''initial-rafsi'' is an [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]], a ''y-rafsi'', or a ''y-less-rafsi'' not the beginning of [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|any-extended-rafsi]].

A ''stressed-initial-rafsi'' is a [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|stressed-extended-rafsi]], a ''stressed-y-rafsi'', or a ''stressed-y-less-rafsi''.

A ''y-rafsi'' is a CCVCy, CVCCy or CVCy form with an [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-vowel]], possibly followed by an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]] (in case a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]]-initial [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]] follows).

A ''stressed-y-rafsi'' is a CCVCy, CVCCy or CVCy form with a [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]]. In this case an [[#Morphology: consonants]] can never follow because there are no single-syllable [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|extended-rafsi]] that could come after it.

A ''y-less-rafsi'' is a CVC, CCV or CVV form rafsi with [[#Morphology: syllables|unstressed-vowel]]s such that they are not the beginning of a ''y-rafsi'' and such that they are not followed by [[#Morphology: extended rafsi|any-extended-rafsi]].

A ''stressed-y-less-rafsi'' is a CVC, CCV or CVV form rafsi with final [[#Morphology: syllables|stressed-vowel]]s such that they are not the beginning of a ''stressed-y-rafsi''.

A stressed or unstressed CVV form rafsi include a possible ''r-hyphen'' at the end.

An ''r-hyphen'' is an 'r' if what follows is a consonant and an 'n' if what follows is an 'r'.

==Morphology: syllables==

A ''syllable'' consists of an ''onset'', a ''non-[[#Morphology: vowels|y]] nucleus'', and a ''coda''. (A ''y-nucleus'' is excluded from the definition of ''syllable'' just for convenience, because ''y-syllable''s are not allowed in [[#Morphology: fu'ivla|''fu'ivla'']]. ''y-syllable''s in [[#Morphology: brivla|''brivla'']] always have an empty ''coda'').

An ''onset'' is an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster, or a [[#Morphology: vowels|glide]], or an [[#Morphology: consonants|h]], or empty. (An empty onset can only appear at the beginning of a word, an ''h onset'' can never appear at the beginning of a word, a ''glide'' onset can never appear immediately after a diphthong).

A ''nucleus'' is a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]], or a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]], or a [[#Morphology: vowels|y]], not followed directly by another ''nucleus''.

A ''coda'' is a single [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]], or empty, not the start of a ''consonantal-syllable'', nor of an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster.

A ''consonantal-syllable'' consists of a [[#Morphology: consonants|consonant]] and a [[#Morphology: consonants|syllabic]] consonant, and must always be followed by another ''consonantal-syllable'' or by an [[#Morphology: consonants|initial]] consonant or cluster.

A ''final-syllable'' (of a [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]]) is a ''syllable'' whose nucleus is not ''stressed'', followed directly by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]] or by a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]] other than a [[#Morphology: cmevla|cmevla]].

A ''stressed-syllable'', a ''stressed-diphthong'' and a ''stressed-vowel'' are, respectively, a ''syllable'', a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] with where the vowel is ''stressed'' ('A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U') or with ''stress'' being marked by being followed (possibly after intervening y and/or consonantal syllables) by just one ''syllable'' and then by a [[#Morphology: special characters|pause]]. (The use of capital 'I' and 'U' in [[#Morphology: vowels|glide]] position, or capital consonants, is not taken as a mark of stress).

An ''unstressed-syllable'', an ''unstressed-diphthong'' and an ''unstressed-vowel'' are, respectively, a ''syllable'', a [[#Morphology: vowels|diphthong]] and a [[#Morphology: vowels|vowel]] not ''stressed'' as described above.

==Morphology: vowels==

A ''glide'' is '''i''' or '''u''' when followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]] and not followed by abother ''glide''.

A ''diphthong'' is one of '''ai''', '''au''', '''ei''', '''oi''' not followed by a ''glide''.

A ''vowel'' is one of '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''' not followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]].

'''a''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'a' or 'A'.

'''e''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'e' or 'E'.

'''i''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'i' or 'I'.

'''o''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'o' or 'O'.

'''u''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'u' or 'U'.

'''y''' is any number of [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] (possibly none) and the character 'y' or 'Y'.

==Morphology: consonants==

An ''initial'' is empty or one of the following single consonants or clusters, in any case not followed by another consonant:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|   || r || l || c || cr || cl || s || sr || sl ||   ||   ||   ||   || j || - || - || z || - || -
|-
| f || fr || fl || cf || cfr || cfl || sf || sfr || sfl ||   || v || vr || vl || jv || jvr || jvl || zv || zvr || zvl
|-
| p || pr || pl || cp || cpr || cpl || sp || spr || spl ||   || b || br || bl || jb || jbr || jbl || zb || zbr || zbl
|-
| k || kr || kl || ck || ckr || ckl || sk || skr || skl ||   || g || gr || gl || jg || jgr || jgl || zg || zgr || zgl
|-
| t || tr || - || ct || ctr || - || st || str || - ||   || d || dr || - || jd || jdr || - || zd || zdr || -
|-
| x || xr || xl || - || - || - || - || - || - ||   || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| m || mr || ml || cm || cmr || cml || sm || smr || sml ||   ||   ||   ||   || jm || jmr || jml || zm || zmr || zml
|-
| n || - || - || cn || - || - || sn || - || - ||   ||   ||   ||   || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- ||   || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || --- || ---
|-
|   ||   ||   || tc ||   ||   || ts ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || dj ||   ||   || dz ||   ||  
|}

There are in all 102 possible initials, including the empty one.

An ''initial-pair'' is an initial cluster that consist of exactly two consonants.

An ''affricate'' pair is one of '''tc''', '''ts''', '''dj''', '''dz'''.

A ''consonant'' is a ''voiced'' consonant, an ''unvoiced'' consonant or a ''syllabic'' consonant.

A ''voiced'' consonant is one of '''b''', '''d''', '''g''', '''j''', '''v''', '''z'''.

An ''unvoiced'' consonant is one of '''c''', '''f''', '''k''', '''p''', '''s''', '''t''', '''x'''.

A ''syllabic'' consonant is one of '''l''', '''m''', '''n''', '''r'''.

'''l''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'l' or 'L', not followed by '''h''' or '''l'''.

'''m''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'm' or 'M', not followed by '''h''' or '''m''' or '''z'''.

'''n''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'n' or 'N', not followed by '''h''' or '''n''' or an ''affricate''.

'''r''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'r' or 'R'.not followed by '''h''' or '''r'''.

'''f''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'f' or 'F', not followed by '''h''' or '''f''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''p''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'p' or 'P', not followed by '''p''' or '''P''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''t''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 't' or 'T', not followed by '''h''' or '''t''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''k''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'k' or 'K', not followed by '''h''' or '''k''' or '''x''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''x''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'x' or 'X', not followed by '''h''' or '''x''' or '''k''' or '''c''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''c''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'c' or 'C', not followed by '''h''' or '''c''' or '''s''' or '''x''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''s''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 's' or 'S', not followed by '''h''' or '''s''' or '''c''' or any ''voiced'' consonant.

'''j''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'j' or 'J', not followed by '''h''' or '''j''' or '''z''' or any '''unvoiced''' consonant.

'''z''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'z' or 'Z', not followed by '''h''' or '''z''' or '''j''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''b''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'b' or 'B', not followed by '''h''' or '''b''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''d''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'd' or 'D', not followed by '''h''' or '''d''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''g''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'g' or 'G', not followed by '''h''' or '''g''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''v''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and 'v' or 'V', not followed by '''h''' or '''v''' or any ''unvoiced'' consonant.

'''h''' is zero or more [[#Morphology: special characters|commas]] and ' ' ' or 'h', followed by a [[#Morphology: syllables|nucleus]].

==Morphology: special characters==

A ''digit'' is one of ''1'', ''2'', ''3'', ''4'', ''5'', ''6'', ''7'', ''8'', ''9'', ''0''. They can stand for the syllables '''pa''', '''re''', '''ci''', '''vo''', '''mu''', '''xa''', '''ze''', '''bi''', '''so''', '''no''' in [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], in which case they constitute the whole [[#Morphology: cmavo|cmavo]], as part of a [[#Morphology: cmene|cmene]], anywhere but at the end of it. They cannot appear in [[#Morphology: brivla|brivla]].

A ''pause'' is any number (at least one) of ''space-character''s, possibly preceded by ''commas''.

A ''space-character'' is a blank, a dot, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an end-of-line or an end of string.

A ''comma'' is accepted anywhere and absorbed by the following character, treated as if it wasn't there (not a space!).

A ''non-lojban-word'' is any string of non-''space-character''s up to the next ''pause'' such that it does not begin with a [[#Morphology: words|Lojban-word]]. Any string that contains an unrecognized character or an impermissible sequence is a ''non-lojban-word''.

==Another informal description of the morphology, less tied to the PEG rules==

This is an attempt at describing the PEG morphology in a less formal way, condensed into a single page. It also includes some experimental rules, marked as such, that open up previously forbidden word shapes.

=== Phonemes ===

At the most basic level, an utterance is made of phonemes. Here are the main classes of phonemes (there are subclasses as seen later):

* consonants ({{jvs|zunsna}}):
** '''bdgjvz''' (voiced), '''cfkpstx''' (unvoiced), '''lmnr''' (syllabic)
* glides ({{jvs|karmlisna}}): '''i u'''
* h ('''me'o .y'y'''): ''' ' '''
* word break (glottal stop) ({{jvs|depybu'i}}): '''.'''
* vowels ({{jvs|karsna}}): '''a e i o u'''
* diphthongs: '''au ai ei oi'''
* y ('''me'o .ybu'''): '''y'''

The comma (me'o slaka bu) isn't a phoneme, but is used to separate syllables for clarity. Removing it has no effect.

'''i''' and '''u''' are vowels, unless a vowel or diphthong follows, in which case they are glides. '''iau''' is a glide and a diphthong; '''iaua''' is two glide-vowel pairs.

At this level, strings of consonants follow these rules:
* consonants can be next to consonants, word breaks, vowels, diphthongs, and '''y'''
* no consonant can be followed by itself
* voiced consonants can't be next to voiceless ones, and vice versa
* sibilants (cjsz) can't be next to each other
* '''x''' can't be next to '''c''' or '''k'''
* the substrings '''mz''', '''nts''', '''ntc''', '''ndz''', '''ndj''' are not allowed

Glides must follow a word break, vowel, diphthong, or '''y''', and be followed by a vowel, diphthong, or '''y'''. '''i''' as a glide can't follow a diphthong ending in '''i''', and '''u''' as a glide can't follow the diphthong '''au'''.

'''h''' must both follow and be followed by a vowel, diphthong, or '''y'''.

Vowels, diphthongs, and '''y''' can be next to consonants, glides, '''h''', and word breaks.

=== Syllables ===

These are the shapes syllables ({{jvs|slaka}}) can have:

* Vowel syllable
** a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
** then a vowel or a diphthong
** then optionally a consonant
{{mu|.a, spa, pan, blaif, stra}}

* h-syllable
** the letter '''''''
** then a vowel or diphthong
** then optionally a consonant
{{mu|'u, 'ei, 'am}}

* y-syllable
** a word break, a glide, or up to three consonants
** then the letter y
{{mu|by, .y, gry, zbly}}

* hy-syllable
** the string ''''y'''

* consonantal syllable ({{jvs|zunsnaslaka}})
** a consonant
** then a syllabic consonant
{{mu|fl, sm, rn}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="ysyll"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
* y-consonant syllable: a consonant, '''y''', then another consonant. These behave exactly like consonantal syllables, and when the second consonant is a syllabic one, the syllable with a '''y''' is equivalent to the one without when distinguishing between words.
</div>
}}

When a syllable starts with more than one consonant, the rules for these clusters ({{jvs|zunsnagri}}) are more restrictive than the general ones above. These are the permissible initial doubles, stolen with love from CLL:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| pl pr || || fl fr
|-
| bl br || || vl vr
|-
| cp cf || ct ck cm cn || cl cr
|-
| jb jv || jd jg jm ||
|-
| sp sf || st sk sm sn || sl sr
|-
| zb zv || zd zg zm ||
|-
| tc tr || ts || kl kr
|-
| dj dr || dz || gl gr
|-
| ml mr || || xl xr
|}

And the permissible initial triples:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| cfr cfl sfr sfl || jvr jvl zvr zvl
|-
| cpr cpl spr spl || jbr jbl zbr zbl
|-
| ckr ckl skr skl || jgr jgl zgr zgl
|-
| ctr str || jdr zdr
|-
| cmr cml smr sml || jmr jml zmr zml
|}

When segmenting text into syllables, when a consonant could possibly either start a syllable or end one, it's always taken to start one. In other words, onsets are greedy, codas are lazy.

=== Words ===

Words can be {{jvs|cmavo}}, {{jvs|cmevla}}, or {{jvs|brivla}}. cmavo and brivla are made of syllables, while cmevla are free strings of phonemes.

cmavo are composed of:

* one vowel- or '''y'''-syllable, with at most one initial consonant and no final consonant
* optionally followed by any number of '''h'''- or '''hy'''-syllables without any final consonants

{{mu|.a, ba, bai, ba'i, ba'ai, by, by'i, ia, iai, iy, ua'ai'y}}

There are two exceptions: '''ybu''', also spelled '''y.bu''', is a single cmavo despite the medial consonant and word break, and '''y''' surrounded by word breaks and not followed by '''bu''' is a word break itself, not a cmavo.

cmavo can be stressed on any syllable.

cmevla are arbitrary strings of phonemes, following phoneme but not syllable restrictions, starting with a word break, containing no word breaks, and ending with a consonant followed by a word break. They can be stressed anywhere.

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div><strong>Experimental</strong></div><div>
There is also an [[Defining brivla without using lujvo rules|alternative definition of brivla that doesn't depend on rafsi]].
</div>
}}

A brivla is composed of any number of initial {{jvs|rafsi}} followed by a final rafsi. It must begin with a vowel syllable, end with a vowel- or '''h'''-syllable, and have at least two syllables. It may not be a [[#slinkuhi|slinkuhi]], and may not start with a sequence of cmavo that yields a valid word when removed. Stress (marked here with a grave accent) is on the second-last vowel- or '''h'''-syllable.

A final rafsi is:

(1) a zihevla:
* a vowel syllable
* followed by any number of vowel, h-, or consonantal syllables
* followed by a vowel- or h-syllable with no final consonant
* is not a gismu or sequence of more than one rafsi
* can stand alone as a brivla (meets the other requirements above)
{{mu|cpi,kù,ku  àl,ga  fì,pr,koi  glàu,ka  sprà,'e}}

(2) or a gismu:
* a CV vowel syllable followed by a CCV one
* or a CVC one then a CV one
* or a CCV one then a CV one
{{mu|pà,stu  vèd,li  tsà,ni}}

(3) or a short final rafsi:
* a CVV or CCV vowel syllable, e.g. '''xau''', '''cpa'''
* or a CV vowel syllable followed by a 'V h-syllable, e.g. '''fà'i'''

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="rafsi3a"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
(3a) or a CV syllable. These must be at least one rafsi ending in '''y''' in the part of the word preceding a CV rafsi, and a CV rafsi may not directly follow a rafsi of [[#rafsi8|type 8]].
{{mu|dat,ky,nèi,bi cmà,vyr,fy,ja -> well-formed lujvo:|datky-nei-bi cmavyrfy-ja}}
{{mu|bla,ny,kàir,ze -> coarser-grained lujvo:|blany-kairze (type 3a can't follow type 8)}}
{{mu|xag,màu,ri -> single zihevla:|xagmauri (no y-rafsi preceding "ri")}}
</div>
}}

An initial rafsi is any one of these:

(4) a gismu followed by the syllable ''''y''', e.g. '''fasnu'y'''

(5) a gismu with its final vowel replaced with '''y''', e.g. '''fasny'''

(6) a zihevla followed by the syllable ''''y''', e.g. '''sorpeka'y'''

(7) a CV vowel syllable followed by a Cy '''y'''-syllable, e.g. '''fa,ky'''

<span id="rafsi8">(8)</span> a vowel syllable of the form CVC, CCV, or CVVr
* or a CV syllable followed by a 'V or 'Vr syllable
* may not be followed by a rafsi derived from a zihevla
{{mu|'''gas'''  '''jbu'''  '''gaur'''  '''li,'ar'''}}

(9) a vowel syllable of the form CVV
* or a CV syllable followed by a 'V syllable
* may not be followed by a rafsi derived from a zihevla
{{mu|'''gau'''  '''li,'a'''}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="rafsi9a"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
(9a) a CV syllable, with the restrictions of [[#rafsi3a|(3a)]], and that no competing interpretation where the CV is the beginning of a [[#rafsi8|type 8]] rafsi parses.
* e.g. '''tat,py,ri,nun,lì,'u''' -> '''tatpy-ri-nun-li'u''';  '''sla,by,si,ri,ju''' -> '''slaby-si-ri-ju''';  '''va,ny,nu,plì,ste''' -> '''!! vany-nup-liste'''

(9b) a CV and then a 'y syllable, with the restrictions of [[#rafsi3a|(3a)]] only.
* e.g. '''va,ny,nu,'y,plì,ste''' -> '''vany-nu'y-pli-ste'''
</div>}}

(10) a type 8 or 9 rafsi followed by a type 3 rafsi followed by ''''y'''
{{mu|'''cau,cni,'y'''  '''ri,'ar,ju,'o,'y'''  '''mul,fau,'y''',  '''jbo,jbe,'y'''}}

(11) a zihevla that ends in a vowel syllable, ending in a vowel and not a diphthong, with the final vowel replaced with y, unless the result breaks up into any other valid string of rafsi
{{mu|'''ka,'or,ty'''  '''a,sny'''}}

<span id="rafsirecog">Note</span> that while all rafsi are valid syllables by themselves, strings of them are recognized as strings of phonemes, not syllables. For example '''gastro''', even though its syllable structure is '''gà,stro''', is a lujvo made of two rafsi '''gas''' '''tro'''.

If a CVVr or CV'Vr rafsi is followed by a rafsi beginning with '''r''', and only then, the final '''r''' of the first rafsi is replaced with an '''n'''.
If a rafsi ending in '''y''' is followed by a rafsi beginning with a vowel, and only then, an ''' ' ''' is prepended to the second rafsi. In other situations where sticking two rafsi together violates phoneme or syllable rules, the left rafsi needs to be replaced with one ending with '''y'''.

A brivla consisting of just a zihevla is called a zihevla, one consisting of just a gismu is a gismu, and all others are called lujvo.

A <span id="slinkuhi">slinkuhi</span> ({{jvs|valslinku'i}}) is a [''consonant followed by a string of rafsi that up to its first y-syllable, or if no y-syllables, in its entirety, is composed of non-zihevla rafsi''] that itself can't be broken up into a string of rafsi.
{{mu|''p''rà,'i  ''s''pòr,te  ''z''bla,zdà,vro  ''c''nar,jy,fra,gà,ri  ''z''gà,stro ''(see note on [[#rafsirecog|rafsi recognition]] above)}}

Other non-words also behave like slinkuhi, in that prepending a cmavo makes them a word, but these arise from rules other than the one named slinkuhi.
{{mu|cpa  cpau  cpra  cprau  (''brivla must have 2+ syllables'')}}
{{mu|cl,pàr,nu  (''brivla must start with a vowel syllable'')}}

A <span id="tosmabru">tosmabru</span> ({{jvs|valrtosmabru}}) is a string intended to be a brivla but which decomposes into multiple words. tosmabru can be coerced into being brivla by adding a consonant at the end of the last syllable of the first cmavo.
* gau,tcì,ni -> gau tcini; cmavo + gismu
* gaur,tcì,ni -> gaurtcini; a single lujvo
* .a,'u,nain,mo -> .a'u nainmo; cmavo + zi'evla
* .a,'ur,nain,mo -> .a'urnainmo; a single zihevla
* boi,kèi,foi -> boi kèi foi; three cmavo
* boir,kèi,foi -> boirkeifoi; a single lujvo

=== Word breaks, glottal stops ===

All word breaks may be pronounced as glottal stops, and some word breaks have to. Glottal stops are required before and after all cmevla, as well as before all words starting with a vowel or "y". They are also required after certain cmavo:

* When pronouncing two words together would break a phonotactic rule, they need to be separated with a glottal stop.
{{mu|"au" "uàn,mo" -> {.au .uanmo} }}

* Each pair of cmavo of the form CV Cy followed by either a brivla or a cmavo of the form CVV or CV'V needs a glottal stop at one of the word breaks. (This is the only case where cmavo-shaped syllables are absorbed by brivla by default but can be detached.)
{{mu|"ca" "vy" "càr,vi" -> {ca vy. carvi} /ʃa.vəʔ.ˈʃar.vi/ |(/ʃa.və.ˈʃar.vi/ would be {cavycarvi}, a lujvo)}}

{{Ombox
| image = none
| text = <div id="cikybi"><strong>[[#exp|Experimental]]</strong></div><div>
This also applies to CV Cy CV sequences: /ˈʃi.kə.bi/ is {cikybi}, /ˈʃiʔ.kə.bi/ is {ci. ky bi}
</div>}}

* Every stressed cmavo followed by a brivla starting with a consonant cluster needs a glottal stop after the cmavo.
{{mu|"bà" "sna,jù,'i" -> {bà. snaju'i} /ˈbaʔ.sna.ˈʒu.hi/|(/ˈba.sna.ˈʒu.hi/ would be {basna jù'i}, a gismu and a cmavo)}}

=== Splitting a stream of speech into words ===

This is a simplified procedure to split speech into words, not taking arbitrary quotes (ZOI, ZOhOI, MEhOI, GOhOI) into account. The input is a (magically) perfectly recognized string of phonemes, with the vowels marked for stress.

Each split described below is to be treated as a boundary of the speech stream for subsequent steps. These chunks will get increasingly smaller until they all coincide with single words.

(1) Split the stream at each glottal stop or pause.

(2) If the stream ends with a consonant, stop processing it.

(3) Detect the syllables in the stream. For each stressed syllable:
* If the syllable after it is also stressed, split between the two syllables.
* If not, find the next vowel or h-syllable after it, and split the stream after that syllable, unless the syllable after that begins with ''' ' ''' - don't split in that case.

(4) Try to read a cmavo, then after that cmavo try to read a cmavo, or if that fails, a brivla.
* If the stream ends after the first cmavo read, stop processing it.
* If two cmavo are read, split the stream after the first one, and stop processing the first part.
* If a cmavo and brivla are read, split the stream after the cmavo and stop processing both parts.
* If only a cmavo is read, but this cmavo is shorter than the stream, try to read a brivla from the start of the stream. If that succeeds, stop processing the stream. If not, declare the stream malformed and abandon ship.

Repeat the above step for each piece where processing was not stopped, until no such pieces remain.

An example:
còiju'idoi.rktk.si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(1) còiju'idoi rktk si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(2) còiju'idoi [rktk] si'audàuràtcucubaziba'acazgùnta
(3) còi,ju,'i,doi [rktk] si,'au,dàu,rà,tcu,cu,ba,zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
còi,ju,'i,doi [rktk] si,'au,dàu rà,tcu cu,ba,zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
(4) (còi),(ju,'i),doi
[coi] (ju,'i),(doi)
[coi] [ju'i] [doi]
(4) (si,'au),(dàu)
[si'au] [dau]
(4) (rà),(tcu)!
(rà,tcu)
[ratcu]
(4) (cu),(ba),zi,ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] (ba),(zi),ba,'a,ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] (zi),(ba,'a),ca,zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] [zi] (ba,'a),(ca),zgùn,ta
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] (ca),(zgùn,ta)!
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] (ca,zgùn,ta)
[cu] [ba] [zi] [ba'a] [cazgunta]

Result: coi ju'i doi rktk si'au dau ratcu cu ba zi ba'a cazgunta

axiom of stratified comprehension--Mekso example

2024-07-07T08:04:30Z

Gleki:

The below is a translation, possibly with some errors, of the axiom schema of stratified comprehension, a core axiom of New Foundations, an axiomatic set theory. The axiom reads as follows:

A predicate P is said to be ''stratified'' if and only if there exists a function f from the arguments of P to the natural numbers such that for all sets S1 and S2, if S1 is a member of S2, then f(S2) = f(S1)+1, and if S1=S2, then f(S1)=f(S2).

For all stratified predicates P, the set {x : P(x)} exists.

In mekso, this reads:

.i ca'e ro da poi ke'a selbri zo'u go da cmaci multersenta gi ge de fancu lo'i terbri be da le'i zmamulna'u gi ro di ro da xi re zo'u ge va'o lo du'u di cmima da xi re kei li na'u me de mo'e da xi re du li na'u me de mo'e di su'i pa gi va'o lo du'u di du da xi re kei li na'u me de mo'e di du li na'u me de mo'e da xi re

.i ca'e ro bu'a zo'u lo'i bu'a cu zasti va'o lo du'u la'e zo bu'a cu multersenta

The below is the same passage in bridi math. fancrnaplai is a placeholder defined as .i ko'a fancrnaplai ko'e ko'i ko'o ... .ijo ko'a = ko'e(ko'i,ko'o,...)

.i ca'e ro da poi ke'a selbri zo'u go da cmaci multersenta gi ge de fancu lo'i terbri be da le'i zmamulna'u gi ro di ro da xi re zo'u ge va'o lo du'u di cmima da xi re kei lo ni'ai fancrnaplai de da xi re cu sumji li pa lo ni'ai fancrnaplai de di gi va'o lo du'u di du da xi re kei lo ni'ai fancrnaplai de di cu du lo ni'ai fancrnaplai de da xi re

.i ca'e ro bu'a zo'u lo'i bu'a cu zasti va'o lo du'u la'e zo bu'a cu multersenta

In bridi math with [https://mw.lojban.org/papri/BPFK_Section:_Pro-bridi {me'au} and {me'ei}]:

.i ca'e ro me'ei bu'a zo'u go me'ei bu'a cu cmaci multersenta gi ge me'ei bu'e cu fancu lo'i terbri be me'ei bu'a le'i zmamulna'u gi ro da ro de zo'u ge va'o gi da cmima de gi lo bu'e be de cu sumji li pa lo bu'e be da gi va'o gi da du de gi lo bu'e be da cu du lo bu'e be de

.i ca'e ro me'ei bu'a poi ke'a multersenta zo'u lo'i bu'a cu zasti

(In the last example, we adopt the convention, by analogy to sumji etc., x1 = f(x2,x3,...), so that {lo broda be ko'a bei ko'e} is f(ko'a,ko'e]

jbocre: Word frequency lists

2024-05-16T13:14:15Z

Gleki: Changed redirect target from word frequency lists to Word Lists#Word frequency lists

#REDIRECT [[Word Lists#Word frequency lists]]

File:Scientific American Loglan Article, by James Cooke Brown.pdf

2024-05-03T12:16:34Z

Gleki: Gleki uploaded a new version of File:Scientific American Loglan Article, by James Cooke Brown.pdf

lojban Anthem English translation

2024-04-28T18:46:36Z

Gleki: Gleki moved page lojban Anthem English translation to Lojban Anthem English translation over redirect

#REDIRECT [[Lojban Anthem English translation]]

Lojban Anthem English translation

2024-04-28T18:46:36Z

Gleki: Gleki moved page lojban Anthem English translation to Lojban Anthem English translation over redirect

[[Lojban Anthem|Here is the Lojban Anthem in Lojban]].

The following is the translation by me ([[User:tsali|tsali]]).

<blockquote>
Language of exactness mixed with inexactness too,

let your quality of the expression of ideas be given

to the voices of the Earth, who need a new way

for people to communicate with one another.

Language! Lojbanic!

Minds who confuse the many who wish

to understand, be carried to the source from the listeners.

Please be said clearly, and mix

that which half-way ends up inside the boundaries of bad grammar.

Ideas expressed through language! Lojbanic!
</blockquote>

I read Lojbab's translation (below) a few years ago, but couldn't remember much of it when I wrote my own translation. I believe that my translation is correct. {le selmenli} is that which has a mind, not what's on the mind. And the place structure of {bevri} is to...from, not vice versa. Furthermore, {farvi} is that which develops, not the development, so {le norfarvi} should be something like {le nu farvi sisti}. [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]], go and write a new anthem! <nowiki>:^)</nowiki> -[[User:tsali|tsali]]

*... Crap. Probably 1991-2001 gismu place structure incompatibilities. This will not do. OK, I'll rewrite it in the erroneous parts... -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]
*... selmenli => selpensi; do'u bevri ko le cfari lei zgatirna => cu selmuvdu ko le cfari fa lei tirna. norfarvi, I don't know what to do with; I'm inclined to leave it alone, since the 'stagnation' meaning is, I think, still encompassed by it.

----

Original revision: ''.i doi selpensi co cfipt be le so'imei poi djica''

le ka jimpe cu selmuvdu ko le cfari fa lei tirna

*''How does that parse? [[jbofi'e]] doesn't like it; it barfs on the ''cu'' of ''cu selmuvdu''. If I replace ''doi'' with ''le'', then it's fine (though then ''selmuvdu'' has two x1 places: the ''le'' phrase that comes before the selbri and the ''fa lei tirna'' at the end). Maybe it doesn't like long things after ''doi'', or doesn't allow them to be treated as sumti?Hm, if I replace ''cu selmuvdu ko'' with ''do'u selmuvdu ko'', it parses and appears to mean roughly what is intended. But then the rhythm is a bit off, of course, since ''do'u'' is two syllables compared to one for ''cu''. Maybe I should replace ''do'u'' with the shorter and still grammatical ''vaukeikuvauku'okube'odo'u'' zo'o.<nowiki>Hm^2</nowiki>, I think this is an evidential sentence preceded by a vocative... which would explain why the ''cu'' wasn't allowed there, since it didn't separate the selbri from any arguments. So perhaps jbofi'e was right in barfing when it saw ''cu'' without a sumti before it.<nowiki>Hm^3</nowiki>, I just noticed that lojbab's original version indeed had ''do'u'', rather than ''cu'', before the selbri (which was ''bevri'' in his version.) --[[pne]]''
**Touche. I know why I did it, and I know that this grammar will one day fall. Changed to ''le ka jimpe do'u pagre ko le cfari fa lei tirna''. And no, that needn't be the other way round. Think about it...

The translation then becomes:

Thoughts which confuse the many who wish

to understand, be portals to the originators for the listeners.

----

Here is the original translation by [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]]. Note that there is no translation of the chorus, as it was added by [[User:Nick Nicholas ick Nicholas|nitcion ick Nicholas]] when he composed the melody.

<blockquote>
O, language, both exact and non-exact,

Let your characteristic mode of idea-expression

be given to the voiced ones of the earth, who need this

new method of mutually communicating between minds.

O ideas which confuse the many who desire understanding,

Let yourself be carried from those who initiate you to those who listen.

Please be clearly expressed, stirring

the stagnation caused by the limits of Grammar.
</blockquote>

Lojban Anthem English translation

2024-04-28T13:56:06Z

Gleki:

Lojban Anthem English translation

2024-04-28T13:55:50Z

Gleki:

[[Lojban Anthem|Lojban Anthem ere is the Lojban Anthem in Lojban]].

The following is the translation by me ([[User:tsali|tsali]]).

<blockquote>
Language of exactness mixed with inexactness too,

let your quality of the expression of ideas be given

to the voices of the Earth, who need a new way

for people to communicate with one another.

Language! Lojbanic!

Minds who confuse the many who wish

to understand, be carried to the source from the listeners.

Please be said clearly, and mix

that which half-way ends up inside the boundaries of bad grammar.

Ideas expressed through language! Lojbanic!
</blockquote>

I read Lojbab's translation (below) a few years ago, but couldn't remember much of it when I wrote my own translation. I believe that my translation is correct. {le selmenli} is that which has a mind, not what's on the mind. And the place structure of {bevri} is to...from, not vice versa. Furthermore, {farvi} is that which develops, not the development, so {le norfarvi} should be something like {le nu farvi sisti}. [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]], go and write a new anthem! <nowiki>:^)</nowiki> -[[User:tsali|tsali]]

*... Crap. Probably 1991-2001 gismu place structure incompatibilities. This will not do. OK, I'll rewrite it in the erroneous parts... -- [[User:Nick Nicholas|nitcion]]
*... selmenli => selpensi; do'u bevri ko le cfari lei zgatirna => cu selmuvdu ko le cfari fa lei tirna. norfarvi, I don't know what to do with; I'm inclined to leave it alone, since the 'stagnation' meaning is, I think, still encompassed by it.

----

Original revision: ''.i doi selpensi co cfipt be le so'imei poi djica''

le ka jimpe cu selmuvdu ko le cfari fa lei tirna

*''How does that parse? [[jbofi'e]] doesn't like it; it barfs on the ''cu'' of ''cu selmuvdu''. If I replace ''doi'' with ''le'', then it's fine (though then ''selmuvdu'' has two x1 places: the ''le'' phrase that comes before the selbri and the ''fa lei tirna'' at the end). Maybe it doesn't like long things after ''doi'', or doesn't allow them to be treated as sumti?Hm, if I replace ''cu selmuvdu ko'' with ''do'u selmuvdu ko'', it parses and appears to mean roughly what is intended. But then the rhythm is a bit off, of course, since ''do'u'' is two syllables compared to one for ''cu''. Maybe I should replace ''do'u'' with the shorter and still grammatical ''vaukeikuvauku'okube'odo'u'' zo'o.<nowiki>Hm^2</nowiki>, I think this is an evidential sentence preceded by a vocative... which would explain why the ''cu'' wasn't allowed there, since it didn't separate the selbri from any arguments. So perhaps jbofi'e was right in barfing when it saw ''cu'' without a sumti before it.<nowiki>Hm^3</nowiki>, I just noticed that lojbab's original version indeed had ''do'u'', rather than ''cu'', before the selbri (which was ''bevri'' in his version.) --[[pne]]''
**Touche. I know why I did it, and I know that this grammar will one day fall. Changed to ''le ka jimpe do'u pagre ko le cfari fa lei tirna''. And no, that needn't be the other way round. Think about it...

The translation then becomes:

Thoughts which confuse the many who wish

to understand, be portals to the originators for the listeners.

----

Here is the original translation by [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]]. Note that there is no translation of the chorus, as it was added by [[User:Nick Nicholas ick Nicholas|nitcion ick Nicholas]] when he composed the melody.

<blockquote>
O, language, both exact and non-exact,

Let your characteristic mode of idea-expression

be given to the voiced ones of the earth, who need this

new method of mutually communicating between minds.

O ideas which confuse the many who desire understanding,

Let yourself be carried from those who initiate you to those who listen.

Please be clearly expressed, stirring

the stagnation caused by the limits of Grammar.
</blockquote>

欢迎！ (中文)

2024-04-21T10:36:35Z

Gleki:

lojban, 国际音标发音[ˈloʒban]，中文名称“逻辑语”，是一个基于谓词逻辑的人造语言。

=== 逻辑语是什么？ ===
'''逻辑语'''是专为大幅消除人类沟通歧义而设计的一门人造语言，因《科学美国人》一篇文章（英）闻名，在一些科幻小说（英）中也出现过身影。在数十位工作者以及数百名支持者的不懈努力下，逻辑语已经发展跨越五十年历程。

逻辑语的与别不同之处在于——
* 专为'''人际交流'''而设计，将来也可能用于人机交流；
* 以'''文化中立'''为准则设计（有许多单词来自汉语普通话）；
* 谨遵逻辑准则，'''语法无歧义'''；
* 言文一一对应，'''写法纯拼音'''；
* 比起自然语言，'''简单易学'''；
* 凭'''1300个“根词”'''轻松合成'''亿万词语'''（就像中文的汉字一样）；
* 完全规则，'''毫无例外'''；
* 力图为创新思维和清晰沟通'''解除束缚'''；
* 从创意到科学，从理论到实际，'''用途广泛'''。

=== 逻辑语小组 (The Logical Language Group)===

本网站是逻辑语小组（简称LLG）的官方资料库。该非牟利机构自1987年起就在引领逻辑语发展。
按照约定，本网站也会尝试反映LLG以外的逻辑语社区内容。因此，本网资料有些没有得到官方认可，凡属官方的都会附带声明。

=== 学习资料 ===
逻辑语的大部分学习资料都以英文写成，国内起步较晚，只有少部分资料有翻译。

中文资料：
*[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1dDzSWmd 逻辑语初学者教程]（la .laubingam. 翻译）
*[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1pKOp3Yj 根词（gismu）和语法词（cmavo）的中文对照词典]（Alpha2版，仍需校对）（gismu: la .joges.，cmavo： la .arce. 翻译）
*在线词典导出的[http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html gismu/cmavo列表], tsv/html格式.
*[[:File:796.sip|中文词根列表]]，这个版本的词义详解没有中文，但是给出每个根词对应的中文字
*在线词典导出的[http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html 星际译王格式的多语言词典], 也有中文版本. 可以用 [http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal] 等使用.

主要英文资料：
*[http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ 逻辑语线上词典]
*[https://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=The_Complete_Lojban_Language&redirect=no The Complete Lojban Language（CLL)]，lojban最权威的教程。
:'''注意：'''但由于出版时间较早，其中没有包含一些近期逻辑语的改变，如[[How to use xorlo|xorlo(en)]]
*[[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]]，一个新的逻辑语教程，包含了逻辑语的新变化
*[https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise]，学习逻辑语词汇的好去处
语法检查器（逻辑语独一无二的神器！）：
*[http://www.lojban.org/jboski jboski]，该线上软件能检查你输入的逻辑语句子是否符合语法，并且给出逐词的翻译
*[http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/ la ilmentufa] 比jboski新，BUG更少，不能给出翻译，但可以给出更易懂的句子结构分析（多个parser，含camxes）

翻译机:
*[http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ zmifanva]: 对文章的 Lojban ↔ English 统计机器翻译引擎 ([http://masatohagiwara.net/ 萩原正人]制作。)

其他资料：
*[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/articlelist_1753210991_7_1.html 虫子游戈的博客，有一些翻译的学习资料]
*[http://pan.baidu.com/s/1gfh2D2b 逻辑语快速入门v0.33] la .arce. 写的一个入门教程(非官方)

=== 社区 ===
有问题？来逻辑语社区提问吧～

中文社区：
*QQ群中国逻辑语社区: 263402187
*[http://tieba.baidu.com/f?ie=utf-8&kw=%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E8%AF%AD&fr=ibaidu 百度逻辑语吧]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/lojban.tw/ 陳鍾誠的邏輯語學習社團 (台灣)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/lojbanhk/ Wei Tang 的 Hong Kong Lojbanist Group]

英文社区及更多资料见[http://mw.lojban.org/index.php?title=ralju_papri&setlang=en 英文页面]

Questions/en

2024-04-21T10:36:17Z

Gleki:

<div style="font-size:120%;">Frequently Asked Questions About Lojban.</div>
{{Quote box
|title = Ask a question on Lojban<br>on the [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com mailing list for beginners]
|qalign = center
|align = center
|width = 50%
|border = 1px
|bgcolor = #FAEFCF
}}

<div style="font-size:130%;">Help! I don't speak English!</div>
{{:Lojban materials in other languages}}

== GENERAL ==

=== What is Lojban? ===
Lojban is a carefully constructed spoken, as well as written, language designed in the hope of removing a large portion of the ambiguity from human communication. Lojban has been built over seven decades by dozens of workers and hundreds of supporters.

Lojban is proposed to be used a potential tool for machine translation, as a knowledge representation tool and as a programming language.

=== [[Why learn Lojban?]] ===
=== Who is involved in the Lojban project? ===

Key people are listed on the [[Welcome!/en#International Contacts|Contacts]] page.

=== How many people are there in the Lojban community? How many can use Lojban? ===
As of September 2015, close to two thousand people from around the world have developed an interest in Lojban to the point of ordering a [[Books|book]] or joined a [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban List]]. There is an [[Lojban IRC|IRC text chat]] where around 8 experts in Lojban are present to help you get answers to your questions about the language. At any given time, there are at least 50 to 100 active participants. A number of them can hold a real-time conversation in the language.

Lojban is practiced in social networks like Facebook, Reddit, Google+, VK.com.

=== What is [[LogFest]] / [[jbonunsla]] ? ===
LogFest ([[la jbonunsla]] in Lojban) is the annual gathering of the [[The Logical Language Group|Logical Language Group]]. We are required by an [[Bylaws of The Logical Language Group, Inc.|LLG bylaw]] to have an annual meeting. Every year we have a Lojban Convention for any and all in the [[Lojbanic Community Links|community]] who are willing to come. [[LogFest|LogFest]] was traditionally held at [[User:Bob_LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]]'s house in Fairfax VA, a suburb of Washington DC, usually over a weekend in July or August. We have typically had around 20 people come for part or all of the weekend. Some of these people are among the more committed Lojbanists, and around half the attendees typically are at beginner skill levels. Usually several people travel a substantial distance in order to attend, and those people are often treated as a guests of honor and are given first consideration for choosing the activities on which we focus.

People at LogFest not necessarily speak only Lojban. In fact, at LogFest in Fairfax VA you can mostly find Lojbanists that live nearby.

Other than giving those who had to travel furthest preference in picking topics, [[LogFest|LogFest]] is largely unstructured, in part because we don't know who or how many are coming until a couple of days before things start. [[LogFest|LogFest]] is what the [[Lojbanic Community Links|community]] chooses to make it. Because the official LLG meeting occurs during [[Logfest|Logfest]], some of the major decisions affecting the [[Lojbanic Community Links|community]] tend to get made there.

In 2005 and 2006, the annual gatherings started being held at science fiction conventions.

The name "[[LogFest]]" is a holdover from [[Loglan]]. The word for it in Lojban is "[[jbonunsla|jbonunsla]]".

=== What is the difference between the Reference Grammar and the Complete Lojban Language? ===
*[[The Lojban Reference Grammar]] is [http://lojban.github.io/cll/ online].
*[[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]] is the hard-copy book version. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

== RESOURCES ==

=== What is the best way to start learning Lojban? ===
We recommend the following:
# Read the [[The Crash Course (a draft)|Crash Course]] or [[Lojban Wave Lessons]].
# Read through the [[The Lojban Reference Grammar|Reference Grammar]] - reading for concepts, not detail.
# Create a cheat sheet with lists of '''[[cmavo]]''' (particles) you're likely to need.
# Read and write [[te gerna la lojban|Lojban texts]] using the [[The Lojban Reference Grammar|Reference Grammar]] and your cheat sheets for reference. Post your translated text to the [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban List]] for feedback.
# If you get serious about it, use [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise] (register and search for courses in Lojban) to help you memorize vocabulary or use [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] (downloadable, Lojban decks are downloadable within the program).

More links: [[Lojban#Learning_Lojban|Learning]].

If some concepts in any of the above resources seem unclear, post your questions to the [mailto:lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com lojban-beginners@googlegroups.com].

=== How can I look up words when I am translating from Lojban? ===
[https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/ la sutysisku dictionary] also [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#sisku=mi_prami_do supports] showing translations for several words at once.

=== Sources of text to read? ===
There are many. You can find a complete list of texts in Lojban [[te gerna la lojban|here]]. Take your pick from original or translated, short or long, prose or poetry, currently-being-worked-on or completed-and-reviewed.

The [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban List]] will have discussion in Lojban from time to time.

Other Lojbanists publish Web pages, some with Lojban texts and some entirely in Lojban. [[Lojbanic Community Links|Here]] are some interesting sites.

Stuff on paper can be ordered from [[The Logical Language Group]] however it is much better if you can retrieve stuff directly off the net.

=== What messages are appropriate for the Lojban List? ===
Beginners are encouraged to post. Anything is appropriate as long as the title approximately reflects the content and you're not selling magazine subscriptions or mail-order brides (exception: even THAT is OK if the post is written in Lojban!). You can post on any subject in Lojban, or about Lojban in any language. You can post in any language you think people will understand.

=== Are there archives? WWW site? ftp site? ===
There are archives of some of the more recent e-mail list messages:
*[http://mail.lojban.org the archive of mails]
*[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/lojban Google groups lojban] and [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/lojban-beginners Google groups lojban-beginners] also contain the archive of letters.

=== What is available in languages other than English? ===
There are brochures in [[:File:Brochure Spanish1.doc|Spanish]], [[:File:Brochure French1.doc|French]], [[Pri Lojxbano|Esperanto]], and [[Брошюра о ложбане на русском|Russian]]. Jorge and Jose have translated the ''[[gismu]]'' list into [[:File:Lista de gismu con definiciones en es.doc|Spanish]].

=== What software is available? ===

Up-to-date information is available at [http://www.lojban.org/resources/tools.html the lojban software tools page] on the main site. Below are direct links to some of the software directly associated with the LLG.

✔ https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/lojban/ - is a great place where you can learn lojban words online. Just register on that website, try several courses and use the one that you like most

✔ http://ankisrs.net - is a great flashcard app available for both desktop and mobile devices. It has flashcard decks for Lojban available for download

✔ http://lojban.org/jboski - automatic grammar check of what you write in Lojban (which is unique among all languages!) with English glossing (i.e. translation).

✔ http://camxes.lojban.org/ - Even better than the previous item. But without glossing.

✔ http://jwodder.freeshell.org/lojban/jvozba.cgi allow automatic creation of lujvo from combining words and splitting lujvo back to them

✔ [http://www.lojban.org/resources/../files/software/analyser Prolog Semantic Analyzer]

✔ [http://www.lojban.org/resources/../files/software/rndsen28.zip Random Sentence Generator] - updated version in progress, the available version has somewhat obsolete grammar definitions

✔ [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ zmifanva] - Lojban ↔ English Machine Translation Engine based on phrase-based statistical machine translation.

== TECHNICAL ==
This part tends to be an "add as you go" page that answers questions that beginners and intermediates may ask about particular elements in the language that confuses them or they find to be "void." Such as the lack of grammatical gender.

While it is to be expected that these questions are vague and underinformed, and we should do our best to answer them regardless, that does not excuse not doing one's best to ask precise and informed questions. The more effort you put into the question, the more you'll get out of the answer.
=== Does Lojban get rids of synonyms? Does Lojban have polysemous (multiple meanings) words? Does Lojban have homophones? ===
Does Lojban have words that has the same meaning?

There are, but they are not many. Synonym words aren't a problem; what can be a problem are polysemous words (words having several distinct meanings) and homophones (two different words pronounced the same).

Lojban has no homophones, and predicate words have a single meaning each.

Lojban isn't designed to avoid them. [[lo cmavo]] (particle words) can have different functions in different contexts, but the grammar always make it unambiguous which function a cmavo has in a specific grammatical context.

Lojban predicates may have a <u>vague</u> meaning (that is, a broad range of meaning), but never have several unrelated meanings (ambiguous meaning, polysemy).

For example, '''lo''' {{jvs|danlu}} (''animal'') is more vague than '''lo''' {{jvs|cipni}} (''birds''), that in turn is more vague than '''lo''' {{jvs|jipci}} (''chicken'').

But that is not polysemy, just a matter of vagueness (degree of precision).

So Lojban does not prevent you to speak with vagueness if you want so (vagueness can be very helpful!)

=== (Glossary) In English descriptions of ''lojban'', I see ''lojban'' words used, as well as ''lojban'' jargon. What do these mean? ===

Here are APPROXIMATE definitions.

Note: Words in ALL CAPS on the [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban Mailing List]] often refer to Lojban parts of speech. the English-language phonetic translation of <nowiki>'</nowiki> (single quote) is "h", so when this convention is used, "h" is used as the "capitalization" of <nowiki>'</nowiki>. So in English-language discussion, the lojban part of speech contaning the word '''la'e''' (the referent of a sumti) would be '''LAhE'''.
{{:attitudinal}}
{{:audiovisual isomorphism}}
{{:bridi}}
{{:brivla}}
{{:cmavo}}
{{:cmene}}
{{:evidential}}
{{:fu'ivla}}
{{:gadri}}
{{:gismu}}
{{:ju'i lobypli}}
{{:le lojbo karni}}
{{:le'avla}}
{{:The Logical Language Group}}
{{:lujvo}}
{{:sumtcita}}
{{:pe'i}}
{{:place structure}}
{{:rafsi}}
{{:selbri}}
{{:selma'o}}
{{:slinku'i}}
{{:sumti}}
{{:tanru}}
{{:TLI}}

=== How do you borrow words from other languages? ===

There are four ways to borrow words. Only the most common method is covered in [http://www.lojban.org/publications/reference_grammar/chapter4.html#s7 Lojban Reference Grammar (Chapter 4, Section 7)]. Borrowed words are called '''fu'ivla''', meaning approximately "copied words" (after all, "borrowing" implies we're going to give them back someday!).

The use of '''lujvo''' is not always appropriate for very concrete or specific terms (e. g. "brie," or "cobra"), or for jargon words specialized to a narrow field (e. g. "quark," "integral," or "iambic pentameter"). These words are in effect ''names'' for concepts, and the names were invented by speakers of another language. The vast majority of names for plants, animals, foods, and scientific terminology cannot be easily expressed as '''tanru'''. They thus must be "borrowed" (actually, taken) into Lojban from the original language, forming words called '''fu'ivla'''. The word must be Lojbanized into one of several permitted '''rafsi''' is then attached to the beginning of the Lojbanized form, usually using a vocalic consonant as "glue" to ensure that the resulting word doesn't fall apart. The '''rafsi''' categorizes or limits the meaning of the '''fu'ivla'''. Otherwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other languages (such as "integral"), would require a choice made as to which meaning should be assigned to the '''fu'ivla'''. '''fu'ivla''', like other '''brivla''', are not permitted to have more than one definition.

Summarizing the most common method to make '''fu'ivla''':
# Lojbanize the word to be borrowed by the methods used for '''cmene'''.
# Convert all "y"s to some other vowel or to a vocalic consonant.
# Modify the ending to be a vowel, either by dropping a final consonant or by adding an extra vowel.
# Modify the beginning to be a consonant, either by adding an extra consonant or dropping an initial vowel.
# Choose a '''gismu''' (not a '''rafsi''') that categorizes the '''fu'ivla''' into a "topic area." Replace the final vowel of the '''gismu''' with a vocalic "r".
# Prefix the modified '''fu'ivla'''.

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|| '''English'''
|| '''''lojban'''''

|-
|| spaghetti
|| ''cidjrspageti'' or ''djarspageti''

|-
|| maple tree
|| ''tricrmeipli''

|-
|| maple sugar
|| ''saktrmeipli''

|-
|| mathematical integral
|| ''cmacrnintegra'' or ''cmacrntegra''

|-
|| brie
|| ''cirlrbri''

|-
|| cobra
|| ''sincrkobra''

|-
|| quark
|| ''saskrkuarka''

|-
|| iambic
|| ''pemcrniambo''

|}

A '''fu'ivla''' thus consists of three parts: the classifier, the glue, and the borrowed part

The quintessential example is '''djarspageti''', meaning "spaghetti." '''dja''' is the classifier: it is the short form '''rafsi''' for '''cidja''', meaning "food". "r" is the glue: it is necessary to keep the word from falling into two parts. '''spageti''' is the Lojbanized version of "spaghetti". The classifier is glued on the front for two reasons: it helps identify strange borrowings, and it prevents borrowings that happen to coincide with things that are already Lojban words. For example if you borrowed the word "spageti" directly, it could lead to ambiguity in a phrase like
:'''ko bevri re spageti palta'''
which could mean "Bring two plates of spaghetti" or something like "Be a carrying-reptile and a plate made of this":
:'''ko bevri respa ge ti palta'''
In a natural language there would be no doubt which of the two was meant, but Lojban is constructed so that you shouldn't need to understand the sentence to know where one word ends and the next begins.

=== Isn't it confusing that some '''rafsi''' are identical to '''cmavo'''? ===

No, it isn't. In theory you can tell completely from the neighboring syllables whether something is a '''rafsi'''. This is how the computer is able to parse Lojban without understanding its meaning. For example the '''dei''' in '''bavlamdei''' ("tomorrow") is a rafsi for "day", not the cmavo '''dei''', a special pronoun meaning "this sentence". We know which is which because Lojban words can't end in a consonant, so '''dei''' ''must'' be a part of '''bavlamdei'''.

'''bavLAM''' can't be a whole word. (No, it can't be a name, either. Names end with a consonant followed by a pause, written as a "'''.'''") In practice you can also use your knowledge of the meanings of the words to help with this. It is possible to think up a sentence like
:'''la .bavLAM. dei cusku'''
"Bavlam says this sentence.", but it is not likely in practice if you don't know anyone named "Bavlam"!

=== Why do some texts use "h" instead of <nowiki>'</nowiki> (single quote), or have parentheses, or other non-standard conventions? ===

Aesthetic reasons. [[And Rosta|And Rosta]] in particular thinks ''mohi'' looks better in print than '''mo'i''' (space motion) and sometimes uses it the hopes that he can influence the [[Lojbanic Community Links|Lojbanic Community Links]] to accept this other spelling convention. This is purely a difference in spelling; they are pronounced the same, and should be considered different ways of writing the same "letter." This alternate spelling also is somewhat closer to the spelling of [[The Loglan Institute|TLI]] Loglan. There is another similar spelling convention, which has never been used, designed to make Lojban look more familiar to potential converts from [[The Loglan Institute|TLI]]. This alternate convention may be found in the [http://www.lojban.org/publications/reference_grammar/chapter3.html#s12 Lojban Reference Grammar].

There are a number of other non-standard spelling conventions:

Lojban text is often wrapped in '''{ }''' (curly brackets) when is quoted in anon-Lojban text.

[[And Rosta|And Rosta]] had a style in which <nowiki>'</nowiki> (single quote) is omitted altogether where the vowels couldn't possibly be stuck together; for example, he'd write '''coe''' for '''co'e''' (unspecified bridi), since "oe" is not a legal combination. He has used "." (period) as in English, to end a sentence, rather than as a pause. He has capitalized the first word of the sentence.

[[User:xod|La Xod]] uses a single capital letter for acronyms instead of the lojban letterals (i.e. A instead of .abu.).

There have been others. In general, they are all quite understandable by a competent lojbanic person, with the possible exception of And's removal of <nowiki>'</nowiki> (single quote).

=== Why are there so many words for AND? Why not just let "'''.e'''" (and, between sumti) connect two '''bridi''', '''bridi'''-tails (a predicate and a sumti), or anything else? ===

We use different connectives for different scopes. Doing so helps the listener keep track of what exactly the speaker wants connected. This is ''much'' more important in speech than in text, because in text you can re-read and ponder. If you have a multi-part nested '''sumti''' joined to another multi-part nested '''sumti''', having clear indicators of scope may make the sentence understandable when otherwise it is not. It is therefore hoped that spoken Lojban and written Lojban can be similar in level of complexity. (You know, ''[[audiovisual isomorphism]]'').

However, according to non-official dialects of Lojban described e.g. in [[The Crash Course in Lojban]] '''.e''' is a synonym of '''je'''. Likewise, instead of '''gi'e''' we can say '''vau .e''' or '''vau je'''. This is all stylistic variations but might be more intuitive for many people. Once again: this is used in a non-official dialect.

=== Is the 's' at the end of lojbanized names (such as 'noras.') silent? ===

No. 'noras.' is really pronounced with an 's' at the end.

Some languages can borrow names with virtually no changes, but Lojban is one of the languages that sometimes requires quite heavy modification of the names. Specifically, all Lojban words of the class ''[[cmene]]'' must always end in a consonant. Sometimes, this requires removing a vowel at the end, or adding a consonant. By convention, this is often 's', but it could be any consonant.

If names were not changed this way, some of them could be mistaken for other words, or sequences of words. In this case, were there no 's' at the end, 'nora' would read as 'no ra', ie. "none of them"! This distinction is as important in speech as in writing, so names, as any other Lojban word, must be pronounced exactly as written. There are no silent letters in Lojban.

===== Remember folks, Translation Is Hard. You can't translate anything you don't understand. =====
===== Why isn't there anything like ''his/her'', and what can I use to get that effect? =====
Different languages have different concepts of[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender grammatical gender]. In Lojban, the closest thing to it is '''ra''' and '''ri''' for any gender, '''ra poi fetsi''' and '''ri poi fetsi''' for ''she'' and '''ra poi nakni''' and '''ri poi nakni''' for ''he''. Is is also possible to use to assign lerfu variables (letters) to referents. See [[lerfu pro-sumti, and why ko'a sucks|lerfu pro-sumti, and why ko'a sucks]] for more information on some Lojbanic ways to deal with anaphora.
===== I am translating from a language that the speaker refers to himself/herself using various different words, should I and how can I translate those to lojban? (For instance, Japanese; watashi, atashi, boku, ore, sessha, etc.) =====
This requires actually understanding the meaning of the words. In Japanese, contrary to popular belief, the words do not imply the gender of the speaker. Rather, they reflect the speaker's attitude and politeness about and towards the environment around him, and his perceived status in it. Combinations of'''le'o''', '''ga'i''', '''.io''' and others suffice in this case.

In the case of actual gender, there is no attitudinal. However, consider, is the speaker actually making a point of the gender? Or are they simply following the rules of the language, in the most expedient fashion possible? We suggest you do the same (in either case: if the speaker needs to state something about someone's gender, then by all means do so explicitly. But you can use words like '''nakni''' and '''fetsi''' and add incidental information with '''noi'''clauses.

===== Can I write le mibrirni/doirirni <unrelated bridi> to mean "I"/"You listeners" with "'''I am/You listeners are''' a/as-a parent" as some incidental information, like when you refer to someone in other languages? =====

(Related to the previous question but not entirely.)

No. '''mibrirni''' is a lujvo and, whatever it means, it functions like any other [[brivla]], so '''le mibrirni''' is a [[sumti]] that refers to that which I describe as a '''mibrirni''' (a "me-parent", either my parent(s) or myself as a parent maybe) and it will fill a place in a [[bridi]] like any other sumti.

'''doirirni''' = '''doi rirni''' (two separate words even if you don't write a space between them) is a vocative you can use to address your parent(s).

Grammar and morphology issues aside, do you mean something like "Now I know all you loving parents are hardworking decent people..."? Or something like that? You can use '''doi''' vocatives to indicate whom you're talking to. '''doi rirni''' means "I'm addressing you, parent(s)," but on the other side, if the audience knows who they are, it therefore means that you, the audience, are parents. You can do something similar with '''mi'e''', but [[User:Mark Shoulson|Mark Shoulson]] doesn't really see how to fit that in naturally. I don't think I understand the context of the question in this matter. Information incidental to something that's already being mentioned is done well with '''noi'''.

===== Why does no one like my lujvo? =====

Making bad lujvo is easy. Making good, understandable lujvo is subtle. It requires a nontrivial grasp of Lojban, and a solid idea of what lujvo you're trying to make. In particular, you have to understand that you're translating a concept, not a single word. Hot tip: think about how you'd use it in a sentence as the selbri, not in part of a sumti.

* This question was so affecting that I couldn't help weeping while reading it ''-inego''

===== Definitions of attitudinals and discursives (The selma'o UI layout) =====
*Question:
*:definition of '''.a'o''' is ''attitudinal: hope - despair''. What does it mean?
*Answer:
*:it means that '''.a'o''' means ''hope'', and '''.a'onai''' means ''despair''.
*:It's showing you the opposite/negative as well for clarity.

== PROJECT STATUS ==

=== What parts of the language are well worked out, and which parts are in flux? ===

As of 1997, the language design has been baselined for a minimum of 5 years after the publication of the three books: the reference grammar, the dictionary, and the textbook. Since the latter two are not near publication, this means that no changes to the language will even be considered until at least 2006. This baseline is non-negotiable, even if we enter into discussions with The Loglan Institute to reunite the Loglan community now that [[James Cooke Brown|JCB]] has passed on.

The phonology, orthography, and morphology have been essentially stable since 1988, except for a slight change in what counts as a legal '''fu'ivla'''. The [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/gismu.txt 'gismu'' list''] has been stable since 1988, except that about 25 '''gismu''' have been added and 2 '''gismu''' had minor changes up until 1994, but since then only clarifications of confusing wording have been made to the official [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/gismu.txt baseline gismu list], and they are now considered baselined. The '''rafsi''' have been unchanged since 1993, when around 20% were changed in a final tuning before baselining them. Much existing text has not been updated after the '''rafsi''' change, so texts dated before 1993 may be confusing. The grammar has been basically stable since 1993, was under careful documented control after that date, and frozen with the publication of [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]] in 1997. The [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo.txt cmavo list] has been baselined since 1997, though new compounds may be defined through usage. The only area not frozen is the addition of new words to the lexicon through borrowing (lujvo). Those two productive areas are open-ended; a primary limitation on the language definition is the inability to record and define new coinings as fast as they are invented.

The basic semantics of the language are stable. There are still ongoing disputes about "how to say it best in Lojban"; we expect these to continue indefinitely. As a matter of policy, changes even to Lojban non-baselined usages, if they would require people to re-learn things, are resisted vigorously. Almost anything that practical people (i.e. beginners) would actually use is well worked out, debugged and stable. Points of controversy include highly technical philosophical issues such as whether empty sets are or are not excluded as the candidate referent set of a sumti, or whether current grammar is adequate to represent all possible forms of indirect questions. The answers are very important to the language definition (no joke), but people have been speaking natural languages for years without knowing the answers, so don't worry about Lojban. And you don't have to know what lambda calculus is. The major point of controversy that is significant to beginners is a feeling in some quarters that the policies used to design the place (argument, gismu (basic predicate words) were not exactly optimal. Sometimes the semantics of the less-used places are at issue. Officially, we'll go with what we have to preserve the investment people have made in learning the language, and after the baseline period is over, those who are actually speaking the language will be allowed to discuss changes in Lojban. There are no plans to ever seriously discuss changes to the language other than in Lojban.

=== What are the most current revisions of each part of the language descriptions? ===

The versions found on the [http://mw.lojban.org Lojban web site] are definitive, except that the printed version of [[The Lojban Reference Grammar|The Lojban Reference Grammar]] (which is called [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]]) takes precedence over the HTML version. Working drafts of books in preparation are maintained on ''lojbab's'' home computers, and may be slightly updated from the on-line versions.

=== What projects are being worked on? When will they be done? ===

[[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]] is of course complete and published.

For a current list of ongoing projects, see the [[Official LLG Projects|Official LLG Projects]] page, the [[Official LLG Committees|Official LLG Committees]] page, and [[ongoing projects|the wiki ongoing projects page]].

'''''WHEN?'''''

Projects are all being done by volunteers, and therefore will be done when people finish them. We've promised dates in the past and invariably been wrong. The priorities are for the dictionary and the introductory materials book, with the latter more likely to come out earlier than the former. Publication of books is severely hampered by finances (anyone with money is welcome to [[sarji fo lo jdini|donate]]!), and the lack of ability to publish in the short term has tended to hurt motivation and productivity of those working on those publications.

=== What can I do to help? ===

A few possibilities:
* Post beginner questions on the [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban mailing list]] and don't be intimidated
* Tell about yourself and your interests (in Lojban preferably, but English is OK) on the [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban mailing list]]

* Write in Lojban on the [[Lojban mailing list|Lojban mailing list]]
* Write something in Lojban (Try to write something new, [[te gerna la lojban|translation of literature]] is not generally a good or easy beginner exercise).

* Study Lojban vocabulary using Memrise or Anki


* Try expressing yourself in Lojban
* Invite others to join a live [[Lojban IRC|IRC chat]] in or about Lojban

* Keep a diary in Lojban
* Check out the [[Official LLG Projects|Projects]] and the [[Official LLG Committees|Committees]] pages for new and ongoing projects

* Send money to the [[LLG|LLG]] using PayPal

== HISTORICAL ==

=== How was the default selbri determined? (There does not appear to be any rhyme or reason for the order of gismu). ===

They went through a lot of revisions; it is something in-between planning and evolution. There is a considerable amount of system there, but it is ill-documented.

The nice thing to know is that you don't have to memorize the place structures. Just using the language, you will come to have a feel for which places are present and in what order.

Most people who take the time to become familiar with the language find that with practice, they begin to develop a sense of what the place structures ought to be. Conveniently, their sense usually matches up with the definition.

=== How did the gismu get made: discussion, etymology examples? ===

There is a [[gismu Etymology|full set of etymologies]] on the file server. There is some explanation available, including [http://www.lojban.org/files/etymology/etysample.txt samples] (broken link), and a more verbose description in the [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/brochure/lingissues.html#idx452 Level 0 package] and at the [[Lojban Etymology|Lojban Etymology Information]] page.

The etymologies in 6 languages and the scoring for each language are given, in order Mandarin Chinese/English/Hindi/Spanish/Russian/Arabic. A 0 score means that the language made no contribution to the word, and thus its etymological keyword did not matter. The languages were weighted. While new gismu are not being made, ''lojbab'' updates the weighting based on estimated numbers of first and second language speakers every couple of years. The original and 1999 weights are available [http://www.lojban.org/publications/etymology/langstat99.htm online].

=== What is the difference between Loglan and Lojban? How is Loglan-82 related? ===

[[James Cooke Brown|James Cooke Brown]] came up with the idea of Loglan in the 1940s and starting inventing the language around 1955. It has been evolving ever since. In 1982-4 or so there was a political disagreement and the Loglan community fell apart. A couple of years later, Bob LeChevalier (''lojbab''), then working with [[James Cooke Brown|JCB]], attempted to resurrect the community. This led to a falling out based on [[James Cooke Brown|JCB]]'s proprietary intellectual property claims on the language. The community split into two efforts, with [[James Cooke Brown|JCB]] at the head of of the Loglan effort, [[The Loglan Institute|The Loglan Institute (TLI)]], and (''lojbab'') at the head of the Lojban effort, the [[The Logical Language Group|Logical Language Group (LLG)]]. The latter is Lojban, which [[The Logical Language Group|LLG]] (backed up by a court decision) considers a subcategory of Loglan. Sadly, [[James Cooke Brown|JCB]] passed away in 2000. It is unclear if the Loglan organization has leadership capable of sustaining the effort. A more lengthy discussion of the issues can be found in the article [[The Loglan-Lojban Dispute|The Loglan-Lojban Dispute]], and in '''[[ju'i lobypli]]''' (''Attention! Lojbanic Users'').

''lojbab'' makes occasional efforts to spark discussion that would lead to reunification of the efforts behind Lojban, although no consideration will be given to abandoning the Lojban baseline.

Loglan-82 is a completely unrelated computer language developed in Poland by people unaware of the existence of the Loglan/Lojban project.

=== Why do older Lojban texts (before 1993) not make much sense sometimes? ===

Lojban has been quite stable since 1992-3, when the last significant changes were made (since then, most "changes" have been additions to the language which did not make older text invalid). The last changes to the gismu list were made in 1992, and in 1993 the rafsi in Lojban word-making. There is a [http://www.lojban.org/files/history/bothraf.txt translation table] from the older rafsi to the final set.

== PRONUNCIATION ==

=== I'm not quite sure I understand the written descriptions of how the vowels sound. ===

Here is a link to [http://perpetuum-immobile.de/vowels_aleks.ogg vowel sound file in Ogg Vorbis format].

----
You may also find useful information on the [[FAQ-like Resources|FAQ-like Resources]] page.

学習

2024-04-21T10:35:40Z

Gleki:

このページは教材のリストです。学習の進め方についての簡単な説明は、[[よくある質問#.E3.81.A9.E3.81.86.E3.82.84.E3.81.A3.E3.81.A6.E7.BF.92.E3.81.86.E3.81.93.E3.81.A8.E3.81.8C.E3.81.A7.E3.81.8D.E3.82.8B.E3.81.AE.EF.BC.9F|よくある質問]]のページに書かれています。

== 講座 ==
===公式の解説書===
* [http://ponjbogri.github.io/cll-ja/ ロジバン大全日本語訳]、 [https://github.com/ponjbogri/cll-ja 手直し随時募集中]。（原文（英語）： [[the Complete Lojban Language]] (CLL) 、[http://lojban.github.io/cll/ 改訂版1.1]。）
* [[BPFK Sections]] （英語。） <font color="#00AA00">緑色の項目</font>が[[baupla fuzykamni]]で合意されている最新の意味論。特にgadriの改良に注意。 gadri については [[gadri の論理学的観点からの解説]] （英語版： [[gadri: an unofficial commentary from a logical point of view]]）も、非公式ながら参照のこと。

===その他の解説書・教科書・参考書===
* [https://sites.google.com/site/jbotijlan/ciska/10gerna １０条の文法] （入門者のために集約した、ロジバン文法の手引。）
* [[lojban wavelessons 日本語版]] （原文（英語）：[[Lojban Wave Lessons]]。 2013-05-**現在の[[BPFK Sections|BPFKの意味論]]を取り入れている。その他、非公式の改変案を含む。）
* [http://cogas.github.io/hajiloji/ はじめてのロジバン] （日本語話者向けの書き下ろし講座。）

* [http://misonikomilojban.blogspot.jp 味噌煮込みロジバン] （上記『はじめてのロジバン』作者による考察ブログ。）
* [http://guskant.github.io/kolojbo.iu/ ko lojbo .iu ロジバン入門]（下記音声講座の副読本。 html, epub, mobi 版がある。）
* [[la karda]] （英語。la cadgu'a ができるだけ簡潔に書いた教科書。）
* [[文法改良案]]（CLL の改訂版2.0で取り入れられる可能性がある。）
* [http://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3/%E7%9B%AE%E6%AC%A1/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E3%81%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%B3 Lojban For Beginners 日本語訳。その他日本語話者向けの書き下ろし教科書もあるが未完。]（[http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/lojbanbrochure/lessons/book1.html 原文（英語）]。非公式の教科書としては最も古い。内容はCLL1.0のみに従い、 [[BPFK Sections|BPFK による公式の変更点]]を含まない。）
* [[Lojban kontraŭ Esperanto]] （エスペラントとの相違点のリスト。英語版： [[Lojban vs Esperanto]]）

===音声===
* [http://www.reddit.com/r/lojban/comments/1v6v0h/learn_lojban_with_selpai_private_lessons/ Learn Lojban with Selpa'i]（[[User:Selpa'i|la selpa'i]] が英語かドイツ語で教える個人レッスン。特に要望が無ければ週に1回。4回で$99。毎回宿題あり。媒体は生徒の希望に応じ、 IRC か Skype か Mumble か Google+ が可能。 [https://groups.google.com/d/topic/lojban-soudan/4VC5VEJQZxg/discussion ご案内の日本語版]）
* [http://guskant.github.io/kolojbo.iu/ ko lojbo .iu ロジバン入門]（[[User:guskant|la guskant]] が日本語で教える音声講座）
* [http://mw.lojban.org/index.php/lo_vreji_pe_lo_nunctu_pe_la_tsani lo_vreji_pe_lo_nunctu_pe_la_tsani]（[[User:Tsani|la tsani]] が英語で教える音声講座）
* [http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD4538848E5DBC1AA Lesson Videos]（[[User:Lindar|la lindar]]が英語で教えるビデオ講座）
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfdcG5iPJpA Let's learn Lojban together!]（[[User:Kribacr|la kribacr]] が英語で教えるビデオ講座）
* bripre jikca [http://vimeo.com/album/3148016 Vimeo] または[http://www.tudou.com/plcover/8ke0raEjpzg/ 土豆] （ロジバンの作品についてロジバンで紹介するビデオシリーズ）

==解析器==
===構文解析器===
====現行文法に従う====
yacc ([http://dag.github.io/cll/21/1/ CLL 21.1])

* [[Official LLG Parser]]
* [https://github.com/baban/genturfahi genturfa'i] （[[Official LLG Parser]] の Windows 用フロントエンド。 baban が作成。）

* [[jbofi'e]] （英語への逐語訳付き。 Richard Curnow 作成。）
* [http://www.lojban.org/jboski/ jboski] （オンラインで動く [[jbofi'e]]。 Raphaël Poss が作成。）

peg ([http://subvert-the-dominant-paradigm.net/~jbominji/code/lojban_grammar.peg lojban_grammar.peg])

* [http://camxes.lojban.org/ camxes] （camgusmis と xorxes が作成。）
* [http://wiki.call-cc.org/eggref/4/jbogenturfahi jbogenturfa'i] （[[.alyn.post.]] 作成。 [http://camxes.lojban.org/ camxes] と同じ形態論と文法を使っている。）
* [http://mhagiwara.github.io/camxes.js/ オフラインで使えるcamxes] （[http://masatohagiwara.net/ 萩原正人] が作成。）
* [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html ilmentufa (official grammar)] （[[ilmen]] が作成。上記「[http://mhagiwara.github.io/camxes.js/ オフラインで使えるcamxes]」の出力を見やすい形に加工したもの。）

====新文法案に従う====
peg

* [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes-exp.html ilmentufa (experimental grammar)]: [[ilmen]] が基本構造を作成し、数人で共同開発されている。 [http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html ilmentufa (official grammar)] に新案を盛り込んでいったもので、 xorxes 案の [[zasni gerna]] とは異なる。（[http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes-exp.js.peg 解析に使われている文法]）
* [[zantufa]]: [[guskant]] が作成。 ilmentufa の生成に使われている技術を使い、 ilmentufa とは別の試験的文法を盛り込んでいる。バージョン管理が明快なので公式文法との違いがわかりやすく、 [[jo'au]] の使用に適している。現存するロジバン文に合わせた多彩なヴァリエーションがあり、旧文法（[[BPFK Section: Ban on consonant-glide-vowel strings|子音-半母音に関する改変]]以前の文法）に則ったロジバン文『[[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu]]』（適応する解析器: [http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/maltufa-1.1.html maltufa]）のほか、いろいろな新文法案に則ったロジバン文を解析できる：『[[la .teris. ku noi tigra cu stuvi'e lo barda tcadu]]』（適応する解析器: [http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/zantufa-1.1.html zantufa]）、『[http://selpahi.de/oz.html lo se mànci te màkfa pe la .oz.]』（適応する解析器: [[maftufa]]）、『[http://danmo-rozgu.github.io/kacatraloverba.html ka càtra lo vèrba]』（適応する解析器: [http://guskant.github.io/gerna_cipra/zantufa-1.1-cekitaujoibu.html zantufa cekitaujoibus]）など。
* （リンク切れ：[https://skami2.iocikun.jp/lojban/zasniGerna iocixes]: iocikun が作成。 [[xorxes]] の[[zasni gerna]] と [[MEX grammar proposal]] に従う。 [https://skami2.iocikun.jp/lojban/zasniGernaPeg zasni gerna peg]）

===合成語解析器===

* lujvo合成・分解器
:* [http://jwodder.freeshell.org/lojban/jvozba.cgi?lujvo= jvozba] (kamymecraijunが作成)
:* [https://sozysozbot.github.io/sozysozbot_jvozba/sozysozbot_jvozba.html jvozba] (sozysozbotが作成)
:* [http://foldr.moe/lujvo/ jvoxaskei] (lalxuが作成)

===意味解析器===
*[[la tersmu]] : Martin Bays が作成。ロジバン文を述語論理として解析する。
*[https://hackage.haskell.org/package/cakyrespa la cakyrespa] : 重城良国が作成。 [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOGO LOGO] のようにロジバンで亀を動かして図形を描く。
*[https://hackage.haskell.org/package/lojysamban la lojysamban] : 重城良国が作成。ロジバンで動く [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog Prolog]。

==翻訳機==
===統計的機械翻訳===
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/zmifanva/ zmifanva]: 文に対する統計的機械翻訳の方法で構築された Lojban ↔ English 機械翻訳エンジン。（[http://masatohagiwara.net/ 萩原正人] が作成。）
** [https://github.com/youxkei/lojbo-tuhitsku lojbo-tuhitsku]: Twitterのつぶやきを取得してロジバンに機械翻訳してつぶやくコード。日本語->英語でMicrosoft Translatorを、英語->ロジバンでzmifanvaを使っている。（youxkeiが作成。）

==単語==
===辞書===
* [http://jbovlaste.lojban.org/ jbovlaste]：多言語対応。（[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/lojban-beginners/rmAK3hdYX68/b4KnLJjYCQAJ 検索で文字化けする不具合を解消するブックマークレットがある。]）
* [http://vlasisku.lojban.org/ vlasisku]：jbovlaste の内容から、英語定義を検索できるオンライン辞書。
* [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/ la sutysisku]: jbovlaste の内容から、オフラインで検索できる素早い辞書。
* アンドロイド携帯で使えるロジバン辞書：アンドロイドマーケットで lojban dictionary で検索。
* [http://wiki.livedoor.jp/monakanotsuki/ 私的ロジバン辞書]：携帯電話で読める辞書。
* jbovlaste の xml dump を辞書形式に変換したもの：
** [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html Stardict 形式のロジバン辞書]：[http://goldendict.org/ GoldenDict] や [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dictionary-universal/id312088272?mt=8 Dictionary Universal] などで使える。いくつかの言語版や rafsi 辞書がある。
** [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/vlaste.html mobi 形式 (Kindle 用)のロジバン辞書]：ロジバン＞日本語＞フランス語＞英語という優先順位で検索結果が表示される。 rafsi や、日本語見出しの訓令式ローマ字からも検索できる。
** [http://iuk.hateblo.jp/entry/2016/12/18/010000 ZpDIC for ponjo jbopre] ZpDIC 用のロジバン辞書。

===単語集===

* [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html gismu表・cmavo表]： jbovlaste のデータベースから gismu と cmavo を抜き出した表。 [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/stardict.html StarDict形式の辞書]の更新と同時に更新される。数言語に対応。
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0Aq-6DgnxopzRdER6SmZuakdtSHJQUnBieHNBdlJrdkE&output=html gismuシソーラス]: [[Lojban Thesaurus]] の Evgeni Sklyanin's gismu thesaurus の翻訳&シート化。
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Ai4mbIPr2PUwdGNYUFhrdmV1cmpLeVVQZkNSU3dBYUE&usp=sharing 言語名fu'ivla 1] / [http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0Ai4mbIPr2PUwdC1ENjlQTmZ1ZjlidFAwWDdvZDBUUWc&hl=en 言語名fu'ivla 2]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Ai4mbIPr2PUwdENVckVaOTJLbVdGVE5SeGJ0MTBTbGc&usp=sharing 国名fu'ivla]
* [https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pixra_liste_loi_gismu 絵で見る gismu]

===暗記===
* [https://apps.ankiweb.net/ anki]
: [https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/437933051 gimste co glico je ponjo]: anki 用 gismu カード (日本語と英語の定義)
* [http://quizlet.com/group/25374/ Quizlet 暗記カード]
: Quizlet は様々な情報分野の暗記カードを作成したり共有するサイトです。不正解のカードを集中して学習できるようになっています。自分で独自のカードを作ったり、サイト内に既存するものをコピーして好みのセットを組むことができます。グループに参加することで他の人達と共同でカードを編集することもできます。
* [https://memrise.com/ Memrise]
: [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise -lojban-]
: Memrise は Quizlet と同様、様々な分野（言語、数学、芸術、文学、歴史、地理、豆知識…）の暗記カードを作成・共有・学習することができるサイトです。Quizletと大きく異なる特徴の１つが、一度覚えた（つもりになった！）単語をもう一度学習する Reviewモードです。オススメのデッキを以下に紹介しておきます。
:* [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/course/17295/gismu-frequency-order/ gismu (frequency order)] : 頻度順に並び替えた gismu デッキ
:* [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/course/37344/simplified-gismu/ simplified gismu] : simple English を用いた gismu デッキ
:* [https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/course/604340/pjcg-gimste-1/ PJCG gimste 1] : 唯一日本語のデッキ

==ロジバンを使った作品==

* [[te gerna la lojban]]
* [[lojban music]]
* [http://korp.alexburka.com/ korpora zei sisku] 例文検索。検索元の文献へのリンクあり。（[[korpora zei sisku|英語での説明]]）
* [http://lojban.lilyx.net/jufsisku/ lojbo jufsisku] 例文検索（ロジバンと英語で検索）
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/ilmentufa/i/muplis/index.html#sisku/ la muplis] Tatoeba.org のロジバン文だけを素早く検索できるツール
* [http://lojban.qx11.info/jboselkei jboselkei] ロジバン翻訳ゲーム。原文投稿・他のユーザの原文をロジバンに翻訳・他のユーザの翻訳の評価などをして、高得点を目指すオンラインゲーム。ゲームに参加しなくても、ユーザ登録すれば、得点順の訳文のリストを表示させることができる。

==その他==
* [[ロジバン周辺の知識]]
* [[勉強会]]
* [http://lojban.org/publications/level0/brochure/book1.html What Is Lojban?]（英語）
* [[Lojban vs Esperanto|エスペラントとロジバンの比較]]
* [http://wikitravel.org/ja/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%A9%B1%E9%9B%86 ウィキトラベルのロジバン語会話集]
* [http://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3/%E7%9B%AE%E6%AC%A1 Wikibooks ロジバン]
* [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3 Wikipedia ロジバン]
* [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%B7 国際音声記号]
* [http://coelang.tufs.ac.jp/ipa/index.htm IPAモジュール]
* [http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm IPA Chart]

Learn Lojban: new methods

2024-04-21T10:33:49Z

Gleki:

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
==The Complete Lojban Language==
[[File:xuncku.png|thumb|120px|la xunre cukta|link=http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-no-chunks/]]

Note that the book [http://lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-no-chunks/ The Complete Lojban Language] is still considered by quite a few new learners as the best tutorial although by design this wasn't meant to be any tutorial.

Namely, the order of chapters may seem to be arbitrary to those who wish to use this book to study Lojban. So one recommendation is ... to read various sections from the book randomly. If you don't understand something skip to another part.

If you still wish to try something else here are some newish tutorials.

==Newer methods==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|<span class="plainlinks">search the [https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#sisku=coi_munje dictionary]<br />[[Image:la_sutysisku.png|100px|link=https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#sisku=coi_munje]]</span>
|[http://lojban.github.io/ilmentufa/camxes.html la camxes] is an automatic grammar checker of Lojban utterances. It can help you to understand the structure and correctness of sentences.
|-
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
|[[File:cogwheel coat of arms.svg|link=https://lojban.pw/books/learn-lojban/|alt=|thumb|92x92px]]

===<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221210092455/https://lojban.pw/books/learn-lojban/#lesson-2-more-basic-stuff 'Learn Lojban' course]</span>===
A course teaching Lojban from its formal foundations but in simple words and lots of usage examples.
|
===[[la karda|Lojban cards]]===
a rapid-fire overview of the grammar in small pieces
|-
|[[File:slaide.png|thumb|100px|link=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000]]

===<span class="plainlinks">[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases]</span>===
Also available in [http://mw.lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf PDF].

You may translate and adapt this course to your native language if it's not already there.
|<span class="plainlinks">try searching for arbitrary words in</span>

===<span class="plainlinks">[https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#bangu=muplis&sisku=pluka the database of sentences] [[Image:La Muplis.png|150px|link=http://lojban.github.io/sutysisku/lojban/#bangu=muplis&sisku=pluka]]</span>===
<span class="plainlinks">Some of the sentences are not proofread by fluent speakers of Lojban.</span>
|-
|
===[https://lojban.io lojban.io]===
a free opensource platform for studying Lojban with the aid of interactive exercises.
|
===[[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]]===
a popular textbook
|-
|
===[http://foldr.moe/hajiloji My First Lojban]===
Learn the foundations of Lojban grammar by reading the light-hearted conversations between three girls.
|
===[https://daeldir.github.io/jbogidva/ Lojban guide]===
Provides hover translations of both sentences/phrases and words they contain.
|-
|
===[https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/course/928703/simple-lojban-in-phrases-with-audio/ Simple Lojban in phrases]===
A flashcard course on memrise.com.

[https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/lojban/ Memrise.com] offers other vocabulary flashcards online.

[http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] is a downloadable alternative; search for "Lojban" in it.
|
===[https://mw.lojban.org/images/4/46/la_stika.pdf A book with pictures and English translations]===
[[Learning with context|Learning with context: about this method ...]]
|-
|
===<span class="plainlinks">Join [https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_IRC the chat] [[Image:lo-se-irci.svg|100px|link=https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_IRC]]</span>===
<span class="plainlinks">and try talking to other Lojbanists when they appear there. Try asking them questions.</span>
|[[Image:yt-lesson in lojban i.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZjSTUK3hFI]]<br />«Lessons in Lojban» by Dustin Lacewell
|}

Learning materials. Secondary links

2024-04-14T08:39:04Z

Gleki:

== Books ==

*Quick reference. A separate page for [[jbo_cheat_sheet|cheat sheets]] to be used as quick reference and as an aid for memorization.
*Pre-introductory is Jay's [[Jay's Lojban Brochure|Jay's Lojban Brochure]].
*[[Level 0 Booklet]]
*an incomplete PDF of [[:File:89.sip|the first 19 pages of the Level 0 Booklet]], a project in progress, which typesets and illustrates the diagrams with nested tables.
*[[Lojban For Beginners, The Book|Lojban For Beginners]]
* The <u>ultimate</u> educational resource is the canonical text [[The Complete Lojban Language|The Complete Lojban Language]]
* A [[phrasebook|phrasebook]] is being compiled.
* [[.i tavla fi la lojban ri|.i tavla fi la lojban ri]], an in-progress list of easy-to-use vocabulary intended to facilitate talking about Lojban in Lojban.
* There is a [http://www.lojban.org/files/roadmap.html#draft-textbook draft textbook] by [[User:Bob LeChevalier|Bob LeChevalier]], which hasn't been updated in a very long time.
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Yrxt9gAtqA_oSDD76Toq8VLSZjjOxJ5rkKsxFs3Cw8E/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=5000 Lojban in simple phrases] - Introduction to Lojban. Allows you to quickly understand the basics of a common Lojban sentence. Also available [http://mw.Lojban.org/images/d/d1/Lojban._How_to_quickly_create_sentences.pdf in pdf].
* [[Lojban Wave Lessons|Wave Lessons]] is a popular textbook.
* [http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/cll/ The full grammar of Lojban].
:This book will teach you about how to read and use Lojban; what the different types of words and grammatical constructs do, how to use them and interpret them; how to express yourself in Lojban. It will not, however, teach you vocabulary, style, spoken flow, nor other aspects involved in really learning about and using a human language.

:'''IMPORTANT NOTE:''' Since the publication of the full grammar there has been a change to the semantics of Lojban articles known as [[How to use xorlo|xorlo]]. These changes simplify the grammar in that aspect and are not difficult to grasp. Please keep this reform in mind when consulting the official reference grammar, as it was effectively published before the approval of xorlo.
*The [[Diagrammed Summary of Lojban Grammar]]

*[[jbo_cheat_sheet|cheat sheets]] to be used as quick reference and as an aid for memorization.
*[[User:Robertbaruch|Robert Baruch]] is working on [https://archive.org/stream/AesopsFablesForLojbanLeaners/AesopsFablesForLojbanLearnersV0.2#mode/2up Aesop's Fables for Lojban Learners]. The intent is to start from very basic knowledge of Lojban, gradually learning new features through translating Aesop's Fables.

==Multimedia. Pronunciation guides==
*[https://la-lojban.github.io/sutysisku/en/ A pronunciation help application]
* [[Multimedia|Multimedia]] and other materials which aren't purely textual (sound recordings)

*A set of [[Pronunciation|pronunciation guides]] are available to help you speak Lojban.
* A [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgxOrTvpWJ4&list=PLEeZWGE3PwbZ7yS5GfDTTT7uR9ESfSKAK series on YouTube] for learning Lojban, by Robert Baruch.

==Word lists and dictionaries==
*Various [[Lojban Wordlists|Lojban Wordlists]].
*[http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo_selmaho_order.txt the list of cmavo (particles), ordered by syntactic category.]
*The [http://www.lojban.org/jbovlaste/ jbovlaste dictionary interface,] a way to browse and enter lojban word definitions.
*[http://lojban.org/jboski lojban.org/jboski] is an automatic grammar check of what you write in Lojban (which is unique among all languages!) with English glossing (i.e. translation).
*[http://camxes.lojban.org/ camxes.lojban.org] - Even better than the previous item. But without glossing.
*[[Word frequency lists|Word lists ordered by frequency of use.]]

==Translators and parsers==
*http://Lojban.org/jboski is an automatic grammar check of what you write in Lojban (which is unique among all languages!) with English glossing (i.e. translation).
*http://camxes.lojban.org/ - Even better than the previous item. But without glossing.
*[[Lojbanic Software#Syntactic_Parsers|Syntactic parsers]]
*[[Lojbanic Software#Semantic_Parsers|Semantic parsers]]

== Learning Materials Wish-List ==
* [[introductory reader|introductory reader]]
* [[better flashcard program|better flashcard program]]

==Talking to Lojbanists. Live support==
*https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/Lojban-beginners - the Lojban mailing list where you can ask any questions.
*[https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_Live_Chat A chat] where you can make friends and ask for help for learning Lojban (in #ckule tab seen in the upper part of the screen on that page).
*The just mentioned chat is the best way to practice real-time Lojban conversation [[Lojban IRC|Lojban IRC]] provides an excellent informal meeting place for conversing quickly in Lojban. It is beginner-friendly, as well. The IRC channel can be reached by opening [https://mw.lojban.org/papri/Lojban_Live_Chat this] page. There is #lojban channel tab on that page for basic discussions, #ckule tab for questions from new learners and #jbosnu tab for discussions in Lojban only. By clicking on those tabs you can see new messages and reply to them. Here is an [[IRC cheat sheet|IRC cheat sheet]] for people who are learning Lojban.
::Many Lojban students find the [[Lojban IRC]] chat room to be very valuable for getting their questions answered quickly when there are others around on the network. One can also try practicing their Lojban with others in a reasonable approximation of conversational speed.
*http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/ [[Image:Facebook_Logo_Mini.svg|12px|link=http://facebook.com/groups/Lojban/]] - the group in Facebook.
*In the previous places you can find people to join voice chat sessions, as well. See [[Lojbanic Phone Group]] for more information.
*The three main forums for persistent, threaded conversation are presented as both web forums and e-mail mailing lists, using Google Groups.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/topics The Lojban General Mailing List] is probably still the best way to reach a broad cross-section of the Lojban community for active discussion. It has about 500 subscribers, and has existed more-or-less continuously since 1989. Any conversation at all about or in Lojban is on-topic for this list. For discussions specifically about learning the language, the Beginners list is a better choice. For discussions solely in Lojban, there's jbosnu, but it's got a much smaller subscriber list.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/lojban-beginners/topics The Lojban Beginners Mailing List] is for discussions related to learning Lojban. Anything about how to understand a part of the language, how to learn it better, study tools, actual teaching sessions, and so on, is on topic. Nothing else is.
* [http://groups.google.com/group/jbofanva jbofanva] is a mailing list for translation projects.

== Choose a source of vocabulary ==
The Lojban books and games teach you how to use Lojban, but they don't help you learn the whole vocabulary. For that you will need [[Word Lists]], and flashcard sets from a site such as [http://memrise.com memrise.com], which is probably the most popular online flashcard site with Lojbanists. Another flashcard site gaining popularity among Lojbanists is [http://ankisrs.net/ Anki] (downloadable; Lojban decks are downloadable within the program) and [http://quizlet.com/ Quizlet] (it's online; register and join the Lojban group; downloadable from Quizard on iPod/iPhone and from Kaka Flashcards on Android devices). Also, take a look at the [http://jbovlaste.Lojban.org jbovlaste dictionary] and its (unfortunately) English-only user-friendly frontend [http://vlasisku.Lojban.org/ vlasisku]. You will need to have read a little, from one of the learning texts, about Lojban to know what kind of words you need to learn and thus how to effectively search for definitions.

A [http://tatoeba.org Tatoeba.org] database has a large collection of sentence in Lojban.

There's also beginning to exist [[vocabulary lessons|a set of vocabulary lessons]], but they have just entered pre-alpha.

== Read Lojban texts ==
Try reading a progression of proofread (proofed by at least one Lojbanist in addition to the author) Lojban [[Texts In Lojban|texts]], starting with short-and-easy through to long-and-difficult. For example, read [[la .teris. po'u lo tirxu cu vitke zi'o le barda tcadu|Terry the Tiger]] (you can listen to this one too!), then one of the Berenstain Bears books, for example [[The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin]], then [http://xorxes.110mb.com/LPP.html The Little Prince]. For conversational text, try [[Everyday Lojban B01|Everyday Lojban]] and [[Phrasebook|Phrasebook]].

== Get started following a class ==
As it happens, fall 2011 semester contains the first [[Lojban Class at Rice University|Lojban Class at Rice University]]. Following that page will give you resources associated with the class.
'''ALSO!''' Any even partially experienced Lojbanists willing to help / refresh should follow the class and notify [mailto:jandew@Lojban@gmail.com?subject=Lojban_Course_at_Rice_University Joe Anderson] (in IRC chat his name is djandus) of any issues. There is also a thread with the same title on the mailing list.

== What's next? ==
Try writing poems in Lojban.

Continue memorizing the vocabulary and using Lojban as much as you can! Chatting with the community can help you with this. Once you know what words you want to learn, you could try [[Software_assisted_learning|additional memorization software]] to vastly improve your vocabulary. Chatting regularly on the [[Lojban IRC]] channel is another way of using your vocabulary in real time. Some start [http://community.livejournal.com/Lojban/ blogs or diaries], others translate music.

Writing a personal diary or performing translations, are other possibilities.

Lojban means different things to different people; for some it is a linguistic curiosity - a test-bed for language experimentation; for others a way to expand their mind or discipline their thought; the desire for precise expression; a new way to look at languages; a fun way to meet and communicate with friends; entertainment; a challenge; art; software application; the list goes on! What will Lojban mean for you?

[http://laxmahispajispaji.blogspot.com/ la laxma'i spaji spaji, the bilingual Lojban/English blog], can be helpful for learning both how various English idioms may be translated into Lojban, and how to use a wide range of Lojban cmavo (mainly in a narrative tone).
== [[Presenting Lojban]] ==
==Other resources==
*Lojban Resources for learning, software, word lists etc.
** [[Lojbanic Software]]
** [[The Lojbanic Community|The Lojbanic Community]] and Lojbanic Forums
** [[FAQ-like Resources|FAQ-like Resources]]
** [[Lojban For Advanced Students|Advanced Learning Material]]
** [[te gerna la lojban|Texts in Lojban]]
** [[Web Pages in Lojban|Web Pages in Lojban]]
** [[Promotional Materials|Promotional Materials]]
** [[Miscellaneous Lojban Stuff|Miscellaneous Lojban Stuff]]
*Parsing different constructs
**[[WhyDoesxParse|WhyDoesxParse]]
**[[WhyDoesxNotParse|WhyDoesxNotParse]]
* [[gismu mnemonics|gismu mnemonics]], [[cmavo mnemonics|cmavo mnemonics]]
* Lojban "[[gotchas|gotchas]]", weird points to keep in mind.
* [[vocabulary expertise stages|vocabulary expertise stages]]
* [[Beginning mistakes|Beginning mistakes]]
* [[How to say it in Lojban|How to say it in Lojban]]
* [[malglico|malglico]] - Bad borrowings from English
* [[False Friends|False Friends]]
**[[Misleading gismu keywords]]
**[[Misleading Gismu Definitions]]
* [[When are pauses mandatory|When are pauses mandatory]]
* How do you [[insult|insult]] people ''bau la lojban?''
* Wikimedia Foundation's Wikiversity
**A great idea to spread awareness and use of Lojban.. Create courses in the Wikiversity!"
* [[NewbieChallenge|NewbieChallenge]]
There are various ways of learning Lojban unique to the individual learning it, but to help you get started here are some suggestions. There are also [[Lojban materials in other languages|learning materials available in non-English languages]].
[[Category:tadni]]
[[Category:nu jikca]]

U (conlang)

2024-02-07T09:22:53Z

Gleki:

''U'' is a Zen constructed language (conlang) created by the conlanger arseniiv in 2013.

The phonemic inventory of U consists solely of the phoneme /u/, which encompasses all possible realizations due to the absence of minimal pairs.

The lexicon of U comprises a single word '''u''' /u/, signifying various meanings such as ''it's pointless'', ''it's nonsense'', ''it's not necessary'', ''it does not exist'', or symbolically represented by ''⊥''. The repetition or absence of the word does not alter its meaning.

U utilizes phonetic writing, where any text can be interpreted as representing the phoneme /u/.

Distinguishing whether a text is written in U or not, or discerning if a spoken utterance is in U or not, is not feasible, hence prompting the rhetorical question: "Is it u, and is it not u?" Anyway, u.

==Notable Characteristics==
U appears to be the conlang with the most comprehensive description, encompassing its grammar, phonetics, usage, and semantics, in comparison to others.

==pemci==

zoi .zoi.
u u u u u
u u u u u u u
u u u u u
.zoi. pemcrxaiku fi la ckiku

==Links==
* http://arseniiv.info/2015/11/u-zen-conlang/ (in Russian)
* http://lingvoforum.net/index.php/topic,61351.0.html (in Russian)

[[Category:mupli lo bangu]]

U (conlang)

2024-02-07T09:22:25Z

Gleki:

lojban For Advanced Students

2023-12-03T20:03:42Z

Gleki: Changed redirect target from Learning materials (full list) to Lojban For Advanced Students

#REDIRECT [[Lojban For Advanced Students]]

lojban For Advanced Students

2023-12-03T20:03:12Z

Gleki: Changed redirect target from learning materials (full list) to Learning materials (full list)

#REDIRECT [[Learning materials (full list)]]

jbocre: Lojban For Beginners, The Book

2023-12-03T20:03:00Z

Gleki: Changed redirect target from lojban For Beginners, The Book to Lojban For Beginners, The Book

#REDIRECT [[Lojban For Beginners, The Book]]

L17-01

2023-12-03T20:01:28Z

Gleki:

Read a newer course "[https://lojban.pw/books/learn-lojban/ Learn Lojban]" instead.

L17-01

2023-12-03T20:00:50Z

Gleki: Replaced content with "#REDIRECT [https://lojban.pw/books/learn-lojban/]"

#REDIRECT [https://lojban.pw/books/learn-lojban/]

Word Lists

2023-12-01T08:59:14Z

Gleki:

__NOTOC__
Alphabetical order with definitions: [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-en.pdf English], [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-es.pdf Spanish], [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-ja.pdf Japanese], [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-eo.pdf Esperanto], [https://skami.iocikun.jp/lojban/valsi_tables.html all languages on the jbovlaste], [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html some languages on the jbovlaste]

==[[gismu]] - root verbs==
*keyword order with definitions: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/gismu_english_order.txt English]
*oblique keywords: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/oblique_keywords.txt English]
* [[semantic classes of verbs]]
*Roget's thesaurus codes: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/roget.txt English]
*Ordered by draft textbook: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Gismu+by+lesson English]
*Thesaurus (ignore links): [http://www.thestonecutters.net/xod/lojban/gismu-thesaurus.h html] (en), [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=77&page=Word%20Lists&download=y LaTeX] (en)
*Synonyms: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=75&page=Word%20Lists&download=y English]
*[[rhymes|Grouped by rhyming]]
*vim Help Format: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=82&page=Word%20Lists&download=y English]
*[http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html official and experimental gismu list in tsv and html formats extracted from jbovlaste] with definitions in several languages
Note: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Format+of+Gismu+Lists Format of gismu lists] (en)

See also: [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Lojban/gismu gismu at Wiktionary] (en)

==[[cmavo]] - particles==
*alphabetical order with definitions: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo.txt English]
*grouped by [[selma'o|selma'o]]: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo_selmaho_order.txt English], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo_spanish.txt Spanish]
*[http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html official and experimental cmavo list in tsv and html formats extracted from jbovlaste] with definitions in several languages

==[[lujvo]] - compound verbs==
*alphabetical order with defs
**English: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/draft-dictionary/NORALUJV.txt current], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/lujvo.txt old], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/lujvo_old.txt older], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/lujvo_ancient.txt ancient] (c. 1994-2-13 Nick Nicholas)
Can't find a lujvo in the above lists? You can guess its meaning from its component rafsi using [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt this list]

== Cheatsheets ==
Reference documents to help memorize different aspects of Lojban.

The aim of these documents is not to explain each concept in details but, rather, to provide a quick way to recollect memories about lojban concepts.

[[IRC cheat sheet|IRC cheat sheet]]

=== General concepts ===
*''Lojban grammar words''. A ''mind map'' of lojban words commonly used when discussing about lojban grammar. It can be handy when you get confused about all those lojban-specific concepts that are described with lojban words (bridi, seltau, ...) [[:File:759.sip|PNG]], [[:File:760.sip|PNG (hi-res)]], [[:File:761.sip|source (Tony Buzan's iMandMap)]]
* '''UI''' and '''BAI''': Attitudinals, Evidentials, Discursives, and Modals. [[:File:cheat-sheet-draft-2.pdf|a printable cheat sheet]]
=== particles (cmavo) ===
*''Space/Time tenses''. A 4 pages booklet with mnemonic illustration. [[:File:726.sip|PDF]], [[:File:727.sip|source (LibreOffice)]]
*''pro-sumti and pro-bridi''. A ''periodic table'' of cmavo. [[:File:746.sip|PDF]], [[:File:747.sip|PNG]], [[:File:748.sip|source (LibreOffice)]]
*''Numerics''. A chart of elements of mathematical expressions (mekso). [[:File:734.sip|PNG]], [[:File:735.sip|source (Inkscape SVG)]]
*''Rhetoric''. A table with the cmavo most relevant to communicate effectively and persuasively. Attitudinals, Emotionals, Vocatives, ... One page: [[:File:915.sip|PDF]], [[:File:916.sip|source (LibreOffice)]] Two pages (front back): [[:File:917.sip|PDF]], [[:File:918.sip|source (LibreOffice)]] Four pages (booklet): [[:File:919.sip|PDF]], [[:File:920.sip|source (LibreOffice)]]

==Word frequency lists==
Word lists sorted by usage.
=== Main lists ===
*[[N-grams of Lojban corpus]]
*[[:File:MyFreq-COMB_without_dots.txt|Full list (all words including cmavo clusters)]]
*[[Word frequency lists: gismu|Word frequency lists: gismu]]

=== How to generate lists yourself ===
* See [https://groups.google.com/d/topic/lojban/KTPslnix3mQ/discussion discussion] for details
* [http://www.lojban.org/corpus/corpus.txt.bz2 the Lojbanic corpus in a .tar.gz archive].
=== Older stuff ===
* Older word frequencies can be found [http://www.lojban.org/files/roadmap.html#draft-dictionary_working here]
* [[line-templates-by-frequency.txt|This]] is a sorted list of "sentence templates" excerpted from IRC. It shows which sequences of selma'o/word types are most common.
=== [[Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]]'s lists ===
[http://teddyb.org/~rlpowell/hobbies/lojban/flashcards/big_list gismu and cmavo frequency ordered word list], based on Lojban IRC, Alice, and a few other large texts. There is also a [http://teddyb.org/~rlpowell/hobbies/lojban/flashcards/ large selection of intermediary files], including pure frequency lists.

==[[How to say it in Lojban]]==
Lists sorted by topic or devoted to particular situations.

==Software==
*[[Dictionaries, Glossers and parsers]] - tools to use with these lists, and for much larger lists.
*[[Software assisted learning|Software assisted learning]] - flashcard software that can help you learn the words, such as [http://memrise.com Memrise] and [http://quizlet.com Quizlet].
[[Category:vlaste saske]]

cheat-sheet-draft-2.pdf

2023-12-01T08:56:53Z

Gleki: Changed redirect target from File:946.sip to File:cheat-sheet-draft-2.pdf

#REDIRECT [[File:cheat-sheet-draft-2.pdf]]

File:946.sip

2023-12-01T08:55:57Z

Gleki:

#REDIRECT [File:cheat-sheet-draft-2.pdf]

Word Lists

2023-12-01T08:54:30Z

Gleki:

__NOTOC__
Alphabetical order with definitions: [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-en.pdf English], [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-es.pdf Spanish], [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-ja.pdf Japanese], [http://vrici.lojban.org/~gleki/glekitufa/dumps/lojban-eo.pdf Esperanto], [https://skami.iocikun.jp/lojban/valsi_tables.html all languages on the jbovlaste], [http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html some languages on the jbovlaste]

==[[gismu]] - root verbs==
*keyword order with definitions: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/gismu_english_order.txt English]
*oblique keywords: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/oblique_keywords.txt English]
* [[semantic classes of verbs]]
*Roget's thesaurus codes: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/roget.txt English]
*Ordered by draft textbook: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Gismu+by+lesson English]
*Thesaurus (ignore links): [http://www.thestonecutters.net/xod/lojban/gismu-thesaurus.h html] (en), [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=77&page=Word%20Lists&download=y LaTeX] (en)
*Synonyms: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=75&page=Word%20Lists&download=y English]
*[[rhymes|Grouped by rhyming]]
*vim Help Format: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=82&page=Word%20Lists&download=y English]
*[http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html official and experimental gismu list in tsv and html formats extracted from jbovlaste] with definitions in several languages
Note: [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/Format+of+Gismu+Lists Format of gismu lists] (en)

See also: [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Lojban/gismu gismu at Wiktionary] (en)

==[[cmavo]] - particles==
*alphabetical order with definitions: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo.txt English]
*grouped by [[selma'o|selma'o]]: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo_selmaho_order.txt English], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/cmavo_spanish.txt Spanish]
*[http://guskant.github.io/lojbo/gismu-cmavo.html official and experimental cmavo list in tsv and html formats extracted from jbovlaste] with definitions in several languages

==[[lujvo]] - compound verbs==
*alphabetical order with defs
**English: [http://www.lojban.org/publications/draft-dictionary/NORALUJV.txt current], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/lujvo.txt old], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/lujvo_old.txt older], [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/lujvo_ancient.txt ancient] (c. 1994-2-13 Nick Nicholas)
Can't find a lujvo in the above lists? You can guess its meaning from its component rafsi using [http://www.lojban.org/publications/wordlists/rafsi.txt this list]

== Cheatsheets ==
Reference documents to help memorize different aspects of Lojban.

The aim of these documents is not to explain each concept in details but, rather, to provide a quick way to recollect memories about lojban concepts.

[[IRC cheat sheet|IRC cheat sheet]]

=== General concepts ===
*''Lojban grammar words''. A ''mind map'' of lojban words commonly used when discussing about lojban grammar. It can be handy when you get confused about all those lojban-specific concepts that are described with lojban words (bridi, seltau, ...) [[:File:759.sip|PNG]], [[:File:760.sip|PNG (hi-res)]], [[:File:761.sip|source (Tony Buzan's iMandMap)]]
* '''UI''' and '''BAI''': Attitudinals, Evidentials, Discursives, and Modals. [[:File:cheat-sheet-draft-2.pdf|a printable cheat sheet]]
=== particles (cmavo) ===
*''Space/Time tenses''. A 4 pages booklet with mnemonic illustration. [[:File:726.sip|PDF]], [[:File:727.sip|source (OpenOffice)]]
*''pro-sumti and pro-bridi''. A ''periodic table'' of cmavo. [[:File:746.sip|PDF]], [[:File:747.sip|PNG]], [[:File:748.sip|source (OpenOffice)]]
*''Numerics''. A chart of elements of mathematical expressions (mekso). [[:File:734.sip|PNG]], [[:File:735.sip|source (Inkscape SVG)]]
*''Rhetoric''. A table with the cmavo most relevant to communicate effectively and persuasively. Attitudinals, Emotionals, Vocatives, ... One page: [[:File:915.sip|PDF]], [[:File:916.sip|source (OpenOffice)]] Two pages (front back): [[:File:917.sip|PDF]], [[:File:918.sip|source (OpenOffice)]] Four pages (booklet): [[:File:919.sip|PDF]], [[:File:920.sip|source (OpenOffice)]]

==Word frequency lists==
Word lists sorted by usage.
=== Main lists ===
*[[N-grams of Lojban corpus]]
*[[:File:MyFreq-COMB_without_dots.txt|Full list (all words including cmavo clusters)]]
*[[Word frequency lists: gismu|Word frequency lists: gismu]]

=== How to generate lists yourself ===
* See [https://groups.google.com/d/topic/lojban/KTPslnix3mQ/discussion discussion] for details
* [http://www.lojban.org/corpus/corpus.txt.bz2 the Lojbanic corpus in a .tar.gz archive].
=== Older stuff ===
* Older word frequencies can be found [http://www.lojban.org/files/roadmap.html#draft-dictionary_working here]
* [[line-templates-by-frequency.txt|This]] is a sorted list of "sentence templates" excerpted from IRC. It shows which sequences of selma'o/word types are most common.
=== [[Robin Lee Powell|Robin Lee Powell]]'s lists ===
[http://teddyb.org/~rlpowell/hobbies/lojban/flashcards/big_list gismu and cmavo frequency ordered word list], based on Lojban IRC, Alice, and a few other large texts. There is also a [http://teddyb.org/~rlpowell/hobbies/lojban/flashcards/ large selection of intermediary files], including pure frequency lists.

==[[How to say it in Lojban]]==
Lists sorted by topic or devoted to particular situations.

==Software==
*[[Dictionaries, Glossers and parsers]] - tools to use with these lists, and for much larger lists.
*[[Software assisted learning|Software assisted learning]] - flashcard software that can help you learn the words, such as [http://memrise.com Memrise] and [http://quizlet.com Quizlet].
[[Category:vlaste saske]]